Bộ sách Scott Foresman reading street grade 5 advance gồm các quyển sau: 5.1.1 This Is the Way We Go to School 5.1.2 Forecasting the Weather (Earth Science) 5.1.3 Harvesting Medicine on the Hill 5.1.4 African American Athletes (Social Studies) 5.1.5 The Land of Opportunity (Social Studies) 5.2.1 When the Disaster Is Over (Social Studies) 5.2.2 A Safe Heaven (Social Studies) 5.2.3 Making Friends in Mali 5.2.4 Saving Endangered Species (Life Science) 5.2.5 The National Guard Modern Minutemen (Social Studies) 5.3.1 The Patent Process (Social Studies) 5.3.2 The Inspiration of Art (Social Studies) 5.3.3 Whats New with Dinosaur Fossils (Life Science) 5.3.4 Music Gets the Blues (Social Studies) 5.3.5 Hollywood Special Effects (Social Studies) 5.4.1 Cheaper, Faster, Better Recent Technological Innovations (Social Studies) 5.4.2 Feel, Think, Move (Life Science) 5.4.3 A Home for Humans in Outer Space Is It Possible? (Space and Technology) 5.4.4 Nathaniel Comes to Town 5.4.5 What Makes Great Athletes? (Social Studies) 5.5.1 The Sandwich Brigade 5.5.2 Inventions from Space Travel (Space and Technology) 5.5.3 Astronauts and Cosmonauts (Space and Technology) 5.5.4 The Shaping of the Continents (Earth Science) 5.5.5 Journey to Statehood (Social Studies) 5.6.1 Oceans of Resources (Social Studies) 5.6.2 MixedUp Vegetables (Life Science) 5.6.3 From Salt to Silk Precious Goods (Social Studies) 5.6.4 Flying into the 21st Century 5.6.5 Unexpected Music (Social Studies)
Trang 1Genre Comprehension
Skills and Strategy Text Features
Expository
nonfi ction
• Author’s Purpose
• Generalize
• Text Structure
• Heads
• Charts
• Diagrams
• Glossary
Scott Foresman Reading Street 5.3.1
ISBN 0-328-13534-8 ì<(sk$m)=bdfdej< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U
Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA, ™
Lexile, ® and Reading Recovery ™ are provided
in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide.
by Donna Latham
The Patent Process
Genre Comprehension
Skills and Strategy Text Features
Expository
nonfi ction
• Author’s Purpose
• Generalize
• Text Structure
• Heads
• Charts
• Diagrams
• Glossary
Scott Foresman Reading Street 5.3.1
ISBN 0-328-13534-8 ì<(sk$m)=bdfdej< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U
Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA, ™
Lexile, ® and Reading Recovery ™ are provided
in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide.
by Donna Latham
The Patent Process
Trang 21 Why did the author put the information on page 5
into a chart, instead of using paragraph form?
2 The author structured the text in chronological
order Using a graphic organizer, such as the one below, write down inventors from the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries who were mentioned in this book Include their inventions
3 Why do you think creative ideas are called intellectual
property?
4 This book contains images of many different
inventions Which one of the images did you find the most interesting? Why?
Reader Response
Eighteenth-century Inventors
Nineteenth-century Inventors
Twentieth-century Inventors
Editorial Offices: Glenview, Illinois • Parsippany, New Jersey • New York, New York Sales Offices: Parsippany, New Jersey • Duluth, Georgia • Glenview, Illinois
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The Patent Process
by Donna Latham
Trang 3Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for
photographic material The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to
correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.
Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman,
a division of Pearson Education.
Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R),
Background (Bkgd)
Opener: Corbis; 1 Corbis; 3 PhotoEdit, Inc.; 6 Getty Images; 7 Getty Images; 8 Corbis;
9 Corbis; 11 Corbis; 13 Corbis; 14 Corbis, The Granger Collection; 15 Corbis, AP/Wide
World; 16 Corbis; 17 ©DK Images; 21 ©DK Images, NASA; 22 NASA
ISBN: 0-328-13534-8
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All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America This publication is
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2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0G1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
3
Patents and Inventions: A Great Combination Are you wearing jeans today? Are your sneakers fastened with Velcro ®? Have you placed a call on a telephone? If you answered “yes” to any of these questions, then you have used a consumer product that was patented years ago as an invention
Throughout history, inventions have solved problems, simplified work, cured diseases, and improved communications worldwide Inventions have affected every area of our lives!
Inventors work hard to turn their ideas into reality and deserve recognition for what they have achieved In order for inventors to be recognized for their innovations and discoveries, they must first go
through the process of obtaining a patent
Long associated with inventors, the interjection
“Eureka!” expresses excitement over a discovery
Did You Know?
