Unit 4 notes rocks and minerals

•One way is when hot melted rock, called magma, cools.. •Step 5 Perform: •Step 6 Data Table: Day 1 •Step 7 Interpret Data: •Step 8 Conclusion: – Which properties were most and least usef

Unit 4 – Rocks and Minerals

Essential Questions

•What is a mineral?

•How do we identify minerals?

•What can minerals be used for?

•What is a rock?

•How are the different types of rock formed?

Unit 4 – Rocks and Minerals

Lesson 1 – Minerals:

Vocabulary

•mineral

•crystal

Unit 4 – Rocks and Minerals

Lesson 1 – Minerals

•A mineral is a naturally occurring,

inorganic solid with a definite

composition, and an orderly arrangement

of atoms

•All minerals form crystals, a definite

shape that comes from repeated

patterns They’re six known patterns for all minerals

Unit 4 – Rocks and Minerals

Lesson 1 – Minerals (cont.)

•Crystals form in several ways

•One way is when hot melted rock, called

magma, cools

•When magma cool slowly, the

crystalline structure formed is large

enough to see

•When magma cools rapidly, the

crystalline structure formed is not always large enough to see

Unit 4 – Rocks and Minerals

Lesson 1 – Minerals (cont.)

•98 elements occur naturally in Earth’s crust, but only 8 of them make up the majority of it (by weight)

•Oxygen (O) and silicon (Si) are the two most abundant elements in Earth’s crust Thus,

they are the building blocks for most minerals

•Silicates are minerals that contain silicon (Si)

and oxygen (O) and usually one or more

elements

Unit 4 – Rocks and Minerals

Lesson 2 – Mineral Identification: Vocabulary

•hardness

•luster

•streak

Unit 4 – Rocks and Minerals

Lesson 2 – Mineral Identification

The Seven Physical Properties of Minerals:

1 Appearance: How it looks

2 Color: What color it appears to be

3 Luster: How light reflects from its

surface Metallic – shiny or nonmetallic

– dull, pearly, silky, and glassy

Unit 4 – Rocks and Minerals

Lesson 2 – Mineral Identification (cont.)

4 Streak: The color of the mineral when it

is powdered This test works only for

minerals that are softer than the streak plate.

5 Cleavage/ Fracture: Minerals that break

along smooth, flat surfaces have

cleavage Minerals that break with

uneven or jagged surfaces have fracture.

Unit 4 – Rocks and Minerals

Lesson 2 – Mineral Identification (cont.)

6 Hardness: A measure of how easily a

mineral can be scratched The Mohs

Hardness Scale is used to compare an

unknown mineral to several known ones

The harder mineral always scratches

the softer one.

7 Other Properties: Some minerals have

unique properties; like magnetism, bending

light, or fizzing in the presence of an acid

Unit 4 – Rocks and Minerals

Lesson 2 – Mineral Identification:

Mineral ID Lab – Day 1

•Step 1) Question: Can I identify the unknown minerals?

•Step 2) Research: Use the materials

provided by the teacher

•Step 3) Hypothesis:

•Step 4) Procedures:

Unit 4 – Rocks and Minerals

Lesson 2 – Mineral Identification:

Mineral ID Lab – Day 2 (cont.)

•Step 5) Perform:

•Step 6) Data Table: (Day 1)

•Step 7) Interpret Data:

•Step 8) Conclusion:

– Which properties were most and least useful

for identifying your minerals? Why? [BE

SPECIFIC]

– Refer to your hypothesis

Unit 4 – Rocks and Minerals

Lesson 3 – Mineral Uses:

Vocabulary

•gem

•ore

Unit 4 – Rocks and Minerals

Lesson 3 – Mineral Uses

•Gems or gemstones are highly prized minerals

because they are rare and beautiful

•A mineral is an ore if it contains a useful

substance that can be mined at a profit

•Under certain conditions, metallic elements can dissolve in fluids These fluids then travel through weaknesses in rocks and form ore deposits or

vein minerals.

