4 14 good idea how inventions shape our lives

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Scott Foresman Social Studies

Nonfi ction Summarize • Time Line

• Captions

ISBN 0-328-14850-4 ì<(sk$m)=beifaj< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

Fascinating Facts

• An inventor working on radar got the idea for

the microwave oven after radio waves melted a

chocolate bar in his pocket

• The modern zipper, invented in 1912, was named

for the sound it made when it was used to close

rubber boots

• Clarence Birdseye, who invented a way to freeze

food for sale, got the idea from watching the

Inuits in Canada

Scott Foresman Social Studies

Nonfi ction Summarize • Time Line

• Captions

ISBN 0-328-14850-4 ì<(sk$m)=beifaj< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

Fascinating Facts

• An inventor working on radar got the idea for

the microwave oven after radio waves melted a

chocolate bar in his pocket

• The modern zipper, invented in 1912, was named

for the sound it made when it was used to close

rubber boots

• Clarence Birdseye, who invented a way to freeze

food for sale, got the idea from watching the

Inuits in Canada

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ISBN: 0-328-14850-4

by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited

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Glenview, Illinois 60025.

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Photographs

Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.

Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.

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3 ©North Wind Picture Archives

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Vocabulary

hydropower invention urban rural steamboat communication

Write to It!

“Necessity is the mother of invention” is an old saying What problem or need do you have for which an inventor might think up a device

or process? Describe your need or problem

Suggest three solutions Finally, explain why one of your solutions might work better than the others

Write your ideas on a separate sheet of paper

Many new machines and new ways of doing

things came about in the 1800s and 1900s

The daily lives of people in the United States

and around the world changed forever at this

time In this book you will read about the

advances that helped create the world we live in

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How Factories Changed America

Until the early 1800s families in the United States grew their own food They spun their own

thread and wove their own cloth They made

most of the items they needed What they could

not make—tools, shoes, and some furniture, for

example—they bought

Around 1820 factories began to do much of the work once done at home Thanks to new

machines, factories could make cloth, shoes, and

other items quickly and cheaply Factories would

change the way Americans lived and worked

Yet to buy goods, people needed cash Factories paid good wages, so many people moved to towns

and cities where they could find paying work

Cotton mills were noisy and the work was hard

However, the work paid well

Thousands of young people left home to work in them.

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Some of the first factories were cotton mills

Mill workers and machines turned raw cotton into cloth Steam engines powered some of the machines Other factories used hydropower Swift water turned water wheels, and the wheels turned the machines

By 1836 more than twelve thousand young women had moved to Lowell, Massachusetts

They worked there at the cotton mills These factories paid two dollars a week At the time that was excellent pay, but the young women worked thirteen hours a day every day except Sunday

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Helping Farmers Grow More

In 1830 it took a farmer three hundred hours to grow one hundred bushels of wheat on five acres

of land A farmer in 1987 could grow that much

with only three hours of work on three acres

Farm Inventions 1780–1900

1793

Cotton Gin Eli Whitney invented a machine to pick cottonseeds from cotton.

1860

Automatic Milker Leighton O Colvin invented the first useful machine for milking cows.

1834

Mechanical Reaper Cyrus Hall McCormick built a machine to harvest wheat.

1892

Tractor

A blacksmith in Iowa put a gasoline engine

on iron wheels.

1750

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Tractors help farmers pull heavy equipment easily They also help farmers cover a large field quickly.

What made this possible? Inventions did

An invention is a new machine or new way of doing something Inventors built machines that helped farmers get more done with less work

Four important inventions that improved farming methods are shown in the time line

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Edison Lights the World

Thomas Edison did not invent the first light bulb,

but he did invent one that did not burn out quickly

In 1879 Edison held a New Year’s Eve party to

show off his invention

Thomas Edison gave this drawing of his light bulb to the United States Patent Office

The Patent Office protects inventors from people who might try to steal their ideas.

