Super structures oxford read and discover level 3

It can be made of different materials likebricks, concrete, glass, wood, or metal.. It's nearly 54 kilometers long!. This bridge is about 38 kilometers long and it has over 91000 concret

t 2L4

1 6

1 82022244446

OXTORD

U N I V E R S I T Y P I { T ' S S

( ; r c c c e ( ; u r t e n r a l r H r r r r g t r r y l t r l y litl)iU) ll)Lilt(l l,r)rtrrllill

S i n g a p o r c SouthKorca Switzcrlancl llririlirrtrl )irrkey

t J k r a i n e Vietnan

o x F o R D a n d oxFoRD ENGLISH are registcrc(l (ril(lc nurks

o f O x f b r d University Press in the UK and in ccrtain other

c o u n t n e s

o Oxford University Press 2o1o

Tlrc moral rights ofthe author have been asselted

Datrbasc' ilght Oxford University Press (maker)

l - i r s t p u b l i s h e d 2 o 1 o

2014 2013 2Or2 2077 2O7O

1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d N o p a r t ofthis publication may be

reproduced, stored in a rctrieval system, or transmitted,

in any fbrur or by any [rearrs, without thc prior permission in

writiDg of Oxford University Press or as expressly pemitred

by law or urder temrs agreed with the approprirte

r c p r o g r n p h i ( s rights orgalizirtion lrquiries conceming

r e p r o d u c t i o n o u t s i d e the scopc ofthe above should be sent to

t h e E L I R i g h t s D e p a r t m e n t Oxford University Press, at

the address above

Y o u m u s t n o t circulite this book in any other binding or

c o v e r a n d y o u nlust impose this same condition on any

P P s , 1 5 , 1 9 The Publishers woukl olso like to thqnk thc Jbllowing|& their kind pemissim Lo reproduce photog:raphs and othcr copyight motci|al Alamy pp 5, 10, 74,'17,22,23 lwoiibat) 34; Corbis pp 8 23(beaver/dam), 32 (Beijing airport); Dr David Fishcr, Dynamic Architecftue, A11 rights reseNed p 15i Getty Images p 9:

NASA Inages p 20, 21; Oxfbrd University Press pp 3, 6, 13, 16,

32 (Beijing Stadium); PoseidonUndersea Resons LLC p t8;

Rcx Features p 12: TopFoto pp 4,7; Superstock p 11:

ww.7-t.co.uk/British Antarctic Survey p 19,

parts, like a house, a schoot, or a bridge

It can be made of different materials likebricks, concrete, glass, wood, or metal A super

structure is very big, very [ong, or very tat[.

re

ffi.W.

ili,

tff

'l unncls go underwater, underground, or

tl-rrough the ground \We use tunnels for

mines, trains, and road traffic, or to carry

things like gas or water Tunnels are usually

made of metal and concrete

One of the longest tunnels in the world

is the Seikan Tunnel in Japan It's nearly

54 kilometers long! It goes between two

islands It was built because it's too dangerous

to travel by boat.The tunnel is for trains, but

now many people prefer to travel by plane

One of the longest road tunnels is theLaerdal Tunnel in Norway The tunnel

is nearly 25 kilometers long and it goesthrough a mountain It was built becausethere's too much snow on the mountainroads in winter

Bridges go over water or overground.

On a beam bridge, the pillars carry the deck

One of the longest beam bridges is the

Lake Pontchartrain Causeway in the USA

This bridge is about 38 kilometers long and

it has over 91000 concrete pillars It goes

over water and carries road traffic

0

On a suspensionl-rridge, the cables andtowers carry the deck

'l'hc anchorages holdthc cables

Suspension bridges move a little when it's windy.'l'his isn't usually a problem, but in 1940 the'lbcoma Bridge in the USA collapsed in lightwinds It was onlv four months old

Go to pages 26-27 for activities.

