Ideas to inventions (social studies)

What new ideas can you think of that would help you research a topic?. To invent things, inventors must first have ideas?. Inventors learn from ideas that work, but they also learn from

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Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA, ™

Lexile, ® and Reading Recovery ™ are provided

in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide.

Scott Foresman Reading Street 2.3.5

ISBN 0-328-13276-4 ì<(sk$m)=bdchgi< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

Genre Comprehension

Skills and Strategy Text Features

Expository

nonfi ction

• Cause and Effect

• Main Idea and Details

• Monitor and Fix Up

• Time Line

• Headings

• Glossary

Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA, ™

Lexile, ® and Reading Recovery ™ are provided

in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide.

Scott Foresman Reading Street 2.3.5

ISBN 0-328-13276-4 ì<(sk$m)=bdchgi< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

Genre Comprehension

Skills and Strategy Text Features

Expository

nonfi ction

• Cause and Effect

• Main Idea and Details

• Monitor and Fix Up

• Time Line

• Headings

• Glossary

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Reader Response

1 What caused the inventors in this book

to come up with their ideas? What effect did their ideas have on how we

do things today? Use a chart like the one below to record your answers

2 Reread pages 7-8 Did windshield

wipers for eyeglasses become popular

or not? Why do you think this may be?

3 Can you think of a project or topic that

you had to research? Where did you go

to research it? What new ideas can you think of that would help you research a topic?

4 Look at the time line on page 17 Which

invention was invented first? Next?

Last? How do you know?

Ideas to Inventions

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correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.

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ISBN: 0-328-13276-4

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2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05

3

Everything we use was invented by someone If you look around you will see that inventions are everywhere

Which of these inventions do you use?

Do you know the stories of the inventions in these photographs?

Eyeglasses

Flashlight Pizza

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An invention is something new that someone makes or thinks of To invent

things, inventors must first have ideas They

research each idea, and then try the ideas,

step by step Inventors learn from ideas that

work, but they also learn from failed ideas

Failed ideas can help them come up with

new ideas

Some inventions solve problems Some make things work better Some inventions

happen by accident But all inventions have

one thing in common—they all start with an

idea

Early motor cars were horse

carriages with engines.

5

Chester Greenwood’s Cold Ear Problem

Fifteen-year-old Chester Greenwood lived in Maine He liked to ice skate

on freezing winter days But he had a problem—his ears were always cold!

One day in 1873, he had an idea

Chester bent a piece of wire into a U-shape

He asked his grandmother to sew a pad made of fur on each end Now he could stay outside and skate longer with his friends

His ears were warm and toasty!

Chester’s idea led to a new invention

Can you guess which one?

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If you guessed earmuffs, you’re right!

Chester’s friends wanted their ears to

be warm too Chester started making more

earmuffs Soon Chester started selling them

He called them Champion Ear Protectors

Today, every December 21, the people

in Chester’s home town celebrate “Chester

Greenwood Day” in his honor

Earmuffs

7

Mary Anderson’s Streetcar Trip

In 1902, Mary Anderson had an idea

It was a snowy day in New York City, and

it was Mary’s first trip on a streetcar Mary watched the driver shiver as he reached out

to clear the snow that had piled up on the windshield Mary took out her notebook

and began to draw She designed an arm

that would swing back and forth on the windshield The arm would be controlled by

a lever near the driver inside the streetcar

Mary’s idea led to a new invention Can you guess which one?

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If you guessed windshield wipers, you’re right! Windshield wipers have changed over

the years Today, every kind of vehicle has

windshield wipers so that the driver can

drive safely on a rainy or snowy day and

keep warm at the same time

Years later, another inventor tried to use Mary’s idea to invent windshield wipers for

eyeglasses, but the idea did not sell

Windshield wipers

9

Arnold Fornachou’s and Ernest Hamwi’s Accidental Invention

In 1904, Arnold Fornachou was selling ice cream at the World’s Fair in St Louis, Missouri It was a hot summer day, and

he had so many customers that he ran out of ice cream dishes The baker next to Arnold was named Ernest Hamwi Ernest was selling very thin pastries Arnold and Ernest decided to work together They rolled Ernest’s pastries into a cone shape and filled them with ice cream

Arnold’s and Ernest’s idea led to a new invention Can you guess which one?