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About three thousand people came to Edison’s house and office in Menlo Park, New Jersey They looked at the electric lights that glowed all around the property The visitors were amazed Edison told them that such lights would replace smelly lanterns and dangerous gas lamps in the years ahead

In the late 1800s Edison supervised the construction of an electric power plant in New York City Underground wires carried the electricity into homes and offices Factories could now stay open all night

Stringing wires long distances was expensive

Because of this, homes in urban areas got electricity first Many homes in rural areas, which were not as crowded as cities, had no electricity until the 1940s

Today it is hard to imagine living without electricity What would we do without radios and movies? They were invented in the 1890s What

if we had no traffic lights? They were invented

in 1914 Electricity is such an important part of modern life that electric companies have had to build power plants all across the nation

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Changes in Transportation

During the 1800s the need to get goods

to market created important changes in

transportation The steamboat and the canal boat

helped moved people and goods over water New

roads helped link cities to towns and to each other

In 1830 a New York inventor named Peter

Cooper built a steam locomotive called the Tom

Thumb It carried more than two dozen passengers

at an average of ten miles an hour By 1869 trains

traveled on railroads that crossed the nation from

New York to California

The biggest change came with the invention

of automobile The first cars ran on steam or

electric batteries, and the first car owners were

wealthy That changed in 1908 when Henry Ford

built the Model T car This new car was cheap,

sturdy, and easy to drive and fix Millions of people

bought a Model T

Americans have been racing automobiles since 1895 The races helped interest people

in owning cars.

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Airplanes changed travel too In 1903 Orville Wright was the first person to fly an airplane powered by a motor He flew it in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina The first flight lasted only twelve seconds Today’s jumbo jets can stay in the air for fourteen hours without refueling

These changes in transportation affected our economy Farmers grew more crops because trains could carry their crops hundreds of miles

to markets Motels were built because travelers needed places to sleep More cars and roads led

to new suburbs, shopping malls, and businesses

New businesses hired pilots, truck drivers, road builders, and millions of other workers

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Shrinking the World

From April 1860 to October 1861, some teenage boys had a big job They carried mail on horseback

between Missouri and California Riding for the

Pony Express paid well—one hundred dollars a

month—but the job had no future Once telegraph

wires were strung from the East Coast to the West

Coast, horses could not compete Telegrams were

expensive to send, but no horse traveled faster

than the time it took a message to travel through

the wires

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The telegraph had been invented in 1837 Like other means of communication, it made the world seem smaller It let people who were separated by thousands of miles communicate easily

In 1876 Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone The telephone also sent messages through wires Now people who were far apart could talk to each other directly

Then in 1894 an Italian inventor sent Morse code signals, or signals using short and long sounds, over the air His name was Guglielmo Marconi His wireless invention made radio possible The world’s first radio station, KDKA

in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, broadcast its first program in 1920

Trains were faster than horses, and telegrams were faster than trains Inventions such as these made the world seem smaller.

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The Internet and the Web

Tim Berners-Lee is one of the most important inventors of the 1900s Over a two-year period,

from 1989 to 1991, he created the World Wide

Web The “Web” is a system that lets people

share the information kept in computers

The Web and the Internet are not the same thing The Internet is a network, or connected

system, of electronic “highways.” The Web is like

a chain of electronic trucks These trucks carry

words, sound, and pictures over that network

Berners-Lee’s invention caught on fast, and the Web opened up the Internet to everyone Nearly a

million people used the Internet in 1991 At that

time almost all of them used it for e-mail, for which

the Web is not needed But in 2003, thanks to the

Web, nearly six hundred million people went online

Surfing the Web can be fun However, students who use it for help with research and homework

also know that it is an educational tool The Web

lets people exchange information faster and more

easily than ever before

Tim Berners-Lee began work on the World Wide Web in 1989.

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You can use the World Wide Web to find out about almost anything—from how to make ice cream to who won the

1918 World Series.

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Inventions Americans Value Most

Inventions can change people’s lives In 1999 researchers asked Americans which inventions

they thought were the most important Here are

the top five answers The invention of each of

these items has a long history

1 Computers

The history of computers stretches back to an Englishman named Charles Babbage (1791–1871)

In 1833 he drew plans for a machine to solve

math problems

2 Television

Television had many parts that were invented separately One part was invented as far back as

1913 By the 1950s televisions were very popular

15

3 Refrigerators

The first refrigerators entered kitchens in the United States in 1916 By 1920 refrigerators were

in about twenty thousand homes By 1936 two million families owned a refrigerator

4 Improvements in Medical Care

People in the United States born in 1900 could expect to live an average of forty-nine years Those born in 2000 can expect to live an average of

seventy-seven years Inventions in medical care made most of the difference

5 The Internet

Experts call the world we live in today “The Information Age.” The Internet, the home of the World Wide Web, is one of the major reasons why

Inventors of the 1900s made food safer and created new sources of information and fun

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communication the way that people send and

receive information hydropower power produced by capturing the

energy of flowing water invention a new machine or new way of doing

something rural in small towns or farms

steamboat a boat powered by a steam engine

urban in the city

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