!a :'&,lir' ifEt{:4rire€HIEI:

t

\(Ihen there isn't much ground,

we can build tall buildings

Very tall buildings are called

skyscrapers The first skyscraper

was the Home Insurance Building

It was built in Chicago in the

USA in 1885 It was 42 meters

tall The tallest skyscrapers are

now much taller than this

The Petronas TWin Towers in

I(uala Lumpur in Malaysia are

the tallest twin buildings There

is a bridge between the two

towers called a skybridge

One of the tallest skyscrapers

is the Burj Dubai It's in Dubai

in the United Arab Emirates

It's 818 meters tall - that'snearly a kilometer! It's made

of a special, strong concretecalled reinforced concrete

The Burj Dubai has apartments'shops, swimming pools, hotels,restaurants, and a librarY

It's like a very tall town!

Do you like it?

The concrete in theBurj Dubai weighs the same

Some of the biggest structures are dams.

They hold back \vater and make a lake

callcd a rcscrvoir Dams supply watcr)

stop floods, and they also makc elcctricity.

(iravitv clants are macic of a lot of concrcte.

'l'hey arc vcrv big and hcarl', ancl this

wcight l-rolds back rhc r,l'arcr Tl-rc Itaipu Dam

is a gravitv dam It's in South Amcrica

betwccn Paraguaf anc-l Brazil.It's 196

mctcrs tail and ncarlr' 8 kilorr-rcters long.

Arch dams are also madc of concrctc.'l-l-rcv arc usuall,v smaller than gravity dams and they are curved The curve holds back the water The Moiry Dam in Switzerland is

an arch dam It's 148 meters tall and

There are many super structures in Beijing

in China Some of them were built for the

Olympics in 2008

Terminal 3 of Beijing Capital Inrernarional

Airport is one of the biggest airport terminals

in the world The floor area is more than a

square kilometer There are seven floors,

and two of the floors are underground

{b.rc* r y '

The Beijing National Stadium is one ofthe biggest metal buildings It's red andgold It has 80,000 seats There wcre

I 1,000 extra seats for the Olympics It alsohas underground pipes to make it warm inwinter and cool in summer

Sometimes it's called the Bird's Ncst - canyou see why?

$7ith new building materials, people can

build structures in many different shapes.

The 02,in London in the United I(ingdom

is a dome It was built for the millennium,

the year 2000 The roof is made of a special

plastic and glass material It's 365 meters

wide - one meter for every day of the year.

It has also l2 support towers - one tower

for every month of the year.

In 2008, David Fisher designed the first rotating skyscraper It uses energy from the wind People want to build these rotating skyscrapers in Dubai and in Moscow.

ffi

tQJ

Each ftoor can rotate a ful.tcircle People can decide when torotate their ftoor The skyscrapercan be a different shape every day!

, : l r,ir,

Go to pages 34-35 for activities.

fi

In a village in Sweden, near the Arctic, there is a hotel made of ice called Ice Hotel.

The hotel is open from December to April.

It has 80 rooms There are ice sculptures in the rooms The beds, chairs, and tables are also made of ice Even the drinking glasses are made of ice!

;ffi

;

''.llw*1,$u,'-.

'pl#$

Most buildings are made of concrete, bricks,

metal, or wood Some buildings use

different materials.

Biosphere 2 inArizona in the USA is made

of glass and metal It's nearly as big as rwo

and a half American football fields Inside,

there's a rainforest, an ocean, a desert, a

farm, and places for people to live and work.

It's a research center.

Every year, lce Hotet

i s b u i l t a g a i n w i t h n e w ic e

ifl)' 1'

Did you know that people also build

structures under the ocean and on ice?

The Poseidon Undersea Resort in Fiji is a

hotel 12 meters under the ocean It's made

of very strong metal and plastic The

windows are made of special, clear plastic,

so people can see fish and other ocean

animals from the hotel To get to the hotel,

you travel by submarine!

