TIẾNG ANH ÔN THI TRUNG HỌC PHỔ THÔNG QUỐC GIA

TIẾNG ANH ÔN THI TRUNG HỌC PHỔ THÔNG QUỐC GIATIẾNG ANH ÔN THI TRUNG HỌC PHỔ THÔNG QUỐC GIATIẾNG ANH ÔN THI TRUNG HỌC PHỔ THÔNG QUỐC GIATIẾNG ANH ÔN THI TRUNG HỌC PHỔ THÔNG QUỐC GIATIẾNG ANH ÔN THI TRUNG HỌC PHỔ THÔNG QUỐC GIATIẾNG ANH ÔN THI TRUNG HỌC PHỔ THÔNG QUỐC GIATIẾNG ANH ÔN THI TRUNG HỌC PHỔ THÔNG QUỐC GIATIẾNG ANH ÔN THI TRUNG HỌC PHỔ THÔNG QUỐC GIA

B PHẦN ÔN TẬP CỤ THỂ

There are 20 vowels in the English language, 12 of them are pure vowels (single vowels), and the left eights dipthongs (combination of two vowels).

- The 12 pure vowels: / I - i: /, / e - æ/, / o - o:/, / Λ - a: /, / u - u:/, / ∂ - з/.

- The 8 dipthongs: / ei - ai - oi /, / au - u /, / i∂ - e∂ - u∂/

Practical Exercises

Ex1: Classify /i:/ and /I/:

Evening, tin, easy, eat, it, jean, since, this, meat, teach, film, interesting, tea, sea, seen,

sit, seat, minute, fifty, cheese, chinese, free, three, be, she, pleased…

Ex 2: Classify /a:/ and / Λ /:

Cut, cup, cart, card, done, come, mar, march, must, darn, last, lust, heart, harm, hut,

much, calm, farm…

Ex 3: Classify /u:/ and / u/:

Look, cook, book, soot, shoot, pull, pool, could, shoe, suit, stood, stewed, to, too, wooed,

wood, food, cool…

Ex 4: Classify / æ / and / e /:

Dad, dead, man, many, mad, any, at, sat, head, hand, fan, can, land, dense, send, set, met,

letter, stretch, fed, catch…

Ex 5: Classify / o: / and / o / :

Corn, cord, copy, swan, sworn, sod, soared, shot, stock, talk, spot, sport, chalk, shock,

loss, got, caught, bought…

Ex 6: Classify / з / and / ∂/:

Her, teacher, heard, shirt, first, fur, stir, prefer, refer, occur, skirt, hurt, learn, today, sir,

sister, brother…

Ex 7: Classify / au / and / ∂u /:

Now, no, show, how, hoe, loud, load, tone, town, couch, know, noun, known, foal, fowl,

rouse, rose, stout, stoat, found, phone…

Ex 8: Classify / i∂ /, / e∂ /, / u∂ /:

Hear, hair, sure, tour, wear, near, fear, year, stair, cure, beard, cheer, scared, careful,

fierce, moor, shared, careless, theatre…

Notes: Tripthongs and other vowel sequences:

/ ai /: fire, hire, tyre, buyer, wire, flyer, iron,…

/ ∂u /: slower, lower, grower, sower, mower,…

/ au /: flower, power, tower, shower, sour, flour,…

/ ei /: greyer, player, layer, payer, prayer,…

/ oi /: employer, destroyer, royal, loyal, annoyance,…

There are 24 consonants in English, which are divided into voiceless and voiced consonants as they are shown below:

Think, thigh, though, thought, breath, breathe, bath, bathe, cloth, clothe, clothing,

clothes, threaten, although…

Ex 10: Classify / s / and / ∫ /:

She, see, sugar, seat, sound, show, sure, suit, sugary, sunny, soon, saturn, shrink, scream,

settle, surely…

Classify / k/ and / t∫ /:

Chess, chimney, choice, chaos, chemist, chest, chemical, chicken, cheap, catch,

chemistry, school, scholar…

Ex 12: Classify / s / and / z / :

See, seat, please, measure, mouse, pass, mass, bags, close, has, sum, sick, tease, sues,

rise, lays, eyes…

3 The consonant clusters:

isle beech sell cite daze fare

I’ll

sight

eight bean cheep cord dear feat

ate been cheap chord deer feet

aye beat check cote die flowe r

I beet chequ e coat dye flour

eye

t

gneiss niece great grate

write right wright sauce sourc

e

t

sort stare stair

h

tied tide

PART TWO

A The aims:

- To help the sts know the way to mark stresses, and pronounce words correctly.

- To emphasize the important of stresses.

- To show the rules to mark stresses.

- To provide the sts with exercises on stresses and intonation.

Primary stress: (/) The strongest and loudest stress of all.

Secondary stress: ( Λ ) The second loudest stress.

Tertiary stress: (\) weaker than secondary stress.

Weakstress: (٧) Zero stress, the weakest degree of loudness.

2 In words:

2.1 Primary stress: (/) The loudest one.

2.2 Secondary stress: (\) The weaker one.

III The marking rules for word- stress:

1 For disyllables words:

Usually on the first syllables: mother, ready, colour, palace, student, teacher,…

Usually on the root syllables with words having suffixes or prefixes: become, react, foretell,

unpleasant, disorder, peaceful, kindness, scientist,…

(But: foresight, forecast, unkeep)

1.3 Usually on the sound of “ate”, “ize”, “ise”, “fy”: dictate, surprise, defy,…

2 For words with more than 2 syllables:

Usually on the 3rd syllables from the end: family, cinema, regular, singular, international,

satisfactory,…

Usually on the 3rd last syllables with words ending in “ate”, “ize”, “ise”, “fy”, “logy’, “logist”,

“cracy”, “ility”: recognize, demonstrade, qualify, psychology, biologist, biology, democracy,

responsibility…

Usually on the 2nd syllables from the end with words ending in “ian”, “ience”, “ient”, “al”, “ial”,

“ual”, “eous”, “ious”, “iar”, “tion”, “sion’: physician, experience, expedient, parental, essential,

habitual, courageous, dilicious, familiar,… (Except for: Television)

Usually on the suffixes “ese”, “ee’, “eer”, “ier”, “ette”, “ade”, “esque”: Portugese, refugee,

employee, engineer, volunteer, adequade, picturesque, cigarette,…

3 Others rules:

3.1 Words having more than one function:

progress progress permit permit

3.2 Usually on the syllables that either have long vowel sound, dipthong sound, or end in more

than one consonant : affect, obtain,…

IV Rules for phrase-stress:

1 Compound nouns: (/ \) farm-house, fire-engine, cowboy, black-bird,

But: (\ /): pass-by, sun-set, ice-cream, steak-dinner, glass-window, silk-dress, nylon-stock,

cotton-flower,…

2 Compound adjectives: ( \ /) light-blue, absent-minded, blue-eyed, hard-working,…

But: (/ \) sun-burnt, sun-lit, sea-sick, sea-faring,…

3 Adjective-nouns: ( \ /) a sad song, a beautiful picture, a fresh egg, an interesting lesson,

4 Present participle-noun: ( \ /) a travelling circus, a singing student, an amusing story, a

sleeping child,…

5 Gerund – noun: (/ \) a dancing teacher, an eating apple, a looking glass, a stepping-stone,

a magnifying glass, a washing machine,…

6 Qualifier-adjective: ( Λ /)very tired, rather old, pretty bad, quite important, too weak,…

7 Verb- adverb: ( Λ /) come here, speak clearly, try carefully, read aloud, sit down, ….

8 Verb-adverbial particle: ( \ /) put on, look up, put off, come through, take off, call on, hand

over, go over,….

