chap 7 The Presidency

The Evolution of the American Presidency  New Deal and World War II  Served four terms  No longer able to do this because of the 22 nd Amendment-Restricts any one person from being

CHAPTER 7

The Presidency

7.3 Trace the evolution of the presidency from “chief clerk” in the late eighteenth

and nineteenth centuries to eventual dominance over the political system.

7.4 Explain how the modern presidency has persevered in the recent era of

divisiveness.

7.5 Define the formal powers vested in the president under Article II of the

Constitution, including the veto, appointments, the pardon power, and commander-in-chief of the armed forces.

7.6 Discuss those implied powers of the presidency not spelled out in the

Constitution, including executive orders and agreements.

7.7 Describe the other individuals and offices in the executive branch that contribute

to the modern presidency.

7.8 Assess how the power of the presidency is enhanced by communications with

the public, the Congress, and the media.

Where Do Presidents Come From? Presidential Comings and Goings

Presidential Prerequisites

Article II Powers of the presidency

At least 35 years of age

Resident in the U.S for at least 14 years

Twenty-second Amendment (Restricts any one person from being elected to the presidency “more than twice,” or from

acting as president for longer than two and a half terms

Where Do Presidents Come From?

Presidential Comings and Goings

Impeachment – The first -step in a step process outlined in Article II, Section

two-4, of the US Constitution to remove a president or other high official from office The House of Representatives makes the accusation ( removed by majority vote)

and the Senate tries through a court procedure and removes by a 2/3 vote

Johnson and Clinton impeached but not

Military hero William Henry Harrison

won election to the presidency in 1840.

Yet for all of his strengths as a war

hero, he was ultimately a victim of his

own stubbornness Inauguration Day,

March 4, 1841, was one of the coldest

and most blustery days of the year in

Washington, D.C Harrison refused to

wear a hat and coat, and his nearly

two-hour inaugural address was one of

the longest in history One month later

Harrison died of pneumonia, probably

contracted during his inaugural speech

He was the first president to die in

office, but perhaps the last not to

bundle up warmly for his inauguration

day celebration.

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The Evolution of the American

Presidency

After Washington:The President as

“Chief Clerk” of the United States, 1789–1836

Performed administrative duties

Thomas Jefferson (18010-1809) 'the government is best which governs least”

Trimmed many judgeships,trimmed government planning, and armed forces

Louisiana Purchase the exception

The Evolution of the American Presidency

Congress more emphasis on domestic policy and presidency more on foreign policy

Madison War of 1812 (Great Britain and the US) hampered by small size of the federal army and by the lack of apowerful national bank capable of funding the

government's prosecution

The Evolution of the American

Presidency

Monroe- Monroe Doctrine Exercised most

of his influence in foreign affairs and left Congress to center on domestic policy- paying down the War of 1812 and crafting key compromises on slavery

John Quincy Adams ( who later became president) was the Secretary of State to Monroe and helped craft the Monroe

Doctrine ( unfriendly any attempt by a European nation in increse its possession

The Evolution of the American

Presidency

Andrew Jackson defied this role

(1829-1837)

The office of the presidency into a

tremendous political party

Military hero of the Battle of New Orleans (1815) a lot of popular support

Introducing the spoil system of doling out

federal offices to individuals as rewards for public service

The Evolution of the American

Presidency

Dismissing hundreds of office holders and forcing out cabinet members

Veto of Second National Bank of US

Expanded the vote to men who didn't own property

Polk (1845-1849)-Westward

expansion(California, Texas, Oregon

The Evolution of the American Presidency

The Weakened Presidency in the Wilderness Years, 1837–1900

Pre Civil war after President Jackson were weak

Lincoln had power due to historical factors- Civil War

Blockade of Southern ports/Called on North to have 75,000 troops for battle

The Evolution of the American

Treasury without Congressional approval

Executive and legislative branch

strained during his presidency because

The Evolution of the American Presidency

Lincoln's bold exercise of authority

essentially reinterpreted Article II into a source of executive authority during

emergencies

After Lincoln, Congress dominated

control over national agenda (Reconstruction)

