5 5 the war for independence

Bộ sách Scott foresman social Studies gồm các quyển sau: 5.1 Learning About the First Americans 5.2 His Name Was Amerigo 5.3 New World, New Neighbors 5.4 Choosing Freedom 5.5 The War for Independence 5.6 The People Who Gave Us the US Constitution 5.7 Heading West 5.8 The Growing United States 5.9 Women of the Civil War 5.10 Hard Times 5.11 The War at Home 5.12 3, 2, 1, Blastoff 5.13 The Heroes of 911 5.14 Growing and Changing Cities 5.15 Visiting States and Capitals

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Scott Foresman Social Studies

Nonfi ction • Time Line

• Maps

• Sidebars

ISBN 0-328-17539-0

ì<(sk$m)=bhfdja< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

Fascinating Facts

• After Dr Joseph Warren died, Paul Revere identified him

by the two artificial teeth Revere had made for him

• In January 1777, Mary Goddard, probably the first

woman postmaster in the United States, issued the first

copy of the Declaration of Independence to include

the signers’ names

• During the Battle of Fort Washington in 1776,

Margaret Corbin took the place of her husband when

he was killed She continued firing his cannon until she

was wounded

Scott Foresman Social Studies

Nonfi ction • Time Line

• Maps

• Sidebars

ISBN 0-328-17539-0

ì<(sk$m)=bhfdja< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

Fascinating Facts

• After Dr Joseph Warren died, Paul Revere identified him

by the two artificial teeth Revere had made for him

• In January 1777, Mary Goddard, probably the first

woman postmaster in the United States, issued the first

copy of the Declaration of Independence to include

the signers’ names

• During the Battle of Fort Washington in 1776,

Margaret Corbin took the place of her husband when

he was killed She continued firing his cannon until she

was wounded

Trang 2

ISBN: 0-328-17539-0

by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited

reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means,

electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise For information regarding

permission(s), write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue,

Glenview, Illinois 60025.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0G1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05

Write to It!

Choose one of the battles described in this book and write a paragraph explaining why it was important for either side to win the battle

Write your paragraph on a separate sheet of paper.

Maps

MapQuest, Inc.

Photographs

Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.

Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.

Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: (B) ©PoodlesRock/Corbis, (Bkgd) ©Stockbyte, (C) ©Getty Images

2 (T) ©Stockbyte, (B) ©Image Farm, Inc.

3 ©The Granger Collection, NY

8 ©Bettmann/Corbis

9 ©Corbis

13 ©SuperStock

14 ©Musée du Château de Versailles / Dagli Orti/The Art Archive

Vocabulary activist minutemen retreat morale negotiate turning point siege

In this book you will read about some of the

major battles of the American Revolution In this

war the American colonies won their freedom

from Britain You will read about some of the

important people in the Revolution

Editorial Offices: Glenview, Illinois • Parsippany, New Jersey • New York, New York Sales Offices: Needham, Massachusetts • Duluth, Georgia • Glenview, Illinois Coppell, Texas • Sacramento, California • Mesa, Arizona

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When the American Revolution began, the colonists were

not fighting for freedom from Britain The colonists were upset

about taxes made by Parliament, Britain’s lawmaking body

They did not think the taxes were fair because they could not

vote for members of Parliament

Parliament passed the Stamp Act in 1765, which said the

colonists had to buy stamps to put on important papers such as

letters, deeds, newspapers, and playing cards Many colonists

refused to buy the stamps

Parliament thought the taxes were fair The French and

Indian War had cost a lot of money British soldiers had

protected the colonists, so Parliament thought the colonists

should help pay for the war Parliament also passed more acts

that taxed the colonists

1775 The Battles of Lexington and Concord and the Battle of Bunker Hill

1777 The Battle of Saratoga

1779 John Paul Jones wins

a naval battle.

1776 The Declaration of Independence is signed.

The Battle of Trenton

Events of the American Revolution

1775

3

The Boston Tea Party

Parliament finally took away all the taxes but the one on tea But the colonists were still not happy Three ships full

of tea were sent to Boston Harbor, but the people of Boston would not let them unload the tea Britain refused to take the tea back A group of Patriots dressed as Mohawks climbed onto the ships They threw the tea overboard This was known

as the Boston Tea Party No one knows who the men were, but

some were probably members of a group of Patriot activists

called the Sons of Liberty Britain closed the port of Boston

1780 The British take Charleston.

1781 Cornwallis surrenders after the Battle

of Yorktown

1783 The Treaty of Paris is signed by the United States and Britain.

Patriots threw British tea into Boston Harbor

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Revere captured.

Prescott continues.