9 Verb-adverbial particle-noun: (\ Λ /) put on the coat, turn on the light,…

10 Verb-noun-adverbial particle: (\ Λ /) put the coat on, turn the light on,…

11 Verb-preposition: ( / Λ )look at, speak to, wait, for, look up,…

1 Definition: To call out the names of things, objects, actions, or movements…

2 Functions:

Subject (S): Gender of a verb (A teacher usually works at school)

Object (O): Follow verbs or prepositions (He buys some cakes for his birthday party)

Complement (C): Make the coplementation (She was a famous singer)

Compounds (Co): Summer holiday, birthday cakes,…

Possessive cases (Pc): the boss’s car, his teacher’s remarks,…

Noun phrases (Np): Free words combination or compounds

3 Plural forms:

Adding “s” to almost count-nouns:

Adding “es” to the count-nouns that end in “ s, ss, sh, ch, o, x ” with /iz/

sound:

3.3 Adding “ies” to the count-nouns that end in “y” with its preceding consonants:

a story stories

3.4 Adding “ves” to the count-nouns that end in “f, fe”:

3.5 Irregular changes:

3.6 Collective noun: crew, family, group, team,…(either singular or plural form, either

singular or plural verb)

3.7 Always plural form-nouns:

clothes police breeches pants pyjamas

trousers scissors pliers (kìm) binoculars glasses

scales shears (kéo cắt

cỏ)

arms damages earnings

goods greens (vegetable) outskirts savings pains (trouble, effort)

spirits surroundings stairs valuables athletics

ethics mathematics physics politics

3.8 Unchange the names of creatures: deer, sheep,carf, cod, pike, plaice, salmon, squid,

trout, turbot (these nouns can take either singular or plural verbs)

3.9 Plural form but singular verb-noun: news, mumps (bệnh sưng quai hàm), billiards,

bowls

4 Uncount-nouns:

4.1 Substances:

4.2 Abstract nouns:

4.3 Others:

4.4 Notes: Particular sense of uncount nouns:

4.4.1 a help: A great help to + O (He gave a great help to our family)

4.4.2 a relief: A relief to + V (That gave me a relief to continue my study)

4.4.3 a knowledge: A good/ bad knowledge of + N (Pete has got a good knowledge of

history)

4.4.4 a dislike / dread / hatred / horror / love of + …(He had a great love for funny

stories)

4.4.5 a mercy / pity / shame / wonder + that…(It’s a pity that I couldn’t come)

4.4.6 a fear/ fears; a hope/ hopes; a suspicion/ suspicions: We have a suspicion /

suspicions that no one will agree to help.

5 Compound nouns:

5.1 Noun-noun: Hanoi-capital; halldoor; hitch-hiker; kitchen-table; traffic light; winter

clothes; petrol tank;…

5.2 Noun-gerund: fruit-picking; weight-lifting; lorry-driving; bird-watching; coal-mining;

surf-riding;…

5.3 Gerund-noun: waiting-list; landing card; driving board; dining room; driving licence;

swimming pool;…

5.4 Free combination:

- shop window; church bell; picture frame; garden gate; college library; gear level;…

- city street; corner shop; coutry lane; …

- summer holiday; spring flowers; Sunday paper; dawn chorus; November fog; …

- steel door; stone wall; silk shirt;…

- coffee cup; golf club; chess board; football ground;…

- fish-farm; gold-mine; oil-rig; …

- football match; beauty contest; pop music;…

a Demonstrative: this, that, those, these.

b Distributive: each, every, either, neither.

c Quantitative: some, any, no, little, few, many, much, numbers

d Interrogative: which, what, whose.

e Possessive: my, your, his, her, our, its, their

f Quality: clever, dry, fat, golden, heavy,…

Participles:

a present: ING-form boring, interesting, exciting,…(for objects)

b past: ED-form broken, tired, bored,…(for human-beings)

c Notes: Present participles are different from gerund

e.g He was fishing./ His hobby is fishing.

2 Functions (Position):

2.1 Noun-subordinator: a new book, a kind lady, a large room,…

2.2 Verb-complementation: Follow the certain verbs as be, become, seem appear, feel,

get, grow (become), keep, look (appear), make, smell, sound, taste, turn,…

But some verbs can take either an adjective or an adverb:

Eg: - He looks calm (=He himself is calm)

- He looks calmly at the angry crowd (= He shows no attitude to the angry crowd)

- He turned pale (= He became pale)

- He turned angrily to the man behind (=He was angry with the man behind)

- The soup tasted horrible (= The soup was not delicious itself)

- They tasted the soup suspiciously (= They thought there was something wrong with the soup)

3 Comparison forms:

3.1 Positive degree: as + adjs + as

Eg: - She is as tall as my wife.

- Peter was as hard-working as I was (me).

3.2 Comparative degree:

3.2.1 Mono syllable - adjectives: adjs-ER + than

Eg: - Lan is shorter than Na

- She was better at English than we were (us)

3.2.2 Multi syllable - adjectives: more + adjs + than

Eg: - She was more hard-working than us.

- We are more intelligent than him

3.3 Superlative degree:

3.3.1 Monosyllable-adjectives: the adjs-EST

Eg: - Nam is the best in our class.

- She was the kindest lady I’ve ever met.

3.3.2 Multi syllable - adjectives: the most + adjs

Eg: - Sharol was the most intelligent in my group.

- She is the most hard-working girl I’ve ever known.

Notes: For adjs ending in “er”, “y”, “ly”, or the irregular cases:

far farther/ further the farthest/ furthest

old older/ elder the oldest/ eldest

3.4 Parallel: - “The… the”: The older she gets, the wiser she become.

- And: It’s getting darker and darker.

She has now more and more free time.

- Gerunds/ infinitives: Riding a horse is not as easy as riding a bike.

It’s nicer/ better/ more fun to go with someone than to go

alone

3.5 Like/ alike: Tom is very like Bill.

Tom and Bill are alike.