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If you guessed an ice cream cone, you’re right! Since then, people have invented

machines to make many different kinds of

ice cream cones The machines can make

about 150,000 ice cream cones a day!

Ice cream cone

11

Ruth Wakefield’s Mistake

In 1930, Ruth Wakefield wanted to bake

a special cookie for her new restaurant She started with her favorite cookie recipe Then she broke a chocolate bar into small bits and stirred the chocolate into the cookie batter

She thought the chocolate bits would melt into chocolate swirls But she was wrong!

The chocolate did not melt completely It stayed in the batter as little pieces

Ruth’s idea led to a new invention Can you guess which one?

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If you guessed chocolate chip cookies, you’re right! Everyone loved Ruth’s cookies

They became very popular The company that

made the chocolate bar soon started making

chocolate chips that people could pour out of

the bag right into the cookie batter

Chocolate chip cookies

13

George de Mestral’s Hike

In 1948, while George de Mestral was hiking in the woods, he noticed something

Small, prickly burrs from bushes he brushed against were sticking to his clothes

Later, George looked at one burr under

a microscope He saw it was covered with hundreds of tiny hooks The hooks had grabbed onto the loops of the fabric on his clothes He realized that he could use this idea to fasten two things together

George’s idea led to a new invention

Can you guess which one?

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If you guessed Velcro®, you’re right!

Velcro is made up of two strips of special fabric One strip has tiny hooks The other

strip has tiny loops When the two strips are

pressed together, they form a strong bond

Velcro® is used on many everyday objects Have you ever had Velcro® on your

shoes? It is even used by astronauts in

space

Velcro

15

Spencer Silver’s Failed Idea

Spencer Silver was a scientist in the 1970s His job was to make a very strong

glue In the process of making the glue,

something went wrong Spencer’s idea did not work He made a glue that was very weak Some people thought it was useless

But Art Fry, who worked with Spencer, thought the glue was interesting The glue could be applied to any surface and then

be peeled off and used again Art applied Spencer’s glue to some small slips of paper

Art’s idea of using Spencer’s weak glue led to a new invention Can you guess which one?

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If you guessed self-stick notes, you’re right! Today, you can buy self-stick notes in

every size and color Some people use the

notes for bookmarks Some people write

messages on them

Next time you put a self-stick note on something, be sure to thank the scientists

who didn’t throw away an invention that

did not work!

Ideas can come at any time and in any place Keep your eyes and ears open If you

excel at coming up with ideas, you just

might create a few inventions of your own!

Self-stick notes

17

1873

earmuffs

Inventions!

1930

chocolate chip cookies

1902

windshield wipers

1904

ice cream cone 1948Velcro ®

1970

self-stick notes

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Now Try This

Thinking Like an Inventor

Inventors think of many ideas Then they choose their best ideas and try to make

them work

Now it’s your turn to invent Before you

begin, think about this question: What

are some everyday problems that need

solutions?

19

1 Fold a sheet of paper in half Write

“Problems” on the left half Write

“Solutions” on the right half

2 Now brainstorm! Make a list of problems and your ideas for solutions For

example, a problem you might think of could be finding the time to get your chores done, or your homework done

How could you fix these problems and make them fun to do?

3 Think of lots of solutions Some won’t seem right Some will sound pretty good

Some will sound terrific Write down all

of them!

4 Circle your best idea

5 Draw pictures of how your idea might look as an invention

6 Share your invention with your class

Her e’s H ow to D o It!

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Glossary

planned, created,

or drawn

better than others

but not successful

by many people

done to get to a result

for facts or truth