Trek to the top (social studies)

Bodies of water include rivers, oceans, lakes, ponds, and seas.. Oceans Most of Earth is covered by water.. They are the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Arctic Ocean, and Indian Ocean.. T

Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA, ™

Lexile, ® and Reading Recovery ™ are provided

in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide.

ISBN 0-328-13243-8

ì<(sk$m)=bdceda< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

Scott Foresman Reading Street 2.1.4

Genre Comprehension

Skills and Strategy Text Features Expository

nonfi ction

• Main Idea and Details

• Author’s Purpose

• Text Structure

• Captions

• Diagrams

• Headings

• Labels

Trek to the

Top

by Megan McDonald

Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA, ™

Lexile, ® and Reading Recovery ™ are provided

in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide.

ISBN 0-328-13243-8

ì<(sk$m)=bdceda< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

Scott Foresman Reading Street 2.1.4

Genre Comprehension

Skills and Strategy Text Features Expository

nonfi ction

• Main Idea and Details

• Author’s Purpose

• Text Structure

• Captions

• Diagrams

• Headings

• Labels

Trek to the

Top

by Megan McDonald

1 What is the main idea on page 9? What

are some details about this idea?

2 How is this book structured? What does

the author tell about first: Earth’s water

or Earth’s land? Use the headings to help you answer this question

3 Arid places do not have much moisture

What does this sentence mean?

4 Using the information on page 4, name

the four major oceans of the world

Reader Response

Details Main Idea

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Trek to the

Top

by Megan McDonald

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photographic material The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to

correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.

Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman,

a division of Pearson Education.

Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R),

Background (Bkgd)

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6 Corbis; 7 Carolyn Brown/Getty Images; 8 DK Images; 9 Getty Images; 10 Bob

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Vision; 13 Corbis

ISBN: 0-328-13243-8

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2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05

When you look at Earth, you see both water and land Bodies of water include rivers, oceans, lakes, ponds, and seas

The features and shapes of the land are

called landforms There are many kinds of

landforms, such as mountains, plains, hills, and valleys

Let’s take a closer look at land and water

3

Oceans

Most of Earth is covered by water An ocean is the largest body of water on Earth

Oceans hold most of Earth’s water supply

There are four main oceans They are the

Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Arctic Ocean,

and Indian Ocean These four oceans are all

connected Oceans have salty water

The world and its oceans

PACIFIC

OCEAN

PACIFIC OCEAN

ARCTIC OCEAN

ATLANTIC OCEAN

INDIAN OCEAN

5

Seas, Gulfs, and Bays

Seas are also large bodies of salt water

Seas are smaller than oceans Some seas are connected to oceans Seas are partly or almost completely closed in by land

Gulfs and bays are similar to seas, but smaller Gulfs or bays are formed when parts

of the sea or ocean reach into land They are mostly surrounded by land on the sides

Gulfs are larger than bays

Lakes and Ponds

A lake is a large body of water surrounded by land on all sides Lakes have

fresh water They are not salty

A pond is a small body of water surrounded by land Ponds are smaller than

lakes Ponds also have freshwater

A pond in Australia

7

Rivers

Rivers are large, flowing bodies of water

Rivers have fresh water Most rivers flow into an even larger body of water They could flow into an ocean, a sea, or a big lake

The end of a river, where it meets an ocean, sea, or lake, is called the river’s mouth

Some rivers are very long The longest river in the world is the Nile River It is more than four thousand miles long! The Nile River is in Africa It flows into the Mediterranean Sea

The Nile River

The Water Cycle

Bodies of water and landforms work together in Earth’s water cycle As the

picture shows, water evaporates from water

and land It goes into the air as a gas called

water vapor and forms clouds

The clouds blow toward the high mountains The mountains cool the air, and

rain or snow falls to the ground This is

called precipitation The water from the

rain or snow runs into rivers that carve

valleys and water the plains

Earth’s water cycle

Mountains

Mountains are important landforms

Mountains are made up of rocky land They have steep sides and a pointed or rounded top Mountains are the tallest parts of Earth

They can form when the crust of Earth moves or lava breaks through the crust

Mountains can even be found under Earth’s oceans Some islands are the tops of mountains peeking out of the water

Mount Everest is the highest point

on Earth.

9

Valleys

Valleys are low places between mountains and hills The bottom of a valley

is called the valley’s floor The valley floor

usually has very fertile soil, so it is good for

farmland The valley’s sides are called valley

walls or valley slopes Some valleys are very

narrow and have steep sides These valleys

are called canyons.

The Grand Canyon

11

Plains

Some places on Earth are almost flat

Plains are flat or gently rolling areas Dry plains can be covered in grass These are called grasslands Other plains where there

is more moisture can be covered in trees.

The Great Plains

Desert Forms

Deserts are places that do not get much

rain Deserts are very arid, or dry Many

deserts are covered with rocks, stones, or

sand Look at the tall rocks in the photo

below There is not a lot of tall plant life in

deserts to stop the wind from shaping these

landforms These rock landforms are called

buttes

Monument Valley in Arizona is a desert with rock landforms.

13

There are many different kinds of landforms and bodies of water on Earth

Mountains, valleys, oceans, lakes, and rivers are all important parts of Earth As you read books, see movies, or drive around, look for landforms and waterways How do they affect what you read, see, or feel?

Now Try This

Land and Water Game

You and a friend can have fun and learn more about Earth’s landforms and bodies of

water by making and playing this game

You can play this game using only the landforms and bodies of water mentioned in

the book, or you can make the game more

interesting by trying to find pictures of land

or water not included here

Her e’s H ow To D o It!

15

Here’s How to Do It!

You will need old magazines or travel brochures that you can cut up, or pictures off the Internet You will also need scissors, glue or paste, writing paper, and two boxes

or bags for putting the pictures in

1 Find as many pictures as you can of landforms and bodies of water, and cut them out

2 Glue your pictures to sheets of paper, one picture to a page

3 You and your partner each put your pictures in a different box or bag Take turns pulling out each other’s pictures, and try to name the landform or body of water shown

4 You could also pull out a picture and try

to describe the landform or body of water

in words See if your partner can guess its name from your description

Glossary

narrow valleys with

steep sides

features that make

up Earth’s surface,

such as mountains

or valleys

wetness

rain or snow that falls to Earth’s surface

1 What is the main idea on page 9? What

are some details about this idea?

2 How is this book structured? What does

the author tell about first: Earth’s water

or Earth’s land? Use the headings to help you answer this question

3 Arid places do not have much moisture

What does this sentence mean?

4 Using the information on page 4, name

the four major oceans of the world

Reader Response

Details Main Idea