The Evolution of the American Presidency

 The Birth of the Modern

Presidency and Its Rise to Dominance, 1901–1945

– Theodore Roosevelt established presidential authority(Bully Pulpit)

The Evolution of the American

Presidency

 Theodore Roosevelt (R)established presidential authority(Bully Pulpit)-breaking monopolies, increased national parks and the Panama Canal/No interference in Latin America

 Woodrow Wilson(D)and FDR (D) continued this activity Wilson-League of Nations,

Income Tax continued this authority and one of the first to have a domestic agenda to present to Congress

The Evolution of the American Presidency

 Franklin Roosevelt (D) Depression, Transformed the presidency into an institution marked by permanent

bureaucracies and well-established repositories of power

 Creation of the FDIC (secure deposits)

 Federal jobs to combat unemployment

 Social Security

 Unemployment benefits

The Evolution of the American

Presidency

 New Deal and World War II

 Served four terms

 No longer able to do this because of the

22 nd Amendment-Restricts any one

person from being elected to the presidency

“more than twice,” of from acting as president for longer than two and a half terms

The Evolution of the American

Presidency

The Imperial Presidency Comes Under Attack, 1945–1980

Johnson's Great Society

Johnson’s foreign policy failures

Backlash against subsequent presidents

Discussion: Why do presidents so often rely on foreign policy successes to provide a popular boost to their

administrations?

The Evolution of the American

 Though president struggled with divided government was successful in getting many programs through Democrats controlled the House in every year of Reagan's term They refused to cut spending presidency Reagan also built up military and was instrumental

The Evolution of the American

Gorbachev in breaking up the USSR.

The Evolution of the American

Presidency

Redefining the Presidency in an

Era of Divisiveness, 1981–2012

Reagan's economic growth took off after first

3 years and job Growth tremendous Raised medium income of many economic groups.

 Obama ( Democrat House and Democrat Senate for the first two years and then

Republicans got the House(2010-2014) and the Senate in (2016) Controversial $825

billion fiscal bill and Obamacare in first term

The Evolution of the American Presidency

Redefining the Presidency in an Era of Divisiveness, 1981–2012

 Most presidents go through a honey moon period -first 6 months

 Rally around the president during war time 9/11 George Bush's approval rating was 92%

 Eventually declines

Express Powers and

Responsibilities of the President

President Barack Obama greets Russian

President Vladimir Putin at the G20 Summit in Los Cabos, Mexico, in June 2012.

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President Richard Nixon and Vice President Gerald Ford conferring on August 9, 1974, the day Nixon resigned from office.

Express Powers and

Responsibilities of the President

countries and their ambassadors

Meets with foreign heads of states the presidents of other countries

Recognition can open up

relationships ( Cuba, Iran) but can also be controversial

Express Powers and

Responsibilities of the President

Chief Executive and Head of

Government-Separation of Powers- Montesquieu

Important so the branch that made the law did not execute(implement) the law

 Power of appointment-Judges, federal

executive department heads, and ambassadors (Senate confirms)

 To take care the laws are faithfully executed

 Hire and fire those charge with administrative authority with those charged to help execute

Express Powers and

Responsibilities of the President

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29

Removal Power- Able to remove

executive officers and cabinet officials and the military without congressional consent

Independent agencies are the exception, need congressional approval

Pardon

Power-Authorized to grant reprieve and pardons

 Reprieve-reduce the severity of a

punishment without removing the guilt for those who have violated the law

State of the Union address

White House Office of Legislative Affairs

Commander-in-Chief

Express Powers and

Responsibilities of the President

Pardon-the president' s constitutional

authority to relieve an individual of both the punishment and the guilt of violating the

law EX Recent pardons of drug offenders

in prison Pardon of many undocumented/illegal residents

Ford with the pardon of Nixon

Clinton with Marc Rich

Express Powers and

Responsibilities of the President

Chief Diplomat

Negotiate treaties and appoint diplomatic representative to other countries , including ambassadors , ministers, and consuls

Treaties need 2/3 of the Senate to

approve (Start Treaty in 2010 that dealt with Russia, decrease of nuclear offensive and defensive weapons and validation of deal)

