The provision for Quality of Work Life in VietNamNet is the following: 3.1 The respondents assessed the provisions for quality of work life as to job characteristics as generally well wh
Trang 1XAVIER UNIVERSITY – ATTENEO DE CAGAYAN Organization of Business and Management
A HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS
OF VIETNAMNET MEDIA GROUP
A Dissertation Presented to School of the Business and Management of Xavier University,
(Ateneo De Cagayan, Cagayan De Oro City
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Corporate Management
By: Đinh Việt Hoà
October ‐ 2009
Trang 2The respondents of this study were the superiors and the organization’s staff of VietNamNet both reporter and non – reporters’ staff. Although the total number of superiors and organization’s staff accounted
to two hundred thirty eight, only eighty of them who are superiors and organization staff were taken as the respondents of this study.
This study utilized the descriptive survey method. The majority incidence of critical blockage questionnaire be David Francis and Mike Woodcock, the standardized Questionnaire on the Provisions for Quality of Work Life based on the theory of Richard Walton, and the Questionnaire for Work Values by Vincentita Cervera were used to collect data from two groups of respondents.
The following guide questions were considered for exploration in this study:
Trang 33. How do the superiors and organization’s assess the provisions of Quality of Work Life in the following aspects:
Trang 45. How do the superiors and organization’s staffs assess the work values in the following category:
7. Based on the findings of the study, what proposals for organizational change be presented to the management of VietNamNet.
The following null hypotheses were advanced for testing at the 0.05 level or significance:
Trang 5Ho1: There are no significant differences in the assessment of Superiors and organization staff on the incidence of the following critical blockages:
Trang 62. The findings disclosed that there are no significant differences in the superior and organization staff assessment in the following organizational blockages; inadequate recruitment, poor training, low motivation, low creativity, poor teamwork, and unfair rewards. Therefore, the null hypothesis is accepted.
3. The provision for Quality of Work Life in VietNamNet is the following:
3.1 The respondents assessed the provisions for quality of work life
as to job characteristics as generally well which denoted that job provisions were occasionally provided by the management.
3.2 The superior and organization staff denoted an assessment as good on the provision for quality of work life as to compensation, that is,
Trang 7provisions for a sound compensation were occasionally provided by the management.
3.3 Both groups of respondents assessed the organization’s provision for quality of work life as to working conditions to be generally good which means that measures relating to this provision were occasionally provided by the management.
3.4 Concerning opportunity for continued growth and security, the respondent’s assessment was generally very good which denoted that management often provided the employees with measures pertaining to opportunity for continued growth and security for the improvement of the employees quality of work life.
3.5 The equality of work life as to opportunity for social integration in the work organization was assessed by the superiors and organization staff
as good which means that this provisions were occasionally provided by the management.
4. The results revealed that there are no significant differences in the assessment of the superiors and organization staff on the provisions for Quality of Work Life in VietNamNet in the following dimensions; job characteristics, compensation, working condition, opportunity for continued growth and security, and social integration in the work organization. Therefore, the null hypothesis is accepted.
Trang 85.1 Environmental work values was assessed by the superior and organization staff as very important, which denoted a belief among employees that assigned tasks can only be accomplished appropriately in a sound working environment.
5.2 Both group of respondents assessed familiar work values as very important, which cited the family as an inspiration to do work.
5.3 Intellectual‐Achievement work values were assessed by the superior and organization staff as very important in providing opportunities for professional growth.
5.4 Interpersonal work values were assessed by the superior and organization staff as important on the belief that goal attainment is enhanced through camaraderie.
5.5 The superior and organization staff assesses that managerial work values as important, as an avenue for advancement.
5.6 Both groups of respondents assessed that material work values as very important, practically for the sake of survival.
5.7 The superior and organization staff assessed that occupational work values was very important, which denoted the employee’s conviction
to truly serve the organization.
Trang 9as very important, which denoted a strong manifestation of the employees’ willingness to achieve organizational goals.
5.9 Religious work values were assessed by the superior and organization staff as important, enabling everyone to exercise one’s faith and seek divine intention while on the job.
5.10 The superior and organization staff assessed employees variety work values as important, giving them the opportunity to adjust and keep pace with the working conditions.
6. There are no significant differences in the assessment of superiors and organization staffs in all dimensions of the organization work values. These work values include environmental, managerial, material, occupational, religious, employees variety work values. Therefore, the null hypothesis is accepted.