3.6 Like/ as: He swims like a fish.

You look like a ghost.

Do as I told you.

3.7 Like + N/ as + N: He worked like a slave (He worked very hard/ He wasn’t a slave).

He worked as a slave (He was a slave in fact).

3.8 The adjectives: The rich, the poor,…

4 Clauses:

That – clause: It is disappointed that he failed the exam.

It’s better that someone should tell him.

find/ think/ believe + that it + adjs + to + V:

I found that it is impossible to start now.

She thought that it was silly to ask him to stay.

It be + adjs + (of O) + infinitives:

a Character: brave, careless, cowardly (nhút nhát), cruel, generous, good, nice

(=kind), mean, rude, selfish, wicked, wrong,…

b Sense: clever, foolish, idiotic (ngu), intelligent, sensible (nhạy bén), silly, stupid,…

Pronoun + be + adjs + noun + infinitives:

Using the above adjectives and: astonishing, curious, ridiculous(lố bịch),

unreasonable, funny(=strange), odd (lập dị), pointless, useful, useless,…

- That’s the amazing idea to show.

- It was an unreasonable result to accept.

It’s + adjs + infinitives: advisable, inadvisable, better, best, desirable, essential, good, important,

necessary, unnecessary, vital (tất yếu),…

It be + adjs + (for O) + infinitives: convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, possible,

important, safe, unsafe,…

S + be + adjs + infinitives :

- Angry, delighted, dismayed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved, sorry, sad,…( S + be +

glad/ happy/ sorry/ sad + to say/ tell/ inform; Others adjs + to find/ learn/ hear/ see/…)

- Able, unable, apt, inclined, liable, prone, prepared, quick, reluctant, slow, ready,

willing, unwilling.

Special cases:

- Due: (time) >The race is due to start in 5 minutes

- Due to: a result of >The accident was due to his carelessness.

- Owing to: because of >owing to his carelessness, we had an accident.

- Certain/ sure + to V= opinion >He is sure to take legal action

- Certain/ sure that + (clause) = opinion >I am certain that the price will be higher.

- Certain/ sure/ confident of + N/G: He was sure of entering the haunted house.

- Bound + to V= obligation > We were bound to leave.

- Afraid/ ashamed of + N/G: She was afraid of being left alone.

- Sorry for/ about + N/G: Tom felt sorry for making so many mistakes.

- Afraid/ ashamed/ sorry + to V: I’m sorry to tell you that bad news.

- Anxious about = worried He was anxious about going in the dark alone.

- Anxious for O to V = wish He was anxious for you to go in the dark alone.

- Anxious that + (clause) We are anxious that we couldn’t come.

- Fortunate/ lucky that +(clause) = It’s a good thing…It was lucky that we

weren’t late.

- S + be fortunate/ lucky to V She was lucky to have such an interesting book.

- Possible/ probable/ likely + future = perhaps It’s possible that man will live longer.

- Aware/ conscious of N/G We should be aware of protecting our nature.

- Aware/ conscious + that +(clause) She was concious that she would be late.

5 Suffixes:

able/ ible/ ish/ ed/ ing/ ful/ less/…: talkable, visible, whitish, bored, amusing, careful, hopeless,… y/ ly/ en/ ese/ ous/ al/ ive/…: wealthy, manly, golden, chinese, poisonous, logical, effective,… ade/ ate/ ent/ wide/ ic/ ist/…: adequade, humanate, dependent, worldwide, domestic, communist,

…

like/ style/ type/…: childlike, Romantype, Germanstyle,…

Nationality:

a an: American, Venezuelan, German, Mxican, African,…

b ese: Chinese, Vietnamese, Portugese, Sudanese, Lebanese,…

c i: Pakistani, Iraqui, Israeli, Yemeni, Saudi,…

d ian: Argentinian, Australian,Brazillian, Italian,…

e ish: English, Polish, Turkish, danish, Finnish,…

f others: Czech, French, dutch, Swiss, Greek, Thai,…

III Verbs (v):

1 Definition: To denote action, state, and be the most important part of sentences.

2 Classification:

Auxiliary verbs:

Primary auxiliary verbs: be/ have/ do (These verbs can either be auxiliaries or lexical verbs)

Modal verbs: can/ could/ may/ might/ must/ have to + base form/ will/ would/ shall/ should/ be going to + base form/ used to + base form/ ought to + base form/…(These are sometimes

functional verbs)

Lexical verbs:

Intensive verbs: verbs that show the state (She feels tired/ He is selfish)

Extensive verbs: verbs that show the affection (He gets angry/ They are helpful)

Intransitive verbs: verbs that can function as verb phrases and make sentences meaningful without any complementation

e.g She cried (noisily).

It rains/ is raining (hard/ heavily/ cat and dog)

Transitive verbs: verbs that need complementation.

a Mono transitive verbs: verbs that followed by one object (S+V+O).

e.g She bought flowers.

Ann met her fiancé yesterday.

b Ditransitive verbs: verbs that followed by both direct and indirect objects (S+V+O+O)

e.g She bought me some sweets (= She bought some sweets for me) They gave me a big cake (=They gave a big cake to me)

c Complex transitive verbs: follow the form “S + V + O + Co”

e.g He made me angry.

The female film star drove him mad.

3 Affixations:

en: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or lead to )

e.g danger…….to endanger wide…… to widen

courage……to encourage lenghth……to lenghthen

rich……… to enrich broad …… to broaden

ize/ ise: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or develop, or specify)

e.g modern……to modernize industrial….to industrialize

maximum….to maximize capital…… to capitalise

natural…… to naturalize minimum….to minimize

4 Sentence models:

4.1 S + Vintrans: e.g They laugh/ The wind is blowing.

4.2 S + Vmonotrans + O: e.g He did his homework/ Harlay carried an umbrella.

4.3 S + Vin/ extensive + Cs: e.g He became famous/ They are nearly exhausted.

4.4 S + Vintrans + A: e.g He went abroad/ She arrives late.

4.5 S + Vditrans + O + O:e.g She buys me presents/ That brings my father success

4.6 S + Vcomplex trans + O + C: e.g The story made me bored/ You drive me mad.

4.7 S + Vintrans + A + A: e.g She went to school early/ He came to the park in the early

morning.

IV Adverbs (adv):

1 Kinds (Classification):

Adv of manner: bravely/ fastly/ happily/ quickly/ well/ hard/…

( She sings marvellously/ He worked very hard)

Adv of place: by/ down/ near/ here/ there/ up/…

(She comes there twice a week/ Here comes the police)

Adv of time: now/ soon/ still/ then/ today/ yet/…

(We are going to Hanoi today/ He will return soon)

Adv of frequency: always/ often/ sometimes/ never/ once/ twice/…

(We never eat dog-meat/ She once became the leader)

Adv of sentence: certainly/ definitely/ luckily/ surely/…

( He was certainly the liar/ luckily, she passed the exam)

Adv of degree: fairly/ hardly/ rather/ quite/ too/ very/…

(He was quite handsome/ Hardly did we see anything)

Adv of interrogative: when/ where/ why/…

(When did you go?/ Where is she now?)

