4 14 inventions and change

For information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025.. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top T, Cen

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ISBN 0-328-14849-0

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Fascinating Facts

the microwave oven after radio waves melted

a chocolate bar in his pocket

named for the sound it made when it was

used to close rubber boots

to freeze food for sale, got the idea from

watching the Inuits in Canada

Genre Comprehension Skill Text Features

Nonfi ction Summarize • Time Line

• Captions

Scott Foresman Social Studies

ISBN 0-328-14849-0

ì<(sk$m)=beiejd< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

Fascinating Facts

the microwave oven after radio waves melted

a chocolate bar in his pocket

named for the sound it made when it was

used to close rubber boots

to freeze food for sale, got the idea from

watching the Inuits in Canada

Genre Comprehension Skill Text Features

Nonfi ction Summarize • Time Line

• Captions

Scott Foresman Social Studies

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ISBN: 0-328-14849-0

by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited

reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means,

electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise For information regarding

permission(s), write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue,

Glenview, Illinois 60025.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0G1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05

Vocabulary

hydropower invention steamboat

Write to It!

Think of something you would like to invent What is it? How would it work? How might it help people? Write a paragraph to answer these questions

Write your paragraph on a separate sheet of paper.

Photographs

Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.

Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.

Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: ©The Granger Collection, NY

3 ©North Wind Picture Archives

4 ©Getty Images

6 ©National Archives

9 ©Corbis

10 ©Bettman/Corbis

13 ©Mark Richards/PhotoEdit

14 ©Ewing Galloway/Camerique Inc., Int’l/Retrofile.com

15 ©Minnesota Historical Society/Corbis

In this book you will read about the new

machines and new ways of doing things

that came about in the 1800s and 1900s

During this time the daily lives of people

in the United States and around the world

changed forever

Editorial Offices: Glenview, Illinois • Parsippany, New Jersey • New York, New York Sales Offices: Needham, Massachusetts • Duluth, Georgia • Glenview, Illinois Coppell, Texas • Sacramento, California • Mesa, Arizona

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A New Way to Work

Most families in the United States lived on farms until

the early 1800s They made or grew most of the items

they needed What they could not make they bought

Around 1820 factories began to do much of the work

once done at home Factories could make cloth and other

items quickly and cheaply because of new machines

To buy goods people needed cash Factories paid well

Many people moved to towns and cities where they could

find factory work

3

Some of the first factories were cotton mills Mill workers and machines turned raw cotton into cloth Steam engines powered some of the machines Other factories

used hydropower Swift moving water turned water

wheels, and the wheels turned the machines

By 1836 more than twelve thousand young women had moved to Lowell, Massachusetts The young women worked at the cotton mills thirteen hours a day, six days a week

Cotton mills paid their workers two dollars a week

At the time it was very good pay.

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Helping Farmers Grow More

In 1830 it took a farmer three hundred hours to grow

one hundred bushels of wheat A farmer in 1987 could

grow that much with only three hours of work

What made this possible? Inventions did An invention

is a new machine or new way of doing something

Inventors built machines that helped farmers get more

done with less work Here are four examples of these

machines

Tractors help farmers pull heavy equipment easily They

can also cover a large field quickly.

5

1793

Cotton Gin Eli Whitney invented a machine to pick cottonseeds from cotton.

1860

Automatic Milker Leighton O Colvin invented the first useful machine for milking cows.

1834

Mechanical Reaper Cyrus Hall McCormick built a machine to harvest wheat.

1892

Tractor

A blacksmith in Iowa put a gasoline engine

on iron wheels.

1750

Farm Inventions, 1780–1900

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Turning Night into Day

Thomas Edison did not invent the first light bulb

However, he did invent a light bulb that lasted longer than

a candle In 1879 Edison held a New Year’s Eve party

He wanted to show off his invention

Thomas Edison gave this drawing of his light bulb to the United States Patent Office The Patent Office protects inventors from people who might try to steal their ideas.

7

About three thousand people came to his house in Menlo Park, New Jersey They looked at the lights and thought about the future Edison told them that such lights would replace smelly and dangerous lanterns and gas lamps

In the late 1800s Edison supervised the building of

an electric power plant in New York City Workers put wires under the streets The wires carried the electricity into homes and offices Factories could now stay open all night

Today it is hard to imagine living without electricity

What would we do without radios and movies? They were invented in the 1890s What if we had no traffic lights?

They were invented in 1914

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America on the Move

In 1830 a New York inventor named Peter Cooper built

were crossing the nation from New York to California

The Tom Thumb was part of big changes in the way

Americans got around The steamboat and the canal

boat helped move people and goods over water New

roads helped link cities and towns over land

The biggest change came with the automobile In 1908

the Ford Model T car was cheap, sturdy, and easy to drive

and fix Millions of people bought them

9

Airplanes changed travel too In 1903 Orville Wright was the first person to fly an airplane powered by a motor The first flight lasted only twelve seconds

These new ways to travel changed our economy Trains could carry crops hundreds of miles to markets, so farmers grew more crops Travelers needed places to sleep, so motels were built Cars led to new roads

Americans have been racing automobiles since 1895 The races helped make people interested in owning cars.

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Bringing Us Closer Together

From April 1860 to October 1861, some teenage

boys carried mail on horseback between Missouri and

California Riding for the Pony Express paid well—one

hundred dollars a month However, the job did not last

long It was replaced by the telegraph, a new way of

sending messages through wires

Trains were faster than horses Telegrams were faster than

trains Inventions like these made the world seem smaller.

11

In 1876 Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone The telephone also sent messages through wires Now people who were far apart could talk to each other directly

Then in 1894 an Italian inventor sent Morse code signals, or messages using short and long sounds, over the air His name was Guglielmo Marconi His invention made radio possible The world’s first radio station, KDKA in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, began broadcasting in 1920

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The Age of the Internet

From 1989 to 1991, Tim Berners-Lee created the World

Wide Web The “Web” is a system that lets people share

the information they keep in their computers

The Web and the Internet are not the same thing The

Internet is a network, or connected system, of electronic

“highways.” The Web is like a chain of electronic trucks

These trucks carry words, sound, and pictures over those

highways

The Web caught on fast Nearly a million people used the

Internet in 1991 Nearly six hundred million people used the

Internet in 2003

You can use the World Wide Web to find information about almost anything.

13

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Changes People Like Best

In 1999 researchers asked Americans what inventions

they thought were the most important Here are the top

five answers

1 Computers

The history of computers stretches back to an

Englishman named Charles Babbage (1791–1871)

In 1833 he drew plans for a machine to solve

math problems

2 Television

Television had many parts that were invented

separately One part was invented as far back as 1913

By the 1950s televisions were very popular

15

3 Refrigerators

The first refrigerators entered kitchens in the United States in 1916 By 1920 refrigerators were in about twenty thousand homes By 1936 two million families owned a refrigerator

4 Improvements in Medical Care

People in the United States born in 1900 could expect

to live an average of forty-nine years Those born in 2000 can expect to live an average of seventy-seven years

Inventions in medical care made most of the difference

5 The Internet

The Internet has put a world of information at our fingertips

Twentieth-century inventors made food safer.

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Glossary

hydropower power produced by capturing

the energy of flowing water

invention a new machine or new way

of doing something

steamboat a boat powered by a

steam engine