English for building construction V2

Period Style of period Building materials Characteristics 1960s decline of Modernism pre-fabricated sections 4 1970s end of Modernism era traditional materials 5 of historic buildings 19

BÀI GIẢNG:

TIẾNG ANH TRONG XÂY DỰNG ENGLISH FOR

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

1.1 READING

1.1.1 Topic: History of architecture

Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings and structures A building reflects the scientific and technological achievements of the age as well

as the ideas and aspirations of the designer and client

Instead of using timber, stone and traditional building techniques, architects began to explore ways of creating buildings by using the latest technology and materials such as steel, glass and concrete strengthened steel bars, known as reinforced concrete

By the 1920s architects throughout Europe were reacting against the conditions created by industrialisation A new style of architecture emerged to reflect more idealistic notions for the future It was made possible by new materials and construction techniques and was known as Modernism

By the 1930s many buildings emerging from this movement were designed in the International Style This was largely characterised by the bold use of new materials and simple, geometric forms, often with white walls supported by stilt-like pillars By the 1950s, the International Style had developed into a universal approach to building, which standardised the appearance of new buildings in cities across the world

Unfortunately, this Modernist interest in geometric simplicity and function became exploited for profit The rediscovery of quick-and-easy to handle reinforced concrete and an improved ability to prefabricate building sections led

to many badly designed buildings, which discredited the original aims of Modernism

Influenced by Le Corbusier’s ideas on town planning, every large British city built multi-storey housing estates in the 1960s Mass-produced, low-cost, high-rises seemed to offer a solution to the problem of housing a growing inner-city

population But far from meeting human needs, the new estates often proved to

be windswept deserts lacking essential social facilities and services Many of these buildings were poorly designed and constructed and have since been demolished

By the 1970s, a new respect for the place of buildings within the existing townscape arose Preserving historic buildings or keeping only their facades (or fronts) grew common Architects also began to make more use of building styles and materials that were traditional to the area The architectural style usually referred to as High Tech was also emerging Such buildings are commonly made

of metal and glass; examples are Stansted airport and the Lloyd’s building in London

By the 1980s the coexistence of different styles of architecture in the same building became known as Post Modern Other architects looked back to the classical tradition The trend in architecture now favours smaller scale building design that reflects a growing public awareness of environmental issues such as energy efficiency

Twentieth century architecture will mainly be remembered for its tall buildings They have been made possible by the development of light steel frames and safe passenger lifts They originated in the US over a century ago to help meet the demand for more economical use of land As construction techniques improved, the skyscraper became a reality

1.1.2 Vocabulary

multi-story building : nhà nhiều tầng

high-rise building : nhà nhiều tầng

2 What does a building reflect?

3 What did architects begin to explore?

4 When did Modernism emerge? What did it reflect?

5 In which style were many buildings designed by the 1930s? What was it largely characterised by?

6 What happened to Modernism in 1960s?

7 What led to many badly designed buildings?

8 What did every large British city build in the 1960s? What seemed to offer

a solution to the problem of housing a growing inner-city population?

9 Did they meet human needs? Why?

10 What became known as Post-Morden by the 1980s?

11 What have made tall buildings possible in the twentieth century? What became a reality?

1.2 SKILLS DEVELOPMENT

1.2.1 Exercise 1 (Reading and writing)

Complete the table below using information from the text Write no more than three words for each answer Write your answer in boxes 1-7

Period Style of period Building materials Characteristics

1960s decline of

Modernism

pre-fabricated sections

(4)

1970s end of Modernism

era

traditional materials

(5)

of historic buildings 1970s beginning of

Here are some examples of basic forms:

Now look at these drawings of buildings and building components:

cube (n) : hình khối, hình lập phương

b) Writing

Look at this example:

The brick is shaped like a rectangular prism

Now complete these sentences:

1 The hotel is shaped like a…………

2 The top of the minaret………

3 The dome of the Egyptian house………

4 The column………

5 The slab………

6 The church………

7 The power station building………

1.2.3 Exercise 3 (Reading and speaking)

Look at these drawings of two-dimensional shapes

Now look and read:

Now make sentences from this table:

The cross-section

of the

brick hotel top of the minaret column

church

is

square circular semi-circular rectangular triangular

in shape The longitudinal

section of the

1.2.4 Exercise 4 (Reading and speaking)

Work in pairs Answer these questions about the drawings in exercise 2:

a Which building is pencil-shaped?

b Which building component is I-shaped in cross-section?

c Which building component is C-shaped in cross-section?

d Which dome is egg-shaped?

e Which arch is horseshoe-shaped?

f Which building has diamond-shaped windows?

1.2.5 Exercise 5 (Reading and speaking)

Look and read:

The power station building is hollow It has five flat external surfaces

Pair work

Example:

A: What is the church like?

B: It is hollow It has four external surfaces

Work in pairs Make conversations describing these buildings and component like the example:

CHAPTER 2: THE PROCEDURE OF BUILDING

CONSTRUCTION

2.1 READING

2.1.1 Topic: the procedure of building construction

When an architect receives a commission for a building, he meets the client and discusses his requirements After visiting the site, the architect draws up preliminary plans and, together with a rough estimate of the cost, submits them to the client for his approval If the client suggests changes, the architect incorporates them into the final design which shows the exact dimension of every part of the building At this stage, several building contractors are invited to bid for the job of constructing the building When they submit their tenders or prices, the architect assists his client in selecting the best one and helps him to draw up a contract between the client and the contractor

Work now starts on the building As construction proceeds, the architect makes periodic inspections to make sure that the building is being constructed according to his plans and that the materials specified in the contract are being used During the building period, the client pays the bills from the contractor Subsequently, the contractor completes the building and the client occupies it For six months after completion there is a period known as the "defects liability period" During this period, the contractor must correct any defects that appear in the fabric of the building Finally, when all the defects have

been corrected, the client takes full possession of the building

(Source: JAMES CUMMING, English for Science and - Technology-

Architecture and Bulding Construction, Longman, 1985)

2.1.2 Vocabulary

approval (n) : sự tán thành, chấp thuận

building contractor (n) : công ty, nhà thầu xây dựng

defect liability period :giai đoạn sửa chữa các thiếu sót,

a rough estimate of the cost : bản dự toán sơ bộ

2.1.3 Comprehension check

A Now find a word or an expression in the passage which means

a to be given the job of designing a building

b to offer to a client for his consideration

c to combine into a whole

d to offer to do some work at a certain price

e to look at the building work in detail at regular intervals

f named or described exactly

g an interval of time after the building has been finished during which the contractor is responsible for correcting any faults in it

h to have complete ownership of the building

B Questions

1 What does an architect do to have the final design for a building?

2 Who arẹ invited to bid for the job of constructing the building.,

S Who helps the client to choose the best contractor?

4 What does the architect do when the construction proceeds?

5 What is the client's task during the building period?

6 When does the client occupy the building?

7 When does he take full possession of the building?

2.2 SKILLS DEVELOPMENT

2.2.1 Exercise 1 (Reading and writing)

Complete this flow diagram Use the information from the main text

2.2.2 Exercise 2 (Reading and writing)

Read this description of House A:

The house is a singlestorey building with a squareshaped plan It

-contains seven rooms The entrance which is located on the south side leads into a hall On the left of the hall is the living room and beyond that in the north-west corner is the dining area The kitchen is adjacent to the dining area

A terrace is situated outside the living room on the west side A toilet is located in the centre of the house Access to the toilet is from the hall The two bedrooms are located on the east side with a bathroom between them There is

also an entrance to the kitchen on the north side

Match the letters with names of the areas: hall, bedroom, living room,

kitchen, dining room, bathroom, toilet, terrace

Now write a description of House B:

2.2.3 Exercise 3 (Reading and writing)

Look at this:

Use the measurements to help you complete this paragraph:

When deciding on the floor-to-ceiling height of a building, an architect

should base his calculations on the tallest person in a group of people The

tallest person in this group is mm Therefore the floor to -

ceiling height of our building should be greater than mm

Now write similar paragraphs about 'other design situations

a width of door way

b height of seat above floor

c height of notices

d length of seat surface from backrest to front edge

e width of sink unit

2.2.4 Exercise 4 (Reading and speaking)

face(~ sb/st) (v) : mặt hướng về, quay về phía

long/short axis (n) : trục dài ngắn

to be orientated East - West : có hướng Đông - Tây

orientation (n) : hướng

prevailing wind (n) : gió chủ đạo

exposed to the sun : tiếp xúc với mặt trời

solar radiation (n) : bức xạ mặt trời

Work in pairs Look at these diagrams Ask and answer the following questions using the suggested words above

a In Which direction do the longer walls of House A face?

b Does this maximise the area of wall exposed to the sun?

c Does this help to keep the inside of'the house cool? ~

d In which direction is the long axis of House B orientated?

e Will the inside of House B be cooler than the inside of House A? Why?

f Which house has the minimum length of wall exposed to the prevailing breeze?

g Which house has the best orientation for a hot country?

h In a warm-humid country with the prevailing wind from the east, what is the best orientation for the long axis of a house?

2.2.5 Exercise 5 (Reading and speaking)

Group discussion

Four factọrs which can influence the orientation of buildings are:

1 climate

2 view

3 building site requirements, e.g the shape of a building site may

determine the orientation of a building

4 the function of the building, e.g a coastguard building will 1ook out to sea

Now work in groups of four or five Look at some local buildings and say which factors have helped to determine their orientation

2.2.6 Exercise 6 (Reading and speaking)

Pairwork

Look at this plan for a single-storey house

Now read this discussion between an architect and his client:

CLIENT : I don't like this plan because the dining room and the

kitchen are on opposite sides of the house

ARCHITECT : So what!

CLIENT : Well, it is a long way to carry the food

ARCHITECT : Does that matter very much?

CLIENT : Yes I think it does, because the food will get cold on its

way from the kitchen to the dining room

Make similar discussions between the architect and his client complaining about:

a the relative position of the bathroom and bedroom

b the relative position of the bathroom and living room

c the lack of a covered porch over the entrance

2.2.7 Exercise 7 (Reading and speaking)

Pairwork

Study these plans of two-storey house:

Now say whether these statements are true or false Correct the false statements

a The dining room is located under the main bedroom

b A hall is located in the centre of the first floor

c There are three adjacent bathrooms on the first floor

d There is a toilet between the kitchen and the dining room,

e Bedroom 2 is situated over the family room

f There is a cupboard under the stairs

g Bedrooms occupy most of the ground floor

h Viewed from the front, the dining room is on the left of the entrance

j Entering the house from the garage, you pass through the living room to enter the family room

k The entrance is situated at the bottom of the stairs

1 The kitchen and family room are 1ocated on either side of the toilet

m A door in the garage leads to the kitchen

Say where these rooms are in relation to each other:

a kitchen - dining room

b bathroom 1 - kitchen

c cupboard - bedroom 2, bedroom 3

by beavers across a Canadian river A building is a structure with a roof and much of civil engineering structural design is the design of building structures The building as a whole is designed by an architect, particularly in a densely populated area For water engineers, sewage-treatment engineers, and municipal engineers, structures are not always an important part of their work even through a road or a pipe is a structure since they both carry load

Every building structural design includes the foundation design The structural design itself includes two different tasks, the design of the structure,

in which the sizes and locations of the main members are settled, and the analysis of this structure by mathematical or graphical methods or both, to work out how the load pass through the structure with the particular members chosen For a common structure such as a building frame, many methods have been developed for analysis, so that the design and analysis will be relatively easy and may need to be performed only once or twice