Building in the Antarctic is very difficult

t: I J

G o to p a g e s 3 8 * 3 9 f o r a c t i v i t i e s

There are also structures

in space The International

Space Station (ISS) is a

research station It's about

350 kilometers above Earth.

It goes around Earth about 16 times every

day It travels at 27,700 kilometers pcr hour

- that's nearly 8 kilometers per second!

You can seethe ISS from

tetescope.

The ISS is made of metal It uses energy from the sun The first part of the ISS went into space in a rocket in 1998 No astronauts went with it Most other parts went with astronauts Sometimes, astronauts do a spacewalk outside the ISS to attach new parts.

Animals can build super structures, too!

Termites build their homes with mud

These homes are tall towers called termite

mounds The tallest termite mounds are

Wombats build undergrouncltunnels called burrows Thcydig with their front paws andbite through things with theirteeth A wombat can digabout 2 meters per hour

Beavers build dams on thewater to protect themselvesfrom other wild animals likebears They build the damswith small trees) stones, andmud Their dams can be akilometer long

about 13 meters high They are termite

skyscrapers!

ffi

eJfJ "d\{}/

Termites are insects

The tatlest termite moundsare thousands of termites ta[[!

It was buitt because it's too

dangerous to travel" by boat

3 lt's for road traffic

4 lt's for trains

Write true or false.

Circle the correct words.

3 The Seikan Tunnel is in China / Japan

Complete the sentences.

2345

d Bridses

( Read pages 6-7.

1 Circle the correct words.

tower / deck

cable deck piltar deck anchorage

678

I Find and write the words.

d g

't

a

1234567B

b r i d o e 7

-t r l _ _ _ _

b _ _ _

{.

Answer the questions.

1 What carries the deck on a beam bridge?

Ths plltnre carr1 ths dscK.

2 What carries the deck on a suspension bridge?

3 Complete the sentences.

(short / shorter / shortest)

2 T h e S h a n g h a i F i n a n c i a l C e n t e r i s _ t h a nthe Petronas Twin Towers ftatl / tatter / tattest)

4 The Sears Tower is than tha n th e T a i p e i 1 0 1

f t a l l / t a [ [ e r l t a l t e s t )

(short / shorter / shortest)

4 Answer the questions.

2 H o w t a [ [ is th e B u r j D u b a i ?

E

C Read pages 10-11.

I Write the words reservoir curue arch dam

concrete gravity dam reservoir

ffi

456

1

2

3

2 Write true or false.

2 A reservoir is like a [ake

5 The ltaipu Dam is ta[[er than

Complete the puzzle.

2 +

1 The first dam buitt fett down in heavy - 4 ->

2 The Moiry Dam is in _.

3 Gravity dams are very _.

4 Gravity dams are made of

5 Arch dams are - 6 >

6 Dams hotd back _.

Answer the questions.

2 Where is the Moiry Dam?

5 Write about a dam in your country.

Complete the sentences.

Read pages L2-L3.

Match.

The floor area is more

kilometer

It has 80,000 seats

5 lt's one of the biggest

Circte the correct words.

1 T e r m i n a [ 3 , B e i j i n g C a p i t a l I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t :

lt's in Russia / China / the USA.

f t's for cars / trains ,/ planes.

2 T h e B e i j i n g N a t i o n a I S t a d i u m :

lt's like a bird's bus / nest / schoot

lt's made of metat / wood / glass.

It has underground pillars / pipes ,/ seats.

M a n y b u i l d i n g s w e r e b u i t t f o r th e i n 2 0 0 8

B e i j i n g h a s m a n y structures

1234

4 lt can rotate a fu[[ square ,/ circle.

6 lt can be a different floor ,/ shape every day

Write the months.

Complete the sentences.

London day shapes

Every floor can rotate :

789

1 0

1 1

t 2

123456

Gla$$ annd lce

* Read pages t6-L7.

Write the words.

bricks glass ice wood

concrete metal

A Write true or false.

Order the words.