Based on the findings of the study, the researcher advances the following conclusions:
1. The organizational Blockages studied in VietNamNet being Not Broadly True would most likely propel organizational development and could be expected to have a strong organization in the years to come to carry out its mission to develop the youth into total person. Thus, would make VIETNAMNET attain more significant successes and gain more
Trang 102. The rapid and ever‐onward development of VIETNAMNET became very evident in the significant and enormous achievements since both the superiors ands organization staff discerned that organizational blockages were not Broadly True.
3. The generally Good provision for the quality of Work Life in VIETNAMNET did not only give satisfaction and professional growth of every individual member but equally proved the way to the enhancement
of the organization’s operations and productivity.
4. Since the superiors and organization staff assessment on the provisions for Quality of Work Life did not significantly differ, the organization administration adequately provided Good Quality of Work Life to its members.
5. The generally Very Important rating of assessment of Work Values
in VIETNAMNET showed the members and the organization’s concern on their shared values; a factor in the workplace that enhances unity and cooperation within the organization.
6. The superior and the organization staff in VIETNAMNET showed
no significant differences in the assessment of work values. Both groups recognized that every member in the academic community uphold common values.
Based on the findings, the researcher advances the following
Trang 111. VIETNAMNET should create a separate Human Resource Department to fully take charge of its Human Resources, and should hire therefore a full‐time Human Resource Development Officer.
2. It is recommended that VIETNAMNET implement the proposed Human Resource Development program effective of organization year
2010.
3. Enhances the policy on members’ participation in the organizations important decisions such as appointment, transfer and firing of organization officials, and hiring technical consultants.
4. Assign some jobs to the members aside from their routinely works that would require critical thinking and provides more challenges, where the employees would learn something in doing like trouble‐shooting on some technical problems in the organization.
5. Salaries should be equal according to the rank and qualifications among the members of the different departments.
6. Enhance the health benefits of the members.
7. Strengthen the policies on reward.
8. One‐way to improve the quality of life among the members of the VIETNAMNET organization is that salaries should increased.
9. VIETNAMNET superior should encourage its members to engage
in recreational activities to break the monotony of work routines.
Trang 12CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND SCOPE
Introduction
The age of information finally closes in around us; organizations are becoming more dependent on people than ever before. Even today’s most powerful computers cannot match the intelligence of a worn. Their increasing ability to capture, process, and distribute highly structured information is a wonder of the age, but businesses still require the intelligence and experience of human beings to turn that information into useful knowledge and good decisions. As Peter F. Drucker in his book,
Managing in a Time of Great Change, (Oxford: Butterworth‐Heinemann,
1995), noted, “knowing how to type‐writer works does not make you a
Trang 13writer. Now that knowledge is taking the place of capital as the driving force in organizations worldwide, it is all too easy to confuse data with knowledge and information technology with information.”
We are living in the age of information, which all organizations create sustainable value from leverage in their intangible assets – human capital; databases and information systems; responsive, high quality process; customer relationship and brands; innovation capabilities; and culture. The trend away from a product‐driven economy, based on tangible assets, to knowledge and service economy, based on intangible assets, has been occurring for decades (Robert S. Kaplan and David P. Norton, 2003).
According to American futurist Alvin Toffler in his books The Third
Wave who describes three periods of economic evolution: the agriculture wave, which lasted from 8000 B.C. to the mid‐eighteen century; the industrial wave, which lasted until the late twentieth century; and the finally the information wave, which began in the 1960s and will last for many
decades to come. These date of course approximate and overlapping. The first wave was driven by physical labor, the second wave by machines and blue‐collar workers, and the third by information technology and knowledge workers. From here on, we will refer to the coming information
or digital age as the third wave economy to distinguish it form the industrial age. Witnessing the happening of the third wave, Peter F. Drucker described, “Every few hundred years in Western history there
Trang 14occurs a sharp transformation… Within a few short decades, society rearrangement itself – its worldview; its basic values; it social and political structure; its art; its institutions. Fifty year later, there is a new world. And the people born then cannot even imagine the world in which their grandparents lived and into which their own parents were born.” After a few hundred years since Industrial Revolution, the face of the world was rapidly changed and dramatically transformed. It caused for a range factors changed following as the impact of technology; the global market; government‐driven change; the changing face of competition; the changing pattern of employment; or the rise of knowledge as the key economic resource. Thus from that changing factors cause directly to the organization’s way and its strategic development.