Adv of relative: when/ where/ why

(He came when we were watching T.V)

2 Same form with adjectives:

Note: Adv* can either have “ly” or not, but differences in meanings.

3 Positions (Functions):

Adv of manner:

Follow verbs: e.g: He danced gracefully.

Before prepositions or follow objects in “V + pre + O”:

e.g: He looked at me carefully.

He looked carefully at me.

Follow S: e.g: He suspiciously tasted the soup.

At the beginning or at the end of sentences:

e.g: Carefully he checks the suitcase.

He checks the suitcase carefully.

Adv of time:

At the beginning or end of sentences: afterwards/ eventually/ lately/ now/ recently/ soon/ then/ today/ tomorrow/ at once/ since then/ till/…

e.g: He will returns soon Today we will learn lesson two.

Always at the end: before*/ early/ immediately*/ late (Adv* as conjunctions at the beginning)

e.g: He went to the church immediately Immediately, he went to the church

Follow verbs or “V + O”: yet/ still e.g: He still lives in the suburb of the city.

Split: just e.g: He has just left the house.

Adv of place:

3.3.1 At the beginning or end: away/ everywhere/ nowhere/ somewhere/ here/

there/… e.g: Nowhere could we find him English is spoken everywhere.

3.3.2 Administration: here/ there e.g: He lives here/ She hasn’t gone there.

Adv of frequency:

4.1 always/ continually/ frequently/ occasionally/ often/ once/ twice/ periodically/ repeatedly/

sometimes/ usually e.g: She usually walks to school.

4.2 Restricted (inversion): hardly ever/ never/ rarely/ scarely ever/ seldom

e.g: Never will she eat this kind of food.

Inversion cases:

Hardly…ever Hardly…when In no circumstances Neither…nor

Never No sooner…than Not only Not till

Nowhere On no account Only by Only in this way

Only then/ when Scarely ever Scarely…when Seldom/ so

PART FOUR : Tenses

2 The usage: - To denote actions that happened repeatedly (She never comes late)

- To denote long lasting events.(We live in Concord st)

- To denote a true fact (The earth moves around the Sun)

3 The recognition: - now/ nowadays/ today/ this summer/…

- always/ usually/ often/ sometimes/ occasionally/…

- the proof of constant truth.

4 Notes: - To denote a plan/ prediction/ timetables/… (The train leaves at 9.00)

- The division of “be”, “have”, “can, may, must”,…

B The present progressive tense:

1 The form: {+} S + am/ are/ is + V-ING

{-} S + am/ are/ is + not + V-ING

{?} Am/ Are/ Is + S + V-ING?

2 The usage: - To denote happening actions at the time of speaking.(She is teaching Maths)

- To denote the intention/ prediction/ plan/…(She is coming soon)

3 The recognition: - now/ right now/ at present/ at this time/ at this moment/…

- follow a command, request,…

4 Notes: - The ING-forms ( getting, running, having, writing, dying, lying,…)

- The omission of the verbs of awareness or sensation as: be/ see/ hear/ understand/

know/ like/ want/ glance/ feel/ think/ smell/ love/ hate/ realize/ seem/ remember/ forget/…( use the simple present instead )

C The present perfect tense:

1 The form: {+} S + have/ has + past participles

{-} S + haven’t/ hasn’t + past participles

{?} Have/ Has + S + past participles

2 The usage: - To denote actions that happened in the past but having results, relating, or still

happening at present (We have lived here since 1990)

- To denote actions that happened right before the time of speaking, using

“just” (She has just come from New York)

- To denote unfulfilled actions with “yet” (He hasn’t come yet)

- To denote past actions having no certain time expression, using “already”

(We have already seen that film)

3 The recognition: - just = recently = lately.

- ever/ never (comments)

- already/ yet/ since/ for/ so far/ until now/ up to now (present).

4 Notes: - Past participles: + regular verbs adding “ed”.

+ irregular verbs “learn by heart”

- The differences between the present perfect and the simple past tense.

- The present perfect progressive is used to denote past actions “happening”, or “will

happen” The tense is often related to the verbs: live/ learn/ wait/ work/ study/…

The form is “S + have/ has + been + V-ING”

D The simple past tense:

1 The form: {+} S + V-ed (V - ed = the past form of verbs)

{-} S + didn’t + V

{?} Did + S + V?

2 The usage: - To denote a finished past action (We went to the park together)

- To report past events, past habits, or long lasting action in the past (She did all

the work yesterday./ We used to sit next to each other.)

3 The recognition: - last week/ month/ year/…

- yesterday/ ago/ in 1969/ in the past/…

4 Notes: - The past form of the verbs: + regular “V-ED”

+ irregular (2nd column in the irregular verbs list)

- “ED” pronunciation /id/; /t/; /d/

E The past progressive tense:

1 The form: {+} S + was/ were + V-ING.

{-} S + was/ were + not + V-ING.

{?} Was/ Were + S + V-ING?

2 The usage: - To denote past happening actions (She was watching T.V at 8.00 last night)

- To denote past interrupting actions (She was watching T.V when I came)

3 The recognition: - at 8.00 last night/ at that time/ at that moment/…

- time clause with “when”, “while = as”.

4 Notes: - Actions that alternatively happened, use the simple past only (When I heard a

knock at the door, I came to open it When I opened the door, I saw my mum.)

- This is a timed action.

1 The form: {+} S + had + past participles

{-} S + had not (hadn’t) + PP

{?} Had + S + PP?

2 The usage: - To denote past finished actions that happened and finished before a certain

point of time or another past event (the past of the past tense).

e.g: She had sold all the baskets before 9.00 yesterday.

She had sold all the baskets when we came there yesterday.

3 The recognition: - when-clause/ after/ before/ already/ since/ for/…

- The past perfect progressive “S + had been + V-ING”

G The simple future tense:

1 The form: {+} S + will + V

{-} S + will + V

{?} Will + S + V?

- “shall” is restrictedly used only for I/We with the formal senses.

- The negative forms “will not = won’t”.

2 The usage: - To denote future actions (They will build more hospitals)

- To denote future plan/ idea/ timetable/…(The car will start in time)

3 The recognition: - someday, tomorrow,…

- next week/ month/ year/

4 Notes: - “ shall” is used as a suggestion/ invitation/…

H Various forms of the future tenses:

1 The future progressive tense:

1.1 The form: {+} S + will be + V-ING

{-} S + won’t be + V-ING

{?} Will + S + be + V-ING?

