4 6 4 fly like a bird

How does the time line on pages 18 and 19 help you understand how hard the Wright brothers worked on developing their glider?. Reader Response Questions to Ask Where to Find Answers Voc

Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA, ™

Lexile, ® and Reading Recovery ™ are provided

in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide.

ISBN 0-328-13496-1

ì<(sk$m)=bdejga< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

Genre Comprehension

Skills and Strategy Text Features Expository

nonfi ction

• Generalize

• Cause and Effect

• Ask Questions

• Captions

• Diagrams

• Time Line

• Glossary

Scott Foresman Reading Street 4.6.4

Fly Like

a Bird

by Johanna Biviano

Physical Science

Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA, ™

Lexile, ® and Reading Recovery ™ are provided

in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide.

ISBN 0-328-13496-1

ì<(sk$m)=bdejga< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

Genre Comprehension

Skills and Strategy Text Features Expository

nonfi ction

• Generalize

• Cause and Effect

• Ask Questions

• Captions

• Diagrams

• Time Line

• Glossary

Scott Foresman Reading Street 4.6.4

Fly Like

a Bird

by Johanna Biviano

Physical Science

1 Make a general statement about flight or

airplanes.

2 If you could interview the Wright brothers, what

questions would you ask them? Where could you go to find more information about flight to answer your questions? Use a chart similar to the one below to record your findings.

3 A rudder can be used to steer something other

than aircraft Write a sentence that uses the word rudder with another object it can steer

4 How does the time line on pages 18 and 19 help

you understand how hard the Wright brothers worked on developing their glider?

Reader Response

Questions to Ask Where to Find Answers

Vocabulary

cradle

drag

flex

glider

hangars

rudder

stalled

Word count: 1,212

Note: The total word count includes words in the running text and headings only

Numerals and words in chapter titles, captions, labels, diagrams, charts, graphs,

sidebars, and extra features are not included. Editorial Offices: Glenview, Illinois • Parsippany, New Jersey • New York, New YorkSales Offices: Needham, Massachusetts • Duluth, Georgia • Glenview, Illinois

Coppell, Texas • Ontario, California • Mesa, Arizona

Fly Like

a Bird

by Johanna Biviano

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4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0H3 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06

3

Learning to Fly

People have always watched birds and wondered how they fly Many ancient tales and myths involve people who can fly But it wasn’t until 1903 that Orville and Wilbur Wright made the first powered flight

To do this, the Wright brothers had to understand the forces of nature and the principles of flight Like any inventors, they made many mistakes and many discoveries

The Wright brothers were the first to succeed at powered flight

The Wright Brothers

The Wright brothers were interested in

building a glider A glider is a type of plane

without an engine

The Wright brothers made many gliders,

crashed them, and tried again They were careful

scientists and kept notes of the changes they

made This way, they learned from their mistakes

One of their ideas came from watching birds

in flight The brothers watched how gliding

birds could move their wings to stay stable or

to swoop sideways They wanted to make their

glider’s wings move that way

The Wright brothers wanted

to build a glider.

5

The Wright brothers invented a system called wing-warping They were able to twist the edge

of one wing up and the other wing down This way, they could steer and control the glider when it rolled

Their idea worked The Wright brothers were able to control their glider much better The pilot

lay in a cradle that controlled the warping

Today, flaps called ailerons provide the same

kind of control The entire wing does not flex, like

it did in the Wright’s early design But the small flaps on the edges of the wings help balance and control the aircraft

The Wright brothers built many gliders because they kept improving their design.

Nowadays, gliders are pulled out of their

hangars and into the air by planes with engines

A glider is attached to a plane by a strong wire

The glider must be pulled to the right height and

the right position Then the glider pilot releases

the wire The glider is able to ride on a wind

current by itself

True flight, unlike gliding flight, needs energy

to lift the object and drive it forward Flying

insects, birds, and airplanes use energy to fly

They control how they launch into the air, how

long they fly, and the direction in which they fly

This is a modern glider.

7

A seagull can act like a glider when it wants

to It does so by keeping its wings stiff and floating on the wind currents Seagulls also flap their wings to fly higher They know how to shape their wings to swoop lower too

The Wright brothers built several gliders But they really wanted to create true flight True flight can be controlled by people as easily as a seagull can control its flight

Seagulls act like gliders in the air.

Gravity

You may already know that gravity is the force

that pulls objects to Earth What you may not

know is that even air is pulled toward Earth by

gravity That is because gravity acts on anything

that has mass The gases in the air all have mass

For example, cold air has more mass than warm

air Therefore cold air sinks, and warm air rises

The mass of an object decides its weight

However, weight can change The gravity on

Earth has a certain amount of force when it pulls

on objects that have mass As you move higher

in Earth’s atmosphere, the force of gravity is less

This is part of why astronauts are able to float

You can see that gases have different masses

and weights when you look at a helium balloon

Helium is a gas that has very little mass It is

lighter than the other gases in the air that we

breathe Suppose you fill a balloon with helium

It will sail up over all of the heavier gases

9

Balloons filled with helium float in the air.