Recent surveys reveal that although business supervisors firmly believe that people are the most important asset, most supervisors are at a loss to prove that investments in people lead to improved business results. Common metrics like economic value added and return on investment shed little light on how an organization’s human assets are performing. They say even less about whether an organization’s people development processes are attuned to its business challenges.
VIETNAMNET MEDIA GROUP
VietNamNet is an online newspaper made in Vietnam, which carries
an English version as well. VietNamNet presents a wide range of news in
Trang 15of Vietnam life: politics, economy, business, society, travel, leisure, sports, etc. However, the content of this online newspaper was focused on three areas: The firstly, there is VietNamNet Theory Feature, which has priority
on theory, analysis and commendation the event. The secondly, contrast of priority on macro – theory, VietNamNet News tents to focus on News, which are aspects of politics, education, sciences, economics, global news… Lastly, VietNamNet entertainment area, which focuses on music, sport, fashion…
The translations are quite seamless, and the information is concise and useful. Articles are quite short, plus a series of in‐depth stories are available as well. Take a look at the photo galleries to check out traditional holidays and other social events. Also interesting are the quick links to travel listings plus detailed travel and visa procedures. A particularly appealing feature about this site is the lifestyle section, where readers can read about cultural issues, and learn first‐hand information on the pulse of Vietnamese culture and cities, like the fact that in every Vietnamese town and city there are several loudspeakers scattered around which broadcast news several times during day and night. Because the English version of this newspaper presents stories that can actually be interesting to foreigners visiting or relocating to Vietnam, as opposed to the Lilliputian
Trang 16controversies of politics that tend to clutter national papers, there is a big chance this site builds up to be a great source of information on Vietnam.
Challenges
VietNamNet faces a number of challenges. One challenge is domestic and foreign competition. Today, VietNamNet is one of the most popular online news site, but its position is certainly not assured. As noted above,
Vietnam’s major daily newspapers like Tuoi Tre and Thanh Nien were quick
to establish their own Internet presence. While their websites initially featured print content, they have been increasing the amount of Internet‐specific content, including interactive forums of the type pioneered by VietNamNet. The terms of Vietnam’s accession to the WTO allowed Vietnam to bar 100% foreign ownership of media sites. Nevertheless, international media conglomerates like Yahoo! are beginning to expand their presence in Vietnam through partnerships with Vietnamese media companies.
Political and regulatory issues will remain a challenge into the foreseeable future. Although the overall trend appears to be moving steadily in the direction of greater press freedom, the government will continue to monitor Internet‐based content closely.
Trang 17TUOITRE.COM.VIETNAMNET AND DANTRI.COM.VIETNAMNET ‐
2009
Chart 1, which was described a daily traffic rank trend of
thanhnien.com.VietNamNet; tuoitre.com.VietNamNet and dantri.com.VietNamNet. These are popular websites in Viet Nam. From reading this chart, we were easy to understand that, VietNamNet’s rank was still very low, since researcher had made a comparison about traffic rank to some other websites in Viet Nam. From information statistic of Alexa (the Web information Company, which provides information management about Net), then he had known that VietNamNet’s rank was
Trang 18877, while VietNamNetexpress.net, dantri.com.VietNamNet, tuoitre.com.VietNamNet, and thanhnien.com.VietNamNet were 210; 307;
2784 and 1322. In addition, the information also shows that the visitors came to VietNamNet were decreasing. The number of visitors was decreased by 11.6 % among three months around.
In addition, according to the result of the contest within the them:
“what is the information technology product the customer favorite?” The contest was organized by PC – WORLD VIETNAM (World computer website) through the voting from visitor on line. Among a thousand of Vietnamese website, VietNamNet has only gotten 10% of voters and got the third place following two the other websites news VietNamNetexpress.net (48%) and tuoitreonline.com.VietNamNet (10%).
More over, the competition for talent will remain a significant challenge for VietNamNet. The crisis in Vietnamese higher education means that most Vietnamese university graduates lack the basic writing, researching, and analytical skills that a good reporter needs. Individuals who possess these talents will be in high demand, not only in media outlets but also in other business sectors.
Over the past ten years, the Internet has brought much that is new to Vietnam: new thinking, new lifestyles, and new competitiveness; most importantly, the Internet has helped put Vietnam on an upward trajectory.