Trang 4To help you understand why patents are
necessary, pretend for a moment that you are an
inventor and that your invention—after years of
research, planning, and long hours of trial and
error—is now complete It’s your pride and joy, and
you believe it will revolutionize the way people live
You can’t wait to show your invention to the
world, because you know everyone will want to
purchase it! But how can you be sure that your
invention is yours alone, and that you haven’t
inadvertently replicated someone
else’s idea? And even if
you can verify that your
idea isn’t a copy of
someone else’s, how
can you safeguard
your brilliant notion
in order to prevent
someone from taking
advantage of it
before you do? Before
you do anything with
your invention, you need
to patent it Keep reading
to find out everything you
need to know about the
patent process!
During the California gold rush,
Levi Strauss realized that miners
needed rugged pants that
would not wear out as they dug
for gold He made a fortune on
the jeans he invented!
5
The World of Patents
A patent is a special document granted to inventors by the government of a country Patents award their inventors special protections and
privileges, also known as exclusive rights These
exclusive rights state that other people cannot make, use, or sell the invention in that country for a certain period of time When an inventor receives a patent,
his or her intellectual property, or idea, is protected
There are three types of patents, and each type of patent permits its inventor to profit, or earn money from, his or her invention The chart below describes the three different patent types Study it carefully, and see if you can think of any other product examples in addition to the ones mentioned
Utility Patent Protects the way a new
product is built and the way it works
Computer hardware, medicines
20 years
Design Patent Protects the new, original,
or ornamental appearance of
a product
Athletic shoes;
action figures based on movie characters
20 years
Plant Patent Protects a new variety of plant Thornless hybrid tea roses; purple
ruffled basil
20 years
Type Description Product
Examples
Length of Patent
United States Patent and Trademark Office
Trang 5In order for an invention to be eligible to receive
a patent, it must be new, original, useful, and
something that is not easy to discover or produce
Both machine-made and human-made articles are
eligible to receive patents, as are brand-new uses for
previously patented items
The evolution of rubber-soled shoes offers a great
example of brand-new uses deriving from earlier
patents and inventions In 1844, Charles Goodyear
patented the vulcanization process, which allowed
shoemakers to manufacture reliable rubber-soled
shoes Rubber-soled athletic shoes first appeared in
1868, but they failed to gain widespread popularity
Then, in the 1980s, millions of American
consumers developed a taste for rubber-soled
athletic shoes Shoemakers
responded by inventing a
whole new range of
rubber-soled athletic shoes, including
types that inflated, named
“pump-ups,” and types
that glowed in the dark,
called “light-ups.”
Pump-up and light-Pump-up athletic
shoes involved new uses
and designs, making them
eligible for brand-new
patents
7
Not Everything Can Be Patented What does not qualify for a patent? A product that involves a simple switch in materials, such as the change from a metal piece to a plastic one, does not qualify for a patent Neither does a change in size, such as when a television screen is reduced from twelve inches to ten inches in width
In addition, to be eligible for a patent, an invention must not be obvious That means that it shouldn’t be something that could easily be developed by many people For example, an ice-cream cone filled with peanut butter does not produce new or unexpected results Just because two inventions are combined (in this case, peanut butter and an ice-cream cone) does not mean that the new “invention” that results is worthy of being patented
Finally, an invention that is not useful is not eligible for a patent The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) decides whether or not an item submitted for patent is or is not useful
Trang 6Getting a Patent
We’ve established that inventors need patents to
protect their inventions, but how do they go about
obtaining them?
Often, after an idea comes to mind, an inventor
notes the date of the idea Then he or she writes
an explanation of the idea and draws a sketch to
go along with it Once the explanation and sketch
are complete, the inventor usually takes them to a
notary, who acts as a witness to the inventor’s idea
The sketches and explanations associated with an
invention can sometimes be quite simple The image
on page 9 shows the sketch and explanation that
Alexander Graham Bell wrote down while he was in
the process of inventing the telephone From that
slip of paper came everything that you see below!
In 1975, nearly a century later, Dr
Martin Cooper helped Motorola patent the first portable hand-held cellular phone
Ce ll phones have transformed rapidly in recent years in response
to changes in technology
On March 7,
1876, Alexander Graham Bell received the first patent for his telephone.
9
The United States Patent and Trademark Office
is located in Alexandria, Virginia, just south of Washington, D.C
Did You Know?
Bell’s simple sketch would transform society forever.
Trang 7Provisional Patents
If inventors don’t at first have the time or money
to go through the process of filing for a formal
patent, but are convinced they have an idea that’s
worthy of eventually being patented, they can apply
for a provisional patent A provisional patent, which
is only temporary, acts to protect the inventor’s idea
until he or she can follow through and complete
their regular patent application
Provisional patents, which were first offered by
the USPTO in 1995, apply only to utility and plant
patents, and not design patents They must include
the inventor’s name, the title of their invention,
a written description of the invention, and any
sketches or drawings that are necessary to explain
the invention Provisional patents are designed to
make sure that the original inventor receives the
credit and profits from his or her invention, even if
others have come up with the same idea Once the
provisional patent is obtained, the inventor is given a
year to file a regular patent application
Shown at right is the official sketch that accompanies Sydney Dittman’s patent for
a device that helps people grasp round door knobs Sydney was issued patent number 5,231,733 on August 3, 1993.