But for any unusual structures the tasks of design and analysis will have to

be repeated many times until, after many calculations, a design has been found strong, stable and lasting Cheapness does not enter into the quality of the design though it is important since a costly structure will probably not be built and the designer’s fee will therefore be smaller

For the typical multi-story structure in a city, whether it is to be used for office or dwellings, the most important member which the engineer designs is the floor- for two reasons: it repeats all the way up the building, and it has the greatest effect on the dead load of the building

These floors are generally of reinforced or pre-stressed concrete because they resist fire better than steel or wood, an important consideration for a tall building There are two main types, the solid floor and the hollow-tiled (or ribbed) floor In the ribbed floor, as the drawing shows, part of the lower half

of the slab is hollow, a great advantage because this concrete would not strengthen the floor, but it is more difficult to cast them with holes through them unless these holes are carefully planned beforehand

(Source: JOHN.S.COTT, Civil Engineering, Longman, 1975)

3.1.2 Vocabulary

structural design (n) : thiết kế kết cấu

beforehand (adv) : trước, sẵn sàng trước

3.1.3 Comprehension check

1 What is a structure?

2 What are the two tasks included in the structural design?

3 What is the most important member of a typical multi-storey structure? Why?

4 What are the floors made of?

5 How many types of floors are there?

6 Compare and find out the advantages and disadvantages of each type of floor

3.2 SKILL DEVELOPMENT

3.2.1 Exercise 1 (Reading and writing)

Look and read

Some examples of structural systems are:

- The post-and-lintel structure consists of three upright posts and two

horizontal lintels

- The posts {

} the lintels which {

} the roof

- The lintels span a distance of 1 metre

- Materials used for post-and-lintel structures include stone and timber

Now make similar statements about the loadbearing wall and joist structure, steel skeleton structure and steel frame structure

3.2.2 Exercise 2 (Reading and writing)

Read this

The post-and-lintel structure, in the diagram above, is composed of straight members The vertical and horizontal members which are used to make the structure are called posts and lintels respectively The posts are spaced at 1 metre centres They are made up of blocks Both the posts and lintels are made

of stone

Now write a similar description of the loadbearing wall and joist structure

3.2.3 Exercise 3 (Reading and writing)

Comprehension questions

Look at the diagrams in Exercise 1 and answer these questions:

a What do the stanchions carry?

b What do the floor beams support?

c What does the steel frame consist of?

d What is the arch made up of?

e At what centres are the steel frames spaced?

f What are the horizontal members which connect steel frames together called?

g What distance does the vault span?

h What is the span of the arch?

i What is the stone in the centre of the arch called?

j Give some examples of materials used for arcuated and framed structures

3.2.4 Exercise 4 ( Reading and speaking)

Look at this table:

The components of a factory Elements Compound units Units Material

waterproof covering

joist and slabs timber

wood-wool asphalt

wall structure

corrugated sheets beams and

stanchions

steel steel

floor structure

tiles panels

vinyl precast concrete

Now work in pairs Make questions and answers using this table and the table above

a) What {

the {

} consist of?

b) How many {

} {

} constructed from?

c) What is the {

} made up of?

d) What are the {

} made of?

3.2.5 Exercise 2 (Reading and speaking)

Look and read:

HOUSE IN JAPAN AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE

Architects looking at building in Japan after earthquake, observe that Building

A has collapsed because the structural frame was not braced to resist the force

of the earthquake From this observation we can make the following generalisations:

Buildings {

to collapse during an earthquake if their structural frames are not braced to resist the force of earthquakes

Look at this table about other hazards:

Country Hazard Possible effect Precautions taken a) Iran hailstorm penetrate the roof

fit a lightning conductor

c) Hot-dry

countries

sandstorm damage exterior

surfaces of a buildings

stop by erecting barrier screens a few metres from