The trees are in a sugar bush, or maple orchard.. Maple sugaring is a modern industry in which goods are made to be sold, but this farmer uses a traditional method of making sweet maple
Trang 1Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA, ™
Lexile, ® and Reading Recovery ™ are provided
in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide.
The
by Kathleen Cox illustrated by Pamela Anzalotti
Skills and Strategy Text Features
Narrative
nonfi ction
• Cause and Effect
• Sequence
• Ask Questions
• Map
• Captions
• Glossary
Scott Foresman Reading Street 4.3.1
ISBN 0-328-13443-0
ì<(sk$m)=bdeede< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U
Life Science
Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA, ™
Lexile, ® and Reading Recovery ™ are provided
in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide.
The
by Kathleen Cox illustrated by Pamela Anzalotti
Skills and Strategy Text Features
Narrative
nonfi ction
• Cause and Effect
• Sequence
• Ask Questions
• Map
• Captions
• Glossary
Scott Foresman Reading Street 4.3.1
ISBN 0-328-13443-0
ì<(sk$m)=bdeede< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U
Life Science
Trang 21 During the year, a maple tree goes through many
changes What causes those changes? What are the specific effects on the tree? Use a chart similar
to the one below to write your answers.
2 This book talks about the traditional method of
making maple syrup What questions do you have about the commercial maple sugaring industry?
Where can you go to find more information? Find your answers!
3 This story uses a word that means “a current of
air.” Find this word on page 8 Write another sentence with the word to show its meaning.
4 What can you learn from the map on page 11?
Reader Response
Vocabulary
draft
etched
fascinated
frost
parlor
terror
timid
Word count: 1,573
Note: The total word count includes words in the running text and headings only
Numerals and words in chapter titles, captions, labels, diagrams, charts, graphs,
sidebars, and extra features are not included.
The
M aple T ree
by Kathleen Cox illustrated by Pamela Anzalotti
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13443_001-020.indd 1 11/16/05 4:23:42 PM
Trang 3Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for
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correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.
Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman,
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Illustrations by Pamela Anzalotti
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Boursnell/DK Images; 19 DK Images
ISBN: 0-328-13443-0
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4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0H3 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06
3
It is the middle of February in rural Vermont
Sugar maples cover a snowy mountainside A river flows along the base of the mountain A group of about 250 sugar maple trees grows on flat land on the other side of the river
The trees are in a sugar bush, or maple orchard
A farmer owns the sugar bush and lives there with his family in an old white farmhouse Maple sugaring is a modern industry in which goods are made to be sold, but this farmer uses a traditional method of making sweet maple syrup
13443_001-020.indd 3 11/16/05 4:23:50 PM
Trang 4In winter there are no leaves on the sugar
maples They are completely bare The few pine
trees on the farmer’s land are the only trees that
are green this time of year
The maple trees in the farmer’s sugar bush are
at least one hundred years old Each tree is about
eighty-five feet tall, and each trunk is about five
feet around Their trunks are so wide that it is
almost impossible to stretch your arms around
them !
13443_001-020.indd 4 11/16/05 4:23:55 PM
5
At this time in mid-February, the farmer knows that he must pay attention to the temperature
The season is slowly shifting from winter to
spring Sitting in an easy chair in his parlor, the
farmer glances up from his newspaper and looks out the window The outside of the glass pane is
etched with frost He knows the temperature will
drop below freezing at night
The next day, he walks along the snowy path
to his sugar bush He sees that the frost, which collected overnight, has melted on rocks by the side of the river The days are getting warmer
The daytime temperature is above freezing
13443_001-020.indd 5 11/16/05 4:23:59 PM
Trang 5This pattern of temperatures above freezing
by day and below freezing by night tells the
farmer that something is happening inside his
sugar maples A frozen mixture of sugar and
minerals has been stored all winter under the
tree bark Now it has thawed
The farmer knows that this mixture is turning
into a watery sap that will pump through a
natural pipeline that exists inside the roots, the
tree trunk, and all the branches This sap is food
and energy for the tree
All maple trees make sap Sugar maples and
black maples make an especially sweet sap This
sap can be tapped, or collected, and turned into
maple sugar and maple syrup We pour sweet
maple syrup over steamy, hot pancakes We make
this syrup into tasty maple candy and maple
sugar cookies
During the next five weeks, while the season
hovers between winter and spring, the farmer
will be very busy This is the sugaring season His
work day starts early in the morning and lasts
until late at night
13443_001-020.indd 6 11/16/05 4:24:04 PM
7
The farmer has already checked the condition
of the taps, or spouts, that he drilled into each tree trunk Most of his trees are so big that they have several taps drilled into different sides of their trunks
This farmer is tapping trees.