Trang 19VietNamNet is proud to have contributed to this ongoing transformation and looks forward to greater contributions in the time to come.
Trang 20Through the philosophy of management, which describes that, you cannot manage what you cannot measure and you cannot measure what you cannot describe. (Robert S. Kaplan and David P. Norton, 2003.) The implementation of any development program must be based on organization analysis. The executive’s and organization staff’s assessment
of the incidence of the critical blockages which describes the side of weakness from organization. This activity is designed to change the attitudes of people and the structure of an organization so that its human resources can be challenged in the future. Whether activities and analysis may be initiated by the organization to improve itself, the accepted fact is that improvement presupposes change. It is expected that the components
of the actual system may manifest varied reactions toward change. Still, whether to accept or resist change the organization needs it.
However, before any attempt what an organization is. Baron and Greenberg (1990:7) present the following definition.
An organization is any social structure or system consisting of two or more persons who are somehow interdependent and who work together in
a coordinated manner to attain common goals.
An organization contains five elements: the task or goal, technology
or design, structure, people, and the external and internal environment
Trang 21within a world of constant organization change and development (Randolph and Blackburn, 1989). However, the starting point of change must be concentrated on the human resources of an organization. Also important in the task of organization analysis is the determination of problems or blockages as adequate recruitment; confused organizational structure; adequate control; poor training; low motivation; low creativity; poor teamwork; inappropriate management philosophy; lack of succession planning and management development; unclear aims; and unfair reward that hinder the effective operations of an organization. It is on these premises organizational analysis of VIETNAMNET MEDIA GROUP, Ha Noi Capital City of Viet Nam.
In line with this objective, an investigation of the human resources aspects of the organization is necessary. Areas covered are the, incidence of critical blockages organization. Figure 2 shows the conceptual framework
of this study.
Prior to the implementation of a well – planned organizational development program, an analysis of the basic components of the organization should be done. Foremost are the human resources wherein the main aspects of analysis should be focused on the study of the problems of the organization. These problems are technically known as critical blockages.
Trang 22Figure 1 therefore shows VIETNAMNET MEDIA GROUP, which is the object of organizational analysis. Specifically, the organizational analysis consists of the determination of the Supervisors and Company staff’s critical blockages, the company’s provisions for quality‐of Work life and the company’s work values. The analysis will be the basis for a program of human resource development, which, in turn is expected to promote organizational development.
The determination of the different factors that block the development process is a vital step in the design and implementation of a coherent organizational development program. The dimension that serve as critical blockages include inadequate recruitment, confused organizational structure inadequate controls, poor training, low motivation, low creativity, poor teamwork, inappropriate management development, unclear aims, and unfair reward.
In any organization, people’s values differ. It is therefore the duty of management to know about the individual’s values because they strongly influence person’s activities. For this reason, an employee’s work values and provisions for quality of work life should be examined. The employees work values should be determined because they influence an employees; concept of their role in attainment of productivity in the organization.
People’s beliefs, values and expectations influence their thought patterns and eventually their behavior. In a classic work in the psychology
Trang 23of expectation, W. I. Thomas (1966:301) said, “If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.” This finds support in subsequent studies by Rosenthal and Jacobson ( ). It is in the light of this dictum that the head of an organization may want to know the perceptions, beliefs, values, and organizational assessments of the members (employees) in order for the organization to be able adjust to or manage factors that facilitate or impede the realization of its goals. For example, the negative perception of employees about their work conditions can be counterproductive for the establishment.
Impediments or blockages to the attainment of organizational goals may take shape at various levels, from exogenous macro factors like events
in the global arena, to the endogenous and localized physical, economic, social, political and cultural factors, down to the micro social psychological
or even purely (individual) psychological factors as seen above. Theories and analytical models have been developed to examine phenomena in a variety of levels. In the global order, the realization of organizational goals may be hampered by sour relationships among nations. But he opposite may be true. For example, good relationships between two nations A and B may encourage A to buy more goods and services from B that may result in the immediate increase in export volume for B, assuming elasticity of output for export. But this demand from A is dependent upon outside
Trang 24Under conditions of good relations and favorable circumstances, increased demand from Country A may stimulate more economic grind in
B to meet the level of demand. Hence, B has to improve its local resources, infuse more capital, and engage more labor, and so on. This improvement
or growth may be denoted as Y, and can be treated as the function of the following factors: natural resource (N), physical capital (K), raw labor (L), technology (T) organization (O), and human resources or polished labor (H), and other factors not included in the model. At the level of an organization like Vietnamnet, such improvement or growth therefore can
VIETNAMNET has been in operation for more than ten years now. It
Trang 25occupies. In a socialist government like Vietnam’s, land resources are largely owned and controlled by the state. And VIETNAMNET has a share
of land and land use terms. It therefore has a stable natural resource foundation.