1.2 The usage: - To denote timetables/ intentions/ plans/… using “at”.

e.g: She will be watching T.V at 8.00 tonight.

We will be staying at REX hotel at 5.00 next Sunday’s morning.

- To show the future happening actions with “when”.

e.g: She will be sitting at the gate when we come tomorrow.

2 The future perfect tense :

2.1 The form: {+} S + will have + past participles

{-} S + won’t have + past participles

{?} Will + S + have + P.P?

2.2 The usage: - To denote planned actions with “by”, “by the time”, “by then”.

e.g: She will have finished the course by the next Friday/ by then.

- To show a future schedule-finished action.

e.g: The bridge will have been used by the next Autumn.

3 Other forms :

The simple present tense: To denote a timetable, or a plan…

e.g: A: When does he leave?

B: He leaves tonight

The present progressive: To denote an intention.

e.g: A: When are you leaving?

B: I am leaving this afternoon.

The “be + going to inf ” form: To denote an intention or a near future action, an arrangement.

e.g: She is going to celebrate her 34th birthday.

They are going to get married.

Simple present tense.

- simple present tense.

- present perfect tense.

- present progressive tense.

- simple future tense.

- “be going to V” form.

- simple past tense (certain point of past time).

Simple past tense

- simple past tense.

- past progressive tense.

- past perfect tense.

- “would + V” form.

- “be going to + V” past form.

- simple present tense (showing the truth).

III the adverbial clauses:

Main clause Adverbial clauses (of time)

before/ after/ as soon as/…

Pronunciation: using stresses and intonation

e.g Are you free?

Really?

Written forms (transformation): e.g She could hardly understand.

~Hardly could she understand.

2 Styles:

Verbs: do/ does/ did + bare infinitives

e.g He visited us yesterday ~ He did visit us yesterday.

Hoa loves romantic films ~ Hoa does love romantic films.

Adjectives: It is/was + adjs + to infinitives.

e.g + Knowing your limitation is important ~ It’s important to know…

+ He found that learning English was difficult ~ He found that it was …

Reflexive pronouns: myself/ yourself/ himself/ herself/ itself/ ourselves/ …

e.g She did it ~ She herself did it.

He thought that ~ He himself thought that.

Emphasis case: It is/ was …that …(cleft sentences)

e.g I hated him ~ It was him who I hated.

I need a replacement not others ~ It is a replacement, not others that I need.

Inversion case: here/ restricted adverbs

e.g He could never find out the truth ~ Never could he find out the truth.

We seldom eat snails ~ Seldom do we eat snails.

1 Single verbs agreements:

each/ every/ either/ neither + N(s)/ of N(s) + singular V.

e.g Each person has his own thought.

Neither of my children gets up late.

each/ every + N(s)

each/ every + N + singular V

e.g Each day and each night passes without me missing her.

Each of the boys has his own books of photos.

every/ some/ no + singular V(s)

e.g Someone was sitting outside.

No one knows him.

plural forms but singular verbs: news/ physics/ economics/ politics/ linguistics/ genetics/

athletes/ mumps/ the United States/ the Phillipines/ Wales/…

e.g The United States was shock by the bombing on September 11th.

The Phillipines is a developing.

uncountable nouns: furniture/ water/ traffic/ progress/ homework/ knowledge/…

e.g Water is composed by Oxygen and Hydrogen.

At this time of day, traffic is very heavy.

distance/ time/ money:

e.g Five miles is a relatively far distance.

Fifty billion dongs is a big sum of money.

titles of books/ articles/ stories:

e.g “Tom and Jerry” is well known all over the world.

“The seven dragon pearls” is a picture book.

subjective clauses:

e.g All that he needed was a full apology.

What I really like is an ice cream.

2 Plural verbs agreements:

combination “and”:

e.g Tom and his friends were walking to school.

“the + adj(s)” form:

e.g The English are cool The rich are not always happy.

collective nouns:

e.g Cattle are driven to the field.

some/ a few/ a lot of/ both/…

e.g Some boys are resigned.

3 Various agreements:

3.1 Either or

Neither + N1 nor + N2 + V

Not only but also

e.g Either Tom or his friends are coming.

Neither the Prime Minister nor his ministers have been injured

3.2 The number of + N(s) + singular V

A number of + N(s) + plural V

e.g The number of attendants is poor.

A number of visitors are killed.

3.3 Pronoun1/ N1 + pre + pronoun2/ N2 + singular V.

e.g A pair of shoes is cheaper than a table.

Two pairs of shoes is much more expensive than a table.

3.4 All/ some/ plenty / a lot singular N(s) + singular V

Half/ most/ the rest/ lots + of + plural N(s) + plural V

e.g A lot of money is lost.

All of them have been arrested.

III- GERUNDS:

1 Formation: V-ING

2 Functions:

Subject (S): Fishing is his hobby.

Getting into the city centre at this time of day isn’t easy.

Complement (C): (of to be) Her passion is studying.

What we really want is escaping from this terrible place.

Compound nouns:

2.3.1 Gerund-noun: fishing-rod cooking-apple driving licence

wrapping paper writing paper cooking oil

2.3.2 Non-gerund: fruit-picking sky-diving bush walking

time counting

Object (O):

Direct objects: Follow these certain verbs

Verb preposition:

Approve of Apologize for Believe in Count on Care for

Complain of Confess to Consist of Depend on Dream of

End in Give up Get to Forget about Go back to

Hesitate about Insist on Keep on Lead to Long for

Return to Result in Safe from Succeed in Think about

Think of Take to Threaten with Worry about Object to

Look forward to….

admit avoid appreciate begin consider

report resent Resist recollect resume rish suggest…

Adjective preposition:

Idiom phrases: (phrases of words that have literal meanings)

- can’t bear; can’t face; can’t stand; can’t help; feel like….

- It’s no use / It’s (not) worth…/…

Adjectives:

amusing comfortable difficult easy Great

strange useless wonderful…

Noun preposition:

Choice of Excuse for Possibility of Intention of Reason for

Method

for…

Complement of objects: Follow these below verbs

Subjunctive subject “it” or noun phrases;

Absorbed in Accustomed to Afraid of Amused at Angry with Annoy at Ashamed of Aware of (in)capable of Careful about Careful in Careless of Certain about Clever at (un)concious of Content with Delighted at Different from Embarrassed at Excited about Far from Fond of Fortunate in Frightened of Furious at Given to Good at Grateful for Happy in (at) Intent on

Interested in Keen on Nice about Proud of Pleased at Responsible

for

Right in Scared at (of) Set on Sick of

Skilled in (at) Slow in Sorry for Successful in

(at)

Sure of Surprised at Thankful for Tired of (from) Upset at Worried about Wrong in…

- Find/ found + it + V-ING: He found the film annoying.