11
Did You Know?
There is no age restriction for receiving a patent
Sydney Dittman, of Houston, Texas, received a patent in 1993, when she was only four years old!
Trang 812
Patent Attorneys
Applying for patents can be tricky! Because of
this, an inventor will often hire a patent attorney to
help with the process Patent attorneys are experts at
helping their clients obtain patents.
The patent attorneys start by studying the patents
that already exist If they find that their client’s
invention isn’t already patented, they send a patent
application to the USPTO
At the USPTO, an examiner confirms whether
or not a patent has already been issued for the
invention If the examiner finds that there was an
earlier patent issued, the USPTO rejects the patent
application But if the examiner finds no prior
record of a patent having already been issued, and
patent officials agree that the invention is worthy
of receiving a patent,
then the USPTO sends
the inventor a notice
that their application
has been accepted,
and tells them what
fees they have to pay
Once the fees are
paid, the inventor
receives the patent
and becomes known
as the patentee, or
holder of the patent
Patent
13
Following an Inventor Through the Patent Process
Pat hires a patent attorney to help her obtain a patent.
2
Pat has a great idea for an invention.
1
The patent attorney searches the government’s patent files to make sure that a patent doesn’t already exist for the invention.
3
A USPTO agent confirms that a patent doesn’t already exist.
5
The USPTO decides that Pat’s invention is useful and original.
6
The patent attorney sends an application for a patent to the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO).
4
The USPTO sends a notice to Pat saying no one holds a patent for her invention and that it is useful and original.
7
Pat pays all necessary fees to the USPTO.
8
Pat receives her patent!
9
Trang 9Presidents and Patents
On July 31, 1790,
President George
Washington signed
the first United States
patent It went to Samuel
Hopkins of Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, who had
devised a method of
mixing potash and pearl
ash to be used for making
soap
George Washington
isn’t the only U.S
president linked to the
first patents Thomas
Jefferson, who became
president in 1801,
examined the very first
patent applications
while serving on the
original three-person
patent board, which also
consisted of Henry Knox
and Edmund Randolph
According to the USPTO,
it now takes about
sixty-five hundred people to do
the job that three people
once did!
Thomas Jefferson examined the first patent applications
President George Washington signed the first patent granted in the United States.
15
Franklin and Carver: Two Great Inventors Known for his experiments with electricity and for cowriting the Declaration of Independence, Ben Franklin was also an inventor In 1784, he invented bifocals, a special type of glasses Bifocals, which have lenses divided into two parts, help people see things that are close-up and things that are far away
Do you like peanut butter? The Incas used peanut butter thousands of years ago, but inventor George Washington Carver is credited with having popularized it here in the United States Carver created hundreds of products from peanuts, although he only received three patents during his lifetime He also found many new uses for peas, sweet potatoes, soy, and pecans Among his inventions were food products, such as chili sauce, and pigments, such as wood stains
Benjamin Franklin’s invention
of bifocals has made reading easier for millions of people.
George Washington Carver developed dozens of ingenious uses for peanut butter.
Trang 10The Nineteenth Century’s Invention Boom
By the 1860s, there had been a huge growth
in industry in the United States Work that people
had once done at home was being done in huge
factories, where machines and different methods of
production were required With people leaving their
homes to work, better methods of transportation
were also needed And with an increase in leisure
time, there was a demand for new types of
recreation Soon, a new group of inventors arose and
developed inventions to satisfy these needs
Among these inventors, Thomas Edison stood
out for his brilliance and achievements Edison, who
is most famous for having developed the lightbulb
in 1879, worked hard to encourage the building
of power plants that could generate electricity As
a result of his efforts, many cities had both power
plants and electricity by the 1890s Edison went on to
earn 1,093 patents, more than any other American
Thomas Alva Edison
Edison’s 1879
lightbulb
17
Around the time that Edison was giving the world electric light, others were creating inventions that would give people more fun and enjoyment
In 1888, John Dunlop invented air-filled tires for bicycles Up until then, bicycles were known as “bone shakers,” due to the rough rides
caused by their wooden tires
In 1893, the Ferris wheel, named for its inventor, George Ferris, debuted
in Chicago at the World’s Columbian Exposition
And speaking of bicycles, the Wright brothers, who owned a bicycle shop, invented the first working airplane in 1903
Orville and Wilbur Wright
Ferris wheel
The Wright
brothers’ Flyer