13443_001-020.indd 7 11/16/05 4:24:04 PM
Trang 6Now the farmer hangs a metal bucket from
each tap These taps connect to the sugar maple’s
pumping system and allow the sap to drain into
the buckets Every day the farmer empties the
sap from the buckets on his trees He takes the
heavy pails of sap to his sugarhouse
The farmer props open the door to his
sugarhouse so that a cool draft comes inside
A large wood-burning stove heats up the
sugarhouse as he pours all the sap into a large
rectangular pan that is set on top of a stove This
shallow metal pan is called an evaporator
13443_001-020.indd 8 11/16/05 4:24:12 PM
9
As the fire heats the evaporator, the sap begins to bubble Then the sap comes to a boil
About six hours later, the sap, which was very watery, has become a thick maple syrup
Every year the farmer and his family celebrate their first batch of maple syrup His children put
a scoop of packed snow into a separate dish for each of them They pour hot maple syrup over the snow It turns into a chewy taffy
13443_001-020.indd 9 11/16/05 4:24:18 PM
Trang 7Neighbors often come to visit the farmer
while he works in his sugarhouse They are
fascinated by the big pans of bubbling sap But
they are surprised to hear that it takes about
sixty gallons of sap to produce just one gallon of
the best quality maple syrup
Young children also come to the sugar bush
during the sugaring season The farmer always
asks them if they would like to carry a bucket
of sap to the sugarhouse Most of the visiting
children are timid They quickly say no A look
of near terror covers their faces as they imagine
spilling the valuable sap as they carry it from a
tree to the sugarhouse
The farmer uses an evaporator to boil sap.
13443_001-020.indd 10 11/16/05 4:24:20 PM
Minnesota
Wisconsin
Illinois
Canada
Virginia
West Virginia Ohio
Pennsylvania
Delaware New York
Maine New Hampshire Vermont
Massachusetts Connecticut New Jersey
Rhode Island Michigan
Maryland Indiana
11
Sugaring maples grow in these North American areas for commercial maple
sugar production.
13443_001-020.indd 11 11/16/05 4:24:23 PM
Trang 8By mid-April the weather has changed The
temperature at night is above freezing The
sugaring season is over, and spring has set in
The migrating birds, which traveled south for
the winter, have returned to the sugar maple
trees These trees are now budding new leaves
Squirrels scamper across the ground and up and
down the trees Wildflowers push their new
shoots through the soil by the side of the river
The maple trees have completely awakened from
their winter sleep
The roots of the sugar maple
reach out far.
13443_001-020.indd 12 11/16/05 4:24:32 PM
13
All the maple trees that grow in the northeastern United States and parts of Canada have shaken off their slumber During the next few months, they put all their energy into growing Maple trees can live for hundreds
of years During their first hundred years of existence, they grow about a foot each year
The maple tree’s roots anchor the tree to the ground They burrow deep in the soil and push out in every direction The huge network of roots has spread like an enormous open hand with dozens and dozens of outstretched fingers in the ground The deep roots help keep the tree from toppling over during strong winds The roots also gather the nutrients the tree needs to make sap
13443_001-020.indd 13 11/16/05 4:24:35 PM
Trang 9The tiny buds on the sugar maple branches
turn into full-sized green leaves by the end of
spring Bees pollinate some of the little flowers
that appear on the twigs of the maple
All day long the leaves draw in a gas called
carbon dioxide from the air All day long
chlorophyll, which creates the green color of
each leaf, draws in energy from the Sun
This is a maple tree in spring.