It has also accumulated for itself physical capital in the form of buildings and inventories. It as made use of these forms of capital, have maintained and even expanded them. Raw labor is also elastic for VIETNAMNET and in Vietnam in general. There is an adequate supply of manual laborers that VIETNAMNET and the country can depend on.
VIETNAMNET’s technology is described as cutting‐edge. It benefits from the governmental big push for leadership in computer technology and internet services in the ASEAN region along with India, Singapore and Thailand. In other words, technology is not a critical issue that was identified for VIETNAMNET.
In the course of this writer’s discussion with VIETNAMNET’s leadership, it became clear that the management is interested in examining the areas in organization and human resource that impede or facilitate growth and or the realization of its goals.
The procedure shown in Figure 1 was used in problem identification (Cooper and Schindler, 2001).
Trang 26Brainstorming with VietNamNet’s information gatekeepers and management
Trang 27This writer’s initial contacts with VIETNAMNET hinted of the organization’s concern over its posture in the internet business. The general concern was one of making VIETNAMNET ready for challenges and opportunities as they come, and remain competitive. This writer did in‐depth interviews with VIETNAMNET management and staff, examined its records, worked for a while with the organization, discuss the matter with friends in the academe, in business and the media. The concern narrowed down to its organization and on how could it be strengthened. Subsequent brainstorming with management, the information gatekeepers (holders of records and service statistics) and again with friends in the academe, in business and the media on how can VIETNAMNET’s organization be strengthened, a number of information gaps emerged: how do the employees (at two general levels, supervisory and non supervisory) assess the blockages that hamper the organization’s attainment of its goals and objectives? How are the work values of the employees? How do the employees assess the organizations provision of quality work life? In short the top management would want to get into the thought habits of the employees as these impinge upon their work attitude and behavior.
Looking at how employees view blockages (or conversely, its facilitators) from the side of organization and human resource, one sees almost immediately that these views can be colored by the position that employees occupy in the organizational hierarchy. Reworded, employees occupying different hierarchical levels may have different perspectives on blockages (or facilitators) (Peabody, 1960; Martinez, 1992).
Trang 28“To the extent that people are well‐screened and selected, maintained and supported, recognized and developed, they can bring in and develop the various artifacts of an organization: philosophy, funds, values, structure, facilities, and technology. People are the main crux and heart of the organization.” (cf. Bernies in Mayo and Nahria, 2005)
Employees are screened, selected and placed in different positions and roles. Those occupying the positions of authority and entrusted to make substantive decisions for the organization are generally more educated, more experienced, morally upright, better in psychological disposition, and so on than those occupying lower positions in the hierarchy. These then substantiate the “Law of Individual Differences.” Differences in positions therefore goes with variations in beliefs, values and expectations, which in turn lead to “selective perception” in which people tend to attention to those features which are consistent with or which reinforces their own expectations (Newstrom and Davis, 1993: 12‐13).
It is logical to posit therefore that the employees’ view of the blockages depends upon their positions in the organization. Those in the supervisory position may see fewer blockages because they are responsible for the substantive decisions than those in the non‐supervisory positions. Not only that, they may also differ in work values and in their perception
of the organization’s provisions for quality work life, and subsequently
Trang 29The purpose of this study is to conduct an organizational analysis of VIETNAMNET so that a proposal for Human Resource Development Program can be made to the management. The study will address the following questions:
Expectations:
- Employees occupying supervisory positions are likely to have lower assessment than those in non‐supervisory positions of VIETNAMNET blockages because supervisors participate in the making of decisions on screening, recruitment, training, rewards system, and so on.
- Employees occupying supervisory positions are likely to have better perception of provision for quality of work life because they are more privileged.
- Employees occupying supervisory positions are likely to have more positive work values because they have been promoted to positions of responsibility.
- Employees with better perceptions of the provision for quality of work life are likely to have lower assessment of organization blockages.
The more positive the work values the lower will be the assessment
of organizational blockages.