Unit 4 – Rocks and Minerals

Lesson 4 – Rock Cycle:

Vocabulary

•rock

•rock cycle

Unit 4 – Rocks and Minerals

Lesson 4 – Rock Cycle

•A rock is a mixture of minerals, mineraloids, glass, or organic matter

•Rocks are constantly changing from one

type to another Scientists have created a

model called the rock cycle, to illustrate the process

Unit 4 – Rocks and Minerals

Lesson 5 – Igneous, Metamorphic, and Sedimentary Rock: Vocabulary

Unit 4 – Rocks and Minerals

Lesson 5 – Igneous, Metamorphic,

and Sedimentary Rock

•When the molten material, called magma, from a volcano or from deep inside the Earth cools, it forms igneous rock

•When igneous rock forms beneath the

Earth’s surface it’s called intrusive igneous rock This rock cools very slowly; so there is

time for large crystals to form, called course- grained rock (ex Granite).

Unit 4 – Rocks and Minerals

Lesson 5 – Igneous, Metamorphic,

and Sedimentary Rock (cont.)

•When a volcano erupts, magma comes up

to the surface as lava and cools rapidly

•This kind of igneous rock is called extrusive igneous rock Generally, these rocks have

small or no crystals, called fine-grained rock

(ex Pumice, Obsidian)

Unit 4 – Rocks and Minerals

Lesson 5 – Igneous, Metamorphic,

and Sedimentary Rock (cont.)

•Sedimentary rocks form when sediments

become pressed or cemented together, or

when minerals come out of mineral-rich

solution, or are left behind by evaporation

•Sediments are loose materials such as rock

fragments, mineral grains, and bits of plant and animal remains that have been moved

Unit 4 – Rocks and Minerals

Lesson 5 – Igneous, Metamorphic, and

Sedimentary Rock (cont.)

•Weathering & erosion break down and move rock bits

•If the sediments are small, with enough pressure, they can stick together and form solid rock This process is

called compaction

•If the sediments are large, like sand and pebbles, then

they have to be cemented together Cementation occurs

when water and dissolved minerals seep through the

open spaces and harden into a natural glue.

Unit 4 – Rocks and Minerals

Lesson 5 – Igneous, Metamorphic,

and Sedimentary Rock (cont.)

•Chemical sedimentary rock forms when

dissolved minerals come out of a solution or are left behind due to evaporation (ex

Limestone, Rock Salt)

•Biochemical sedimentary rock forms from

the remains of once living things (ex rich Limestone, Coal)

Fossil-Unit 4 – Rocks and Minerals

Lesson 5 – Igneous, Metamorphic,

and Sedimentary Rock (cont.)

•Rocks that change because of temperature, pressure, or presence of hot, watery fluids

are metamorphic rocks

•Metamorphic rocks form from other rocks

•Heat & pressure change the igneous rock granite into gneiss (a metamorphic rock)

Unit 4 – Rocks and Minerals

Lesson 5 – Igneous, Metamorphic, and

Sedimentary Rock (cont.)

•This metamorphic rock has bands of minerals, or

parallel layers, called a foliated texture.

•Heat & pressure change the sedimentary rock

sandstone into quartzite (a metamorphic rock)

Another example is limestone to marble

•These metamorphic rocks have no bands of

minerals, or parallel layers, called a non-foliated

texture

Unit 4 – Rocks and Minerals

Lesson 5 – Igneous, Metamorphic, and Sedimentary Rock :

Rock ID Lab – Day 1

•Step 1) Question: Can I identify the unknown rocks?

•Step 2) Research: Use the materials

provided by the teacher

•Step 3) Hypothesis:

•Step 4) Procedures:

Unit 4 – Rocks and Minerals

Lesson 5 – Igneous, Metamorphic, and Sedimentary Rock :

Rock ID Lab – Day 2 (cont.)

•Step 5) Perform:

•Step 6) Data Table: (Day 1)

•Step 7) Interpret Data:

•Step 8) Conclusion:

– Which properties were most and least useful

for ID’ing your rocks? Why? [BE SPECIFIC]

– Refer to your hypothesis