- When/ on /while / as + V-ING:

When opening the case, he found his lost notebook.

While checking the case, we found banned drugs

IV- INFINITIVES:

1 Classification:

Full infinitive: With “to’

e.g He go to Paris to learn French.

Bare infinitive: Without “to’

e.g My parent didn’t let me do what I really liked

Perfect infinitive: Form “have past participles”

e.g He was believed to have escaped from the prison.

2 Position:

Follow the verbs below:

Plan Prefer Pretend Prepare Promise

Strive Tend Threaten Try Want Wish…

Follow the idiomatic phrases: make up one’s mind/ take care/ take the trouble/ make sure/… e.g

They couldn’t make up their mind to go or not.

Follow the adjectives below:

(un)able afraid amused annoyed anxious

ashamed astonished boring careful certain

content crazy curious dangerous delighted

determined difficult distressed due eager

hopeless horrified impatient interested keen

lucky moved pleased (im)possible proud

(un)willing (un)wise wonderful worthy wrong…

Follow WH-words: what/ who/ whom/ which/ when/ where/ how.

e.g She didn’t know what to do next.

We didn’t decided where to go.

Follow nouns pronouns of the verbs below:

Believe Cause Challenge Command Compel

Consider Enable Encourage Expect Find

Imagine Instruct Intend Invite Know

Order Permit Persuade Prefer Suspect

To be demonstration, purposes, results: enough / save money/…

e.g The house, to be demolished, is very old.

She has nothing to eat.

We haven’t got enough to have one each.

They saved money to go abroad

To form absolute phrases: To tell the truth; To cut a long short story;…

e.g To tell the truth, she was a real liar.

To form exclamation: e.g To think she met with such a death!

Oh! To be young again!

1 Either infinitives or gerunds :

stop:

a stop + to infinitives (= stop this work to start the other work)

e.g He stops to smoke (He stops his work and starts smoking)

b stop + gerunds (= to give up a habit )

e.g He stops smoking (He no longer smokes)

try:

a try + to infinitives (= manage successfully to do)

e.g He tried to lift the case (He managed to lift the case and succeeded)

b try + gerunds (= to experience)

e.g He tried lifting the case (He wanted to know whether he could lift it)

remember:

a remember + to infinitives (= to make oneself aware of a task)

e.g He remembered to lock the door (He had to lock the door)

b remember + gerunds (= to assure oneself a fulfilled task)

e.g He remembered locking the door (He was sure that he had locked the door)

forget:

a forget + to infinitives (= to miss a task)

e.g Sam forgot to buy food (Sam didn’t buy food)

b forget + gerunds (= the fulfilled task is forgotten)

e.g Sam forgot buying food (He bought food but he didn’t remember)

regret:

a regret + to infinitives (not want to do this task)

e.g Kim regretted to say the truth (He didn’t want to say the truth but he had to)

b regret + gerunds ( the task is done unexpectedly)

e.g Kim regretted saying the truth.(He said and he regretted what he’d done)

2 Would :

a conditional sentences:

e.g If I were you, I would agree to come.

He would have passed if he had known the rules well.

b past habits:

e.g I would sing romantic songs when I was young.

She would cry when she was too sad.

3 Used to : past habit not happen at present

e.g She used to walk to school.

4 Be (get) used to :

a get used to (= be acquainted with)

e.g She has got used to walking to office

b be used to (be familiar to)

e.g He was used to walking to office.

5 Would rather V1 than V2 :

would rather (not) + V:

e.g She’d rather go to the meeting.

We would rather not mention that case.

would rather + O (not) + v -ed:

e.g I’d rather him brought there some cakes.

She would rather her husband not joined the army.

6 Prefer gerunds/Ns to gerunds/Ns :

prefer + gerunds = like + gerunds/ infinitives:

e.g She prefered walking to driving.

She liked walking/ to walk.

would prefer + infinitives = would like + infinitives:

e.g She’d prefer to walk.

She would like to walk.

7 Could/ may/ might : possibility/ maybe = perhaps

in conditional sentences:

e.g If it rains, we may cancel the trip.

We might go to the park if it were Sunday today.

uncertain speculation:

e.g It could/ may/ might rain tomorrow.

It will possibly rain tomorrow.

perhaps/ maybe:

e.g Perhaps he won’t come.

Maybe it will rain tomorrow.

8 Should :

command; request; obligation:

e.g You should study harder.

She should bring along an umbrella.

THE PASSIVE VOICE

A sentence can be either in active or passive voice We use an active verb when the subject

performs the action When the subject receives the action, we use a passive verb

( the subject is what the action is directed at )

I/ Form: Be + VPII

II/ How to change an active sentence into a passive sentence

To change an active sentence into a passive , we follow these steps:

1) Change the object of the active sentence into the subject of the passive sentence, and place it at the beginning of the passive sentence.

Active: The workers have finished the project

Active: The workers have finished the project

S V O

- The tense of the main verb (finish) is the Present Perfect, so the tense of be is also the Present

Perfect (has/ have been)

- The subject ( the project) is singular so the form of be is singular (has been)

Passive: The project has been

S V

3) Place the main verb from the active sentence after the verb be and this main verb must be

in the past participle form

Active: The workers have finished the project

S V O

- The main verb Finish is in the Present Perfect so the past participle finish is placed after the

present perfect form of be (has been)

Passive: The project has been finished

S V 4) Place ”by + the subject of the active sentence (the agent)” after the main verb in the

passive sentence ( If the subject is the pronoun like he, she, we change it into object pronoun

him, her, us )

Active: The workers have finished the project

(A): Lightening can cause a fire.

(P): A fire can be caused by a lightening

3 Adverbs of place in the active sentence are often put in front of “ by + the agent “ in the passive sentence.

(A): A passer - by took him home (P): He was taken home by a passer - by

4 Adverbs of time in the active sentence are often put after “ by + the agent “ in the passive sentence.

(A): We will receive the gifts on Monday

(P): The gifts will be received by us on Monday

5 Negative or interrogative passive sentences are formed in the same way in active sentences.

(A): We didn’t send the reports last month.

(B): The reports weren’t sent last month.

(A): Did you see her here last night?

(B): Was she seen here last night?

Use The passive is used when:

- It is unnecessary to mention the doer of the action.

Eg: The letters haven’t been posted The child should be cured as soon as possible

- We don’t know or have forgotten the doer of the action

Eg: When I arrived, the door was opened This pen was bought a long time ago

- We are more interested in the action than the person who does it

Eg: The package has been sent The special flight was delayed III/ The tenses of passive:

a The simple present tense:

Form: S + are / is / am + VPII

Eg: She writes a letter to me

→ A letter is written to me ( by her)

b The present continuous tense:

Form: S + are / is / am + being + VPII

Eg: They are cleaning the house

→ The house is being cleaned ( by them)

c The simple past tense:

Form: S + was / were + VPII

Eg: My mother bought this color T.V last month.