Astronauts can float in space.

Forces at Work in the Air

Lift, drag, and thrust are forces at work as an

airplane flies Lift pulls airplanes up while gravity

pulls them down Thrust pulls planes forward as

drag pulls them backward These forces make it

possible for airplanes to fly

Thrust

10

Lift is the force that allows an airplane to climb into the sky and keeps it flying Lift works against gravity Following is an explanation for how a plane creates lift

Lift

Drag

11

Lift is created because air splits around the wing shape Then the air meets up again after its contact with the wing In flight, the air from the top of the wing pushes downward on

the air flowing from the bottom of the wing

because of the curved shape The air flowing

over the top of the wing turns and is directed

downward behind the wing by the shape of the

wing The air coming down from the top of the

wing helps to push the plane upward

13

Lift is created when air moves over a wing.

To create lift, the wind should flow so it curves smoothly over the shape of the wing

Suppose a sudden wind should come from below the plane, or from the side This would ruin the air pressure needed for lift The plane would fall very quickly The same thing could happen if its

engine stalled.

Drag is a force that acts against motion It

is air pushing against an object and slowing

it down Too much drag can make a plane impossible to fly or control

Think about how you would design a fast

boat What if you design it with a flat front? The

flat front will push against the water and create

resistance which is similar to drag Suppose your

boat has a pointed front or bow Then there will

be less resistance The water flows around the

boat easily Your boat can move much faster with

less resistance You can control it better too

The same idea is used in creating aerodynamic

planes Aerodynamics is the science that explains

how flying objects move through the air

Thrust is the force that pushes a plane

forward Many airplanes are powered by engines

that drive propellers Planes may also have jet

engines, which do not use propellers Both types

of engines create wind behind the plane

A plane’s propeller moves air in the same

way as a fan This pushes the plane forward A

propeller also “bites” into the air in front of the

airplane This pulls the plane forward Propellers

on ships work in a similar way

15

Propellers can push both airplanes and ships forward.

Steering and Controlling an Airplane

A plane can be steered left or right It also

banks, moves sideways, and rises and descends

The right and left steering of an airplane is done

using two ailerons and a rudder The ailerons are

small flaps on the rear edges of the wings When

a pilot steers a plane, he or she moves the ailerons

in opposite directions The rudder of an airplane

moves from side to side There is also a much larger

flap on the back of each wing It is extended and

lowered whenever the airplane takes off or lands

Extending the wing flaps creates extra lift This

helps control the airplane at slow speeds

Rudder Elevator

Aileron

17

Pitch is the upward or downward movement

of the airplane’s nose and tail A pilot controls the plane’s pitch with elevators These are small flaps

on each side of the horizontal part of the plane’s tail Both elevators are always moved up or down together The pilot raises the elevators to help the plane climb The pilot lowers the elevators to point the nose down and descend

Ailerons, elevators, and the rudder are used to steer and control aircraft.

Fall 1900

The Wright

brothers go to

Kitty Hawk, North

Carolina, to test

their glider

Summer 1901

They develop a larger glider, but

it doesn’t work as well as the first.

Fall 1902

With adjustments

to their third glider, they are able to control it

in flight.

The Wright Brothers and the Birth of Flight

<more wright brothers.>

19

Winter 1903

Flyer 1, the

Wrights’ powered airplane, makes four successful flights.

Spring and Summer 1904

The brothers test their rebuilt

plane, Flyer 2, in

Dayton, Ohio

1905

The Wrights build

a completely

new Flyer 3 that

can climb to an altitude of 100 feet!

Glossary

support weight.

on an object in motion,

in a direction opposite

to the object’s motion.

without an engine.

storing aircraft.

wood or metal hinged vertically to the rear end

of an aircraft and used

to steer it.

brought to a standstill.

1 Make a general statement about flight or

airplanes.

2 If you could interview the Wright brothers, what

questions would you ask them? Where could you go to find more information about flight to answer your questions? Use a chart similar to the one below to record your findings.

3 A rudder can be used to steer something other

than aircraft Write a sentence that uses the word rudder with another object it can steer

4 How does the time line on pages 18 and 19 help

you understand how hard the Wright brothers worked on developing their glider?

Reader Response

Questions to Ask Where to Find Answers

Vocabulary

cradle

drag

flex

glider

hangars

rudder

stalled

Word count: 1,212

Note: The total word count includes words in the running text and headings only

Numerals and words in chapter titles, captions, labels, diagrams, charts, graphs,

sidebars, and extra features are not included.