13443_001-020.indd 14 11/16/05 4:24:37 PM
15
The chlorophyll uses the Sun’s energy to mix carbon dioxide with water coming up from the roots This mixture is changed into sugar and becomes more food for the tree This process, called photosynthesis, releases oxygen into the air for us to breathe
By the middle of summer, the flowers that were pollinated by the bees turn into fruit The maple fruit is a winged seed You may have picked up these seeds and let them spin to the ground like helicopters Some of the seeds become food for birds, chipmunks, and squirrels
Some of the seeds sprout in the ground and turn into new maple trees Some of these tiny trees become tasty food for deer
Soon it is fall Summer’s heat is gone The days are shorter The nights are colder and much longer By now, a corky layer is slowly growing
at the base of each stem that connects each leaf
to the branch This corky growth stops water and sap from flowing to the leaf The leaf’s green coloring fades away
13443_001-020.indd 15 11/16/05 4:25:03 PM
Trang 10Once the chlorophyll has disappeared, the
leaves show off the bright red and orange colors
that were hidden under the green in the spring
and the summer This display of color lasts only a
few weeks in the fall Soon the layers of growth
on each stem have completely stopped the flow
of moisture to each leaf
The leaves dry out and fall from the maple tree
A gentle breeze or a squirrel scampering across
a branch will cause many leaves to fall to the
ground In a few weeks, the leaves will be gone
All the branches on the maple trees will be bare
This is a maple tree in fall.
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17
In early November, the farmer rakes up the fallen maple leaves in his sugar bush He knows how much his children love to jump into the pile
of faded, crisp leaves
The farmer also removes tiny new trees that could get in the way of his older sugar maples
He doesn’t want new growth to disturb his valuable trees Finally, he cuts back unwanted branches and chops them into logs that he will use in his fireplace during the winter
13443_001-020.indd 17 11/16/05 4:25:16 PM
Trang 11By the end of November, the temperature
outside the farmer’s house drops to below
freezing in the evening When the farmer and
his family go to bed at night, they are grateful
for the warmth of their heavy blankets They are
also grateful for the maple logs, which they burn
in the fireplace on cold winter nights
The farmer will use these maple logs to heat his home.
13443_001-020.indd 18 11/16/05 4:25:19 PM
19
The maple trees all over the United States and Canada take care of themselves during the winter Their outside skin of bark protects the important pipeline that runs through the trees
The sap that flowed through the branches, trunk, and root system has hardened and turned into starch, which will be stored until the next sugaring season
When it is time to tap the trees again, the farmer will be ready He will tap his sugar maples and boil down the sap He will make the sweet maple syrup for his friends and family to enjoy
This is a maple tree in winter.
13443_001-020.indd 19 11/16/05 4:25:23 PM
Trang 12Glossary
draft n a current of air.
etched v engraved a
drawing or design
fascinated v interested
greatly; attracted very
strongly; charmed.
frost n a freezing
condition; temperature
below the point at
which water freezes.
parlor n a sitting room.
terror n great fear.
timid adj easily
frightened; shy.
13443_001-020.indd 20 11/16/05 4:25:37 PM
1 During the year, a maple tree goes through many
changes What causes those changes? What are the specific effects on the tree? Use a chart similar
to the one below to write your answers.
2 This book talks about the traditional method of
making maple syrup What questions do you have about the commercial maple sugaring industry?
Where can you go to find more information? Find your answers!
3 This story uses a word that means “a current of
air.” Find this word on page 8 Write another sentence with the word to show its meaning.
4 What can you learn from the map on page 11?
Reader Response
Vocabulary
draft
etched
fascinated
frost
parlor
terror
timid
Word count: 1,573
Note: The total word count includes words in the running text and headings only
Numerals and words in chapter titles, captions, labels, diagrams, charts, graphs,
sidebars, and extra features are not included.