1 lce / Hotel / made / is / ice / of

lr"s ilnt*"l iq nnads *rf k"s,

2 again / year / Hotel / ts / Every / lce / buiLt

3 open / lt / from / is / Aprit.,/ December / to

4 drinking / glasses / ice / The / made / of / are

5 glass / made / Biosphere2 / of / is / metat / and

r,.,,, I I ;,, , 'rrr ,,r" li irl i:i iil.'jl i r

Complete the chart.

weter cold skis submarine wind

ice fish hotel research ocean

3 Comptete the sentences.

weather under on Plastic moves

2 T h e w i n d o w s a r e m a d e o f a s p e c i a t -

3 H a l l e y 6 i s b u i l t - i c e

5 Buil,ding in the Antarctic is very difficutt because of

t h e -

4 Answer the questions.

2 Where is Halley 6?

iiii,,,,,tl

: i i l t r t,frli '1, ,ii, ,1,

r 1 r r l t l , l l 3 Write the words.

Earth astronaut ISS

V

h s

u , t n t

123456

The first part of the ISS went into space

Answer the questions.

1 Where is the lss?

2 What is the ISS?

first part of the ISS?

1

Anirnal Structures

Read paEes 22-23.

Write true or false.

their teeth

Order the words.

1 too / Animals / buiLd / can,/ structures / super

2 mounds / Termite / skyscrapers / are / termite

3 Wombats / about / meters / dig / hour / per / 2

4 buitd / Termites / with / their / mud / homes

5 dams / Beaver / bel tong / a / can / kilometer

3 Complete the Puzzle.

?

Y

3 4

v v

1 lt's the name of this book.

2 Yery tatt buitdings are called -.

3 An arch dam has a -.

4 A tunnel goes here.

5 Beam and suspension are types of -.

6 lt's a strong buitding material.

7 Laerdat and Seikan are -.

8 In Norway, there is a - through a mountain.

9 T h e B e i j i n g N a t i o n a l S t a d i u m i s m a d e o f -.

10 lt hotds back water.

11 Bridges go - Water.

12 The Pontchartrain Causeway is very -.

13 Biosphere 2 is made of metal and -.

Super Structures

in My Country

Complete the chart about super structures in

your country.

Make a poster Use pictures and i,i;tfrlr-f1i -'

write about the super structures \rf, mersrs ralf

Disptay your poster \lLY*l!l-:

What's it

called?

What type of

Nams of structure: thapa and sirs:

Design a SuPer Structure

Think of a super structure.

Write notes and comptete the diagram.

3 Draw your super structure write sentences to describe it.

4 Display your design.

t -:_J{'J

\r :'/

T

ffimwWwsM.ffi, ffi ffiw ffi mwe #"'i|,, ,,iirjlq 6*' y'

/ \ z ) /-\\-r-,

\^.1 -,

t \ - - , I

\ l -/r;-

a

Series Editor: Hazel Geatches CLIL Adviser: John C[egg

Oxford Read and Discover graded readers are at four [eve[s, from

3 to 6, suitab[e for students from age 8 and otder They cover many topics within three subject areas, and can support Engtish across the curriculum, or Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) Availabte for each reader:

A u d i o C D P a c k ( b o o k & a u d i o C D )

Activity Book

For Teacher's Notes & CLIL Guidance go to

www.oup.c om / elt/ teacher,/reada ndd iscover

The Wortd of Arts

How We Make Products

Sound and Music

Super Structures

Your Five Senses

o Amazing Minibeasts Animals in the Air

" Life in Rainforests ' Wonderful Water

* Festivals Around the World

- Free Time Aroundthe Wortd

@

750

headwords

' A[[ About Plants

How to Stay Heatthy

Machines Then and Now

Why We Recycte

All About Desert Life Atl About Ocean Life Animals at Night Incredible Earth

a o

r Al[ About lslands

n Animal Life Cycles

* Exploring Our World

r Cells and Microbes

Ctothes Then and Now

r Food Around the Wortd