→ This color T.V was bought last month

d The past continuous tense:

Form: S + was / were + being + VPII

Eg: She was writing a letter to her mother at 8 p.m yesterday

→ A letter was being written to her mother at 8 p.m yesterday

e The simple future tense:

Form: S + will + be + VPII

Eg: They will build a big theatre in the centre of the city very soon.

→ A big theatre in the centre of the city will be built very soon.

f The present perfect tense:

Form: S + have / has + been + VPII

Eg: He has just finished his work.

→ His work has just been finished

g The near future tense:

Form: S + are / is / am + going to + be + VPII

Eg: I am going to give a birthday party last Sunday.

→ A birthday party is going to be given last Sunday

h Model verbs:

Form: can could should may

S + might + be + VPII must

have to had to used to

Eg: She has to do this work right now.

→ This work has to be done right now.

PART SIX

COMPARISONS

I/ Comparative of equality:

Form: S1 + be/V + as (so) + adj / adv + as + S2

Eg: I am as intelligent as her.

She works as hard as her father

Huong is as tall as Mai

He drives as carefully as others in my group.

* We can use comparative of equality in negative:

Form: S1 + be/V + not + as (so) + adj / adv + as + S2

Eg: I am not as intelligent as her

She doesn’t work as hard as her father

Huong is not as tall as Mai

He doesn’t drive as carefully as others in my group II/ Comparative of superiority:

+ For short adj / adv:

Form: S1 + be/V + adj / adv – er + than + S2

Eg: She works harder than her father

Huong is taller than Mai

They run faster than any others

This river is longer than that one

Note: good / well - better

bad / badly - worse

much / many - more

little / few - less

far - farther / further

old - older / elder

Eg: She is worse than I think

They do more than they say

+ For long adj / adv

Form: S1 + be/V + more + adj / adv + than + S2

Eg: He is more handsome than his younger brother They speak English more fluently than we do

Note:

Form: S1 + be/V + less + adj / adv + than + S2

Eg: He is less handsome than his younger brother.

They speak English less fluently than we do.

She works less hard than her father.

Huong is less tall than Mai.

III/ Comparative of superlative:

+ For short adj / adv:

Form: S + be/V + the + adj / adv – est

Eg: He is the tallest in my class

I run the fastest of all

Note: - good / well - the best

bad / badly - the worst

much / many - the most

little / few - the least

Eg: She speaks English the worst of all.

It’s the best film I have ever seen.

+ For long adj / adv:

Form: S + be / V + the + most + adj / adv.

Eg: She is the most intelligent girl in my class

He writes the most carefully in my group.

Eg: I like swimming ( in this sentence swimming is a gerund )

I am swimming ( in this sentence swimming is a present participle )

II/ Its functions:

1 plays as a subject ( it stands in front of verb )

Eg: Fishing is my favorite pastime

Going to school by bike is my habit Staying up late makes me tired

2 plays as an object ( it stands behind ordinary verb )

Eg: She enjoys wearing beautiful clothes

They love watching football Some people hate eating eggs

3 plays as an object for preposition ( standing behind that preposition )

Eg: I am interested in working with electricity

My mother is fed up with looking after the children She is afraid of walking in the dark alone

4 As a complement for “be” ( standing behind “be” )

Eg: My great passion in life is studying

Her dream is once going abroad Their wishes are passing the next examination

Relative pronoun is also the work to link the main clause with the subordinate clause into a complex sentence.

II/ Usage:

1 Relative pronoun: Which

It is used to replace for a noun showing things and to joint two clauses.

Which can make as a subject or an object.

It’s gone with subordinate clause to say more clearly about the noun that it replaces This

subordinate is called Relative clause.

1.1 Which can make as a subject:

Eg: The book is mine The book is on the table.

⇒ The book which is on the table is mine.

The car is in the garage The car is a Ford.

⇒ The car which is in the garage is a Ford.

The colour T.V gives good pictures It was bought yesterday.

⇒ The color T.V which was bought yesterday gives good pictures.

The window is repaired now It was broken last night.

⇒ The window which was broken last night is repaired now.

A few years ago, Judy Garrette made a musical It was a big success.

⇒ A few years ago, Judy Garrette made a musical which was a big success The blouse is made of real cotton It costs $ 50.

⇒ The blouse which costs $50 is made of real cotton.

The window has been repaired It was broken last night.

⇒ The window which was broken last night has been repaired.

1.2 Which can make as an object.

Eg: The story is interesting I’m reading the story

⇒ The story which I’m reading is interesting

The hat is beautiful She gave it to me on my birthday

⇒ The hat which she gave to me on my birthday is beautiful.

The watch is expensive She is wearing it

⇒ The watch which she is wearing is expensive.

The dress is lovely She bought it in a shop last week

⇒ The dress which she bought in a shop last week is lovely.

The story says about the life of a man in the mountain She is reading it

⇒ The story which she is reading says about the life of a man in the mountain The ring is made of diamond Huong is wearing it

⇒ The ring which Huong is wearing is made of diamond.

2 Relative pronoun: Of which

The way to use “ of which” It’s used to show possession of things

Eg: The car runs very fast Its wheels are small.

⇒ The car of which wheels are small runs very fast.

The T.V is not very expensive Its color looks beautiful.

⇒ The T.V of which color looks beautiful is not very expensive

The color T.V was made in Japan Its pictures is very beautiful.

⇒ The color T.V of which pictures is very beautiful was made in Japan.

3 Relative pronoun: who

It’s used to replace for a noun or pronoun of person that plays as a subject or an object in relative clause.

3.1 Who can play as a subject.

Eg: The lady is my headmaster She lives next door.

⇒ The lady who lives next door is my headmaster.

The baby is my sister’s daughter She is crying loudly in her room.

⇒ The baby who is crying loudly in her room is my sister’s daughter.

There’s the boy He broke the window.

⇒ There’s the boy who broke the window.

I couldn’t understand the woman She spoke to me on the phone this morning.

⇒ I couldn’t understand the woman who spoke to me on the phone this morning.

3.2 Who can play as an object.

Eg: The man is my farther You met him at the party yesterday.

⇒ The man who you met at the party yesterday is my father.

I met the people You told me about them.

⇒ I met the people who you told me about.

She is the girl My car crashed into her last night.

⇒ She is the girl who my car crashed into last night.

4 Relative pronoun: whom

We can use whom to replace for who when who makes as an object

Eg: The man is my farther You met him at the party yesterday.

⇒ The man whom you met at the party yesterday is my father.

I met the people You told me about them.

⇒ I met the people whom you told me about.

She is the girl My car crashed into her last night.

⇒ She is the girl whom my car crashed into last night.