Express Powers and

Responsibilities of the President

Express Powers and

Responsibilities of the President

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suggestions for new legislation

 White House Office of Legislative Affairs-A

presidential office that serves as a liaison between the president and Congress This office helps the president develop the strategy used to promote passage of the president's

legislative agenda

Express Powers and

Responsibilities of the President

Chief Diplomat

Chief Legislator

 Vetoes became a routing form of political

exercise for presidents, especially those confronting Congresses controlled by the opposite political party Affects legislation

 Signing statements-the president's distaste

for the law may be so strong that even while signing the bill into law, the president will still express his intent to ignore the law in the form

of signing statements Can be called by the

Express Powers and

Responsibilities of the President

Chief Diplomat

Chief Legislator

 Many of the signing statements are brought about with the perception of the Congress encroaching upon the president's powers

 George Bush had many with foreign policy

 Obama said he would only use signing

statements when given legislation by Congress that contained unconstitutional provisions yet had 25 in the first five years of his presidency

Express Powers and

Responsibilities of the President

Express Powers and

Responsibilities of the President

Commander-in-chief-commitment

to civil control of the military

Head of the nation's armed forces

Principal military leader, responsible for formulating and directing all military

strategy and policy President Harry

Express Powers and

Responsibilities of the President

Commander in Chief

War Powers Act (1973)-theoretically limits power of the president to commit troops but has been ignored by presidents

Though Congress has the power to

declare war, several presidents have been able to position troops without intervention

Reagan (Granada), Clinton (Haiti) and

Obama (Afghanistan)

Implied Powers and

Responsibilities of the President

Crisis Manager -FEMA with

disasters, 9/11, economic crisis

Party Leader-position of the de

facto leader of his own political party Help secure control of

Congress for the Party

Executive Orders and Agreements

Implied Powers and

Responsibilities of the President

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41

Executive Orders- Rules or regulations issued by the chief executive that have

the force of law and do not require the

consent of Congress Not mentioned

in the Constitution but as chief executive and head of government, allowed to

make the directive (orders) for administrative agencies underneath his control

Includes the executive branch

(bureaucracy) and the army

Implied Powers and

Responsibilities of the President

Implied Powers and

Responsibilities of the President

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43

reached between the president and a

foreign government that does not

require the consent of Congress

Post Office, trade, agriculture

Iran Deal considered an agreement and not a treaty, very controversial because many think should be a treaty because

of the nuclear escalation and terror

Implied Powers and

Responsibilities of the President

Presidential Resources

First in the line to succeed the president

Order of Succession:VP, Speaker of the House, President pro tempore of the

Senate, Cabinet members

In the event of a vacancy in the Vice

presidency, the 25 th amendment

ensures the vacancy in the office of the vice presidency can be filled

without election

Presidential Resources

modern-day vice presidents have

assumed roles as key advisers,working with executive branch officials, and

promoting the administration's legislative agenda

Vice President Joe Biden shakes hands with an Amtrak

officer Biden was a patron and supporter of Amtrak; when

he was still a U.S senator he commuted 250 miles a day by train from his home in Wilmington, Delaware, when the

Senate was in session.

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Presidential Resources

The Cabinet-The collection of the

principal officers in each of the executive departments of the federal government who serve as key advisers to the

presidents

15 heads of departments and 6 other

important officials considered of “cabinet rank” (EPA)

Testify before Congressional hearings

Presidential Resources

President and the White House Staff-Numerous agencies that

assist with the management and the administration of the of executive

branch departments

Presidential Resources

Budget (OMB)-Budget and including

president's ideas and goals, and regulations

President's Council of Economic

Advisers

National Security Council -National Security Adviser, Joint Chief of Staff, Defense Department, DNI,State

Department

Presidential Resources

Environmental Council

Appointed by President and

confirmed by Senate

the president's organizational needs, including speechwriting, advance work for presidential appearances,

scheduling, congressional relations, public relations and communications

Presidential Resources

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53

helping the president deliver his message and develop her/his

unique program

Eleanor Roosevelt

Nancy Reagan-Just say No

Barbara and Laura

Bush/Literacy/Reading program

Michelle Obama-childhood obesity