British retreat

Dawes turns back.

orth

idge

il 19

Lexington April 19

Old North Church

Roxbury Brookline

Medford

Charlestown Cambridge

Concord

Lexington

Boston Neck

Char les

R.

Mys tic

R.

Co nc

o

iv

Boston Harbor

R.

Waltham

C W Weston

Revere’s route Dawes’s route Prescott’s route British advance

British retreat Road Bridge Battle

MASSACHUSETTS

N

4

The Battles of Lexington

and Concord

On the night of April 18, 1775, eight hundred British

soldiers marched from Boston to the town of Lexington When

they reached Lexington there were about fifty soldiers waiting

They called themselves minutemen because they were ready

to fight at a minute’s notice

The British were on their way to Concord, where the

colonists stored their weapons The night before, three

horseback riders had tried to warn people that the British were

coming

The Battles of Lexington and Concord,

April 1775

5

In Lexington a British officer yelled, “Disperse [Move away],

ye rebels, disperse!” A shot rang out Nobody knows who fired first, but the British did not wait for orders They began shooting Eight minutemen were killed and ten others were wounded

The British troops marched on to Concord and took the weapons in the storehouse They searched houses and farms but did not find the rest of the weapons because they had been taken to other towns

The British then returned to Boston When the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia heard of the battles, it chose George Washington to be in charge of the new army

The Men Who Spread the Alarm

It was late into the night of April 18, 1775 Three men rode through the countryside in Massachusetts to warn people the British were coming Paul Revere is the most famous of the three men, but William Dawes and

Dr Samuel Prescott did just as much

The British captured all three men that night Prescott escaped and made it to Concord, where he warned the people Revere was surrounded and taken prisoner

Dawes got away as the British were capturing Revere

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Breed’s Hill

Moulton’s Hill Bunker

Hill

Charlestown

Neck

Boston Charlestown

M

y stic

R iver

Ch arl

e s R i

v e r

Boston Harbor

Causeway

Rail Fence

American fort Other American positions Route of British attack

Route of American retreat British

cannon fire British ship Hill

0 1 ⁄8 1 ⁄4 Kilometer

N

Boston Charlestown

Boston Harbor

le s R

.

6

The Battle of Bunker Hill

The next major battle was the Battle of Bunker Hill It

was fought on nearby Breed’s Hill British ships were in

Boston Harbor, and the Americans heard the British were

going to attack

The Americans took guns to the top of Breed’s Hill during the

night of June 16, 1775 They built a redoubt there A redoubt

is a fort made by piling up mounds of dirt

When the British woke up the next morning, they were

shocked to see the redoubt They began firing from the ships,

but the fort was out of range

The Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775

7

Two thousand British soldiers started up the hill The Americans did not shoot until the British were close Colonel William Prescott told his men, “Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes.”

Finally, shots rang out and dozens of British soldiers fell

Twice the British were forced to retreat, but the third time

they were able to take the hill

Dr Joseph Warren was the first American officer to die in the war He was a loyal Patriot and leader Warren was an officer but chose to fight with his troops

The British won the Battle of Bunker Hill, but the Americans proved they could fight well More than one thousand British were killed or wounded The Americans lost about 145 men

Dr Joseph Warren was a doctor and an American officer

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During the next year and a half, several battles were

fought The Americans created a navy France began helping

the colonies The Continental Congress wrote and signed the

Declaration of Independence, which said the Thirteen Colonies

were a free country

The Battle of Trenton

On December 25, 1776, the British army was camped in

Trenton, New Jersey Most of the men were German soldiers,

paid to fight for the British Washington knew they would

celebrate Christmas late into the night with dancing and

singing He decided to surprise them with an attack the next

morning During the night, 2,400 American soldiers crossed

the river

George Washington and his troops crossed the Delaware River

9

The British army was taken completely by surprise None of Washington’s soldiers were killed and only four of them were wounded One of Washington’s officers wrote in his diary,

“We have taken nearly 1000 prisoners, six cannon, more than

1000 muskets, twelve drums ”

Thomas Paine Gives the Army Hope

The morale, or spirits, of the

American soldiers was low before the Battle of Trenton The soldiers had been losing battles, were poorly trained, and had only ragged

clothes

Thomas Paine wrote the first of the

Crisis Papers He hoped they would

keep up the morale of the Americans On Christmas evening, Washington ordered the paper read to his troops Many think Paine’s inspiring words gave the soldiers the courage to continue fighting

Thomas Paine

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Lake Champlain

Lake George

St L aw

re n ce

Ri ve r

iv e

Albany

Montréal

Saratoga

New York City

Fort Ticonderoga

NEW HAMPSHIRE

NEW YORK

MASSACHUSETTS

RHODE ISLAND CONNECTICUT

PENNSYLVANIA

MARYLAND

DELAWARE

NEW JERSEY

MAINE (PART OF MASSACHUSETTS)