Note: + If verbs are followed by a preposition, we can put it in front of whom:

Eg: The man whom you are working for is a rich businessman.

⇒ The man for whom you are working is a rich businessman.

The girl whom she is talking to is my friend’s wife.

⇒ The girl to whom she is talking is my friend’s wife.

5 Relative pronounce: Whose

It’s replaced for possessive adjectives “ his, her , your, their, my, our’’ and (‘s) in relative clause

Eg: - What’s the name of the man? His car was crashed into your house.

⇒ What’s the name of the man whose car was crashed into your house?

- Huong was a good student Her family was very poor.

⇒ Huong, whose family was very poor, was a good student.

- Lenin was a great lover of music His parents had a big library.

⇒ Lenin, whose parents had a big library, was a great lover of music.

- The workers are still working very hard Their lives are getting better.

⇒ The workers whose lives are getting better are still working very hard

- Peter wanted to help Tom Tom’s family had a hard life.

⇒ Peter wanted to help Tom whose family had a hard life.

- I saw the girl Her car was stolen yesterday.

⇒ I saw the girl whose car was stolen yesterday.

- The typist can’t do any work Her typewriter has broken down.

⇒ The typist whose typewriter has broken can’t do any work.

- The boy wants to stay at home His father has been seriously ill.

⇒ The boy whose father has been seriously ill wants to stay at home.

- The professor is very famous You have been reading his books.

⇒ The professor whose books you have been reading is very famous.

- A girl left her bag here Where is she?

⇒ Where is the girl whose bag left here?

- I talked to an old lady Her son is living in Canada.

⇒ I talked to an old lady whose son is living in Canada.

6 Relative pronounce:( adverb pronoun ) Where

It is used to replace for adverb or phrase of place.

Eg: This is the square Uncle Ho read the independence there.

⇒ This is the square where Uncle Ho read the independence.

That is the house I was born in that house.

⇒ That is the house where I was born

7 Restrictive clause ( definite clause )

It is the information part that is very necessary for the meaning of the sentence It is used to say more clearly the word that it needs definiting.

Eg: The man who you met yesterday is my father.

(Restrictive clause)

The baby who is playing in her room is my daughter

(Restrictive clause)

8 Non - Restrictive clause ( Non - definite clause )

It is the information part that is not very necessary for the meaning of the sentence.We can use it to enlarge our sentence It can be put between one or two commas.

Eg: Mr Dai, who you met at the party last night , is my father

( Non - Restrictive clause) Hemingway, who was born in 1899 , was an American writer

( Non - Restrictive clause)

9 Relative pronoun: That

It’s used to replace for “which” in restrictive clause It’s necessary for the meaning of the

sentence.

Eg: The pen that is lying on the desk is not mine.

The book that I lost yesterday is my father’s present.

The film star gave a party that costs $ 10,000.

10 Structure: It’s that.

It’s used to emphasize subject.

Eg: He is my teacher ⇒ It’s he that is my teacher.

The way she treats me makes everyone angry.

⇒ It’s the way she treats me that makes everyone angry.

PART NINE

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

I/ Real conditional sentence (type1):

1 Form: main clause - if clause

S + will + V(infinitive) - if + S + V(s/es)

- It is used to express an action that will happen at the present or in the future.

- It’s divided into 2 clauses: main clause and if clause.

- Verb in main clause is in the simple future and verb in if clause is in the simple present

- Main clause can stand behind or in front of if clause.

Eg: If you work harder , you will pass the exam.

If it rains, we will stay at home.

They will miss the train if they get up late.

If you let an object off your hand , it will certainly fall.

He will get fat if he eats too much meat and chocolate.

* Unless:

- we can use “unless” to replace for “if not”

Form: Unless + S + V(s/es) - S + will + V(infinitive)

Eg: If she doesn’t come on time, she will be late for the train.

→ Unless she comes on time, she will be late for the train.

I won’t come if you don’t invite me.

→ I won’t come unless you invite me.

If it doesn’t rain , we will go camping.

→ unless it rains , we will go camping.

If we can’t find new sources of energy, our life will be destroyed.

→ Unless we can find new sources of energy, our life will be destroyed

- We can use ‘or” in conditional sentence type 1

Eg: Do your exercises or you will be punished by the teacher

Study hard or you will never pass the exam.

II/ Unreal conditional sentence (type 2):

Form: main clause - if clause

would

S + could + V(infinitive) - S + V- ed

should were

would ( S + V- ed - S + could + V(infinitive)

were should

Eg: If she had more time, she would tell you something about him.

I would give you some if I had any money.

If I knew her address , I could write to her

They would earn more money if they work harder.

Your father would be stronger if he played sports more often.

If I met her again , I would never let her leave me alone.

Where would you like to live if you didn’t live here?

Note: - In present unreal conditional , the verb “be” was divided “were”

Eg: If I were you , I would marry him.

She would play sports if she were younger.

If I were a president, I would buy all the world.

I would not let you do like that if I were your father

- We can use “could” in “ if clause” to emphasize the action we would like it to happen

Eg: If I could find out where her house is , I would fly to her at once.

We wouldn’t be worried about money if our father could be a billionaire.

Her teacher would give her 10 marks if she could read the text correctly.

II S + V + O(direct object)

III S + V + O(indirect object) + O(direct object)

IV S + V + O(direct object) + preposition + O(indirect object)

They have sent some postcards to us

V S + V + Infinitive

VI S + V + noun / pronoun + Infinitive

VII S + V + pronoun + Infinitive (without To)

VIII S + V + noun / pronoun + present participle

IX It + be + complement + Infinitive phrase

It was useless to try again

It will be comfortable to live there

X There is / there are + S + adverbial

There are some pupils in the school garden Are there many churches in this region?

There aren’t any eggs in the fridge

EXERCISE

Choose the words whose underlined or bold that that are pronounced differently from the others

(Đại học ngoại ngữ - 2002)

(Học viên QHQT - 2002)

(Đại học công đoàn - 2003)

(Đại học sư phạm ngoại ngữ - 2003)

24 A geology B psychology C classify D photography

( Đại học An ninh - 2003)

27 A both B myth C with D sixth

(Đại học sư phạm Vinh - 2002)

35 A dictation B repetition C station D question

(Đại học sư phạm Vinh - 2003)

(Đại học dân lập Văn lang - 2002)

(Đại học Thái nguyên - 2002)

(Học viện KTQS - 2002)

(Đại học An ninh - 2002)

64 A measure B decision C pleasure D permission

(Đại học dân lập Duy tân - 2002)

(Đại học dân lập TP HCM - 2002)

(Đại học Hồng Đức - 2002)

(Đại học Hồng Bàng - 2002)

(Đại học DL Bình Dương - 2002)

(Đại học công đoàn - 2003)

(Đại học công đoàn – 2002)