Trang 31
The process is carried out by means of administering the survey of Blockages Questionnaires by David Francis and Mike Woodcock. The provisions for Quality of Work Life Questionnaires based on the theory of Richard Walton and Work Values Questionnaires by Vincentita Cervera. The data from each set of instrument are tallied and tabulated. Both the baseline and statistical data are presented, analyzed, and interpreted.
The findings of study will facilitate the design of human resource development program that will implement change in VIETNAMNET MEDIA GROUP. The mechanics of change was proposed in this study. Figure 3 shows the flow of the research process.
Trang 33The purpose of this study was to conduct an organizational analysis
of VIETNAMNET MEDIA GROUP by means of determining the blockages
in organizational development, quality of work life and work values of the Supervisors and organization staff so that proposal for Human Resource Development Program can be made to the management. The following questions were considered for exploration in this study.
1 How do the Supervisors and organization staff assessment the following organizational blockages:
3 How do the Supervisors and organization staff asses the provisions for quality of work life in the following aspects:
o Job Characteristics;
Trang 356 Are there significant differences in the Supervisors and organization staff assessment in the above – mentioned categories of work values?
7 Based on findings of the study, what proposal for organization change is presented to the management of VIETNAMNET MEDIA GROUP?
Trang 36Ho2: There are no significant differences in the assessments of the Supervisors and organization staff on the provisions for quality of work life
Trang 37VIETNAMNET MEDIA GROUP staff will benefit from the possible opportunities that maybe derived from the improved human resource program.
Its clientele the customers, since improved quality of work life, work values and overcoming organizational blockages beget efficiency and affectivity in delivering services.
Finally, other organizations or entities whom may have similar management scenario, that somehow through this study their respective problems may likewise be addressed too.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study was concerned with the investigation of the organization’s incidence of critical blockages, quality of work life and work values in the organization. The investigation on the areas on the incidence of the critical
Trang 38blockages in the organization covered the areas of the recruitment, organizational structure, control, training, motivation, creativity, teamwork, philosophy, succession planning, and management development, aims and rewards.
The standardized questionnaire on Critical Blockages is Francis and Woodcock. The results were further verified through the conduct instructed interview.
Furthermore, the questionnaires were administered strictly to Supervisors and Organization staffs who were regular and tenured employees of the organization. The answers to the statements in the questionnaire however, depended on the respondents’ knowledge, ability, and experience as a constitution of VIETNAMNET MEDIA GROUP.
Trang 39The following terms are operationally defined to give the appropriate meaning as they are used in this study.
Traffic rank : ʺTraffic rankʺ is your siteʹs ʺratingʺ, according to their data as collected from the toolbars installed on their usersʹ browsers. Assuming that their users are representative (a big assumption, especially since the toolbar only works in IE), and assuming that their data is valid (another biggie), sites are rated according to the traffic (visitors) they get. The number one site would be the site that, according to Alexaʹs data, gets the most visitors and/or page views.
Demographic Characteristics. This refers to the respondents’ age, sex marital status, educational qualification, nature of work, employment status, length of employment in the agency, basic monthly salary and qualifying examination taken and passed.
Qualifying Examination. This pertains to an examination taken and passed that enables an individual to satisfy some type of requirement for employment purposes. Specifically, this refers to licensure and civil service and other examination.
Focus Group Discussion. This is a “qualitative” type of interview of about 6‐12 persons per group which is focused on a particular issue(s). its main output is the investigation of the respondents’ concerns, and the
Trang 40of these concerns.
Human Resource Management Department. This refers to the division in the organization whose main responsibility is the effective management of people at work in ways that bring out the best in people in the work organization so that they can contribute their most for the optimum achievement of organizational goals and simultaneously enhance their opportunities to achieve personal life goals.
Organization Transformation (OT). This pertains to the management approach to promote organizational effectiveness and individual well‐being. This is attained through enhancing the quality of work life of the employees, ensuring existence of conditions at work valued very important
by the same employees and overcoming critical blockages that impede attainment of organizational effectiveness.
Organization Transformation Program. This refers to a scheme designed to strengthen the human side of organizations to the benefits of both the individual and the organization. This program will consist of goals, objectives, strategies, activities, and budget and performance indicators. It is an instrument to protect, enhance and mobilize human assets, which does not only make good human‐relation sense but good economic sense (French, Bell and Zawacki, eds, 1994).