C A N A D A

N

Burgoyne’s route Battle site

13 Colonies

10

The Battle of Trenton gave the Americans supplies and

weapons they needed badly It also helped their morale A

few days later, the Americans beat the British at Princeton

In July 1777, the British took Fort Ticonderoga in New York

Marquis de Lafayette, a Frenchman, came to help and became

Washington’s trusted aide

The Battle of Saratoga, 1777

11

The Battle of Saratoga

British General John Burgoyne planned to send three armies into New York State The armies would meet in Albany and cut New England off from the rest of the colonies The Americans held the British off during the first Battle of Saratoga on

September 19, 1777 General Burgoyne was forced to retreat

Three weeks later, the Americans beat the British at Bemis Heights in the second Battle of Saratoga This was a major American victory Major General Horatio Gates and Major General Benedict Arnold led the American army The two

sides negotiated and on October 17, 1777, Burgoyne

surrendered his entire army of five thousand men

Benedict Arnold

If Benedict Arnold had died from the leg wound he got at Saratoga, he would

be remembered as a great American hero For three years, he had served the Americans as a daring military leader

In 1780, however, he sold the British information so they could capture West Point Arnold owed money and thought he should have been promoted more quickly The plan did not work because his contact, British Major John Andre, was caught with the information Arnold had provided

Benedict Arnold

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The Battle of Saratoga was the turning point of the war,

and things began to change The world now believed the

Americans could win the war European countries gave their

support

In the winter of 1777, Washington’s army stayed at Valley

Forge, Pennsylvania The soldiers were cold, hungry, and often

sick They did not have enough supplies

In July France declared war on Britain Now the British had

to worry about fighting two wars

In 1779 the British asked American Indians to attack frontier

settlements That September, the American navy, led by John

Paul Jones, fought a battle with a British ship The British asked

him to surrender, but Jones answered, “I have not yet begun to

fight!”

The next spring the British captured Fort Moultrie in

Charleston, South Carolina This was the worst American

defeat in the war The Americans lost their entire Southern

Army

Washington led his troops at Valley Forge

13

British troops led by General Charles Cornwallis defeated the Americans in battles in South Carolina Cornwallis then planned to invade North Carolina He changed his plans after the Americans won the Battle of Kings Mountain

General Nathanael Greene and his army chased Cornwallis through the backwoods of Virginia and the Carolinas

Cornwallis then planned to invade North Carolina He changed his plans after the Americans won the Battle of Kings Mountain

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The Battle of Yorktown

In a brilliant move, Washington planned to attack the British

on the Yorktown peninsula French Admiral de Grasse brought ships and troops to Chesapeake Bay to help

De Grasse’s ships fought a major battle with the British ships The British lost and retreated to New York De Grasse kept Cornwallis from leaving the peninsula by sea

De Grasse sent some ships up Chesapeake Bay to bring the rest of Washington’s army to Yorktown The American soldiers

then started a siege of Yorktown They surrounded the British,

keeping them from retreating by land British supplies ran low, and the French ships shot cannons at the British day and night

Finally, on October 19, 1781, Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown This was the last major battle of the war Britain’s Parliament voted in February to stop fighting the war

The untrained and poorly outfitted group of American Patriots had beaten the well-trained and well-supplied British army and navy The United States of America was free at last

Washington meets with his generals at Yorktown

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Glossary

activist a person who believes in or takes part

in a cause

minutemen colonial militia groups that could be

ready to fight at a minute’s notice

morale the state of a person’s or a group’s spirits

negotiate to talk about something in order to come

to an agreement

retreat to pull back a military force that is in

danger from an enemy attack

siege the surrounding of an army or a town to try to

make it surrender

turning point the point at which a very important

change takes place

ISBN: 0-328-17539-0

by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited

reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means,

electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise For information regarding

permission(s), write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue,

Glenview, Illinois 60025.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0G1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05

Write to It!

Choose one of the battles described in this book and write a paragraph explaining why it was important for either side to win the battle

Write your paragraph on a separate sheet of paper.

Maps

MapQuest, Inc.

Photographs

Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.

Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.

Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: (B) ©PoodlesRock/Corbis, (Bkgd) ©Stockbyte, (C) ©Getty Images

9 ©Corbis

13 ©SuperStock

Vocabulary activist minutemen retreat morale negotiate turning point siege

In this book you will read about some of the

major battles of the American Revolution In this

war the American colonies won their freedom

from Britain You will read about some of the

important people in the Revolution

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