HOW TO MAP

Where will you be mapping?-1• Semester 2 - Easter: one week residential course Leader Prof Eelco Rohling, March 31 April 7 • A series of exercises involving mapping, logging and con

“ A geologist must remember that accurate geological maps are the basis

of all geological work, even laboratory work, for it is pointless to make a detailed investigation of a specimen whose provenance is uncertain” - Barnes Basic geological mapping

GEOLOGICAL MAPPING

Your indispensable guides – Geological Society handbooks

Where will you be mapping?-1

• Semester 2 - Easter: one week

residential course (Leader

Prof Eelco Rohling, March 31

April 7

• A series of exercises

involving mapping, logging

and construction geological

cross-sections from field data

The locality (Tenby, South

Wales) will also provide an

introduction to a wide range

of rock types and a large

variety of field relationships,

sedimentary and tectonic

structures.

•Summer term weekend May 11 – 14 (Brittany

residential field course)

•Basic field skills but in an area of more complex igneous and metamorphic geology

Where will you be mapping?-2

Where will you be mapping?-3

• SOES 2012 (M Geol, Geology Single

Honours, Geology with , MGeoph,GS).

• First summer vacation: residential field

course at Ingleton (Leader Dr D Teagle, -

First week Summer vacation)

• This course provides basic training in field mapping and involves the production of a geological map of the Ingleton area.

Where will you be mapping?-4

• SOES 2022 (M Geol, Geology Single Honours,

Geology with and Geoscience pathway for

OESS).

• Easter vacation: residential field course, Almeria:

leader Heiko Pälike

• This course provides an opportunity to map, log and interpret a variety of different rock associations

helping to build a comprehensive experience of field geology The focus is provided by detailed study of some well exposed examples of geological processes

It also affords an introduction to fieldwork in an

overseas environment.

SOES 3025/3027

(M Geol, Geology Single Honours, Geology

with ).

• Year 2 Summer term (after semester 2 examinations): one

week course (Anglesey: leader Dr Dorrik Stow) This

completes the core component of fieldwork training It focuses upon the challenges of mapping in an area of more complex geology where emphasis is placed upon the

collection and presentation of data and putting into practice methods introduced in lectures and the laboratory

• NB OC/GY and OESS oceanography pathway students

take SOES 3018 (Plymouth) Geophysical Sciences students take SOES 3021, Geophysical field methods

Where will you be mapping?-5

“ There is no substitute for the geological map and section - absolutely none There never was and there never will be The basic geology must come first - and if it is wrong, everything that follows will probably be wrong” - Wallace (1975) Mining Engineering, 27, 34-36.

Geological mapping: an ability to:

•observe and record field data

selectively and systematically for the construction of a geological map at a given scale;

•compile a field note book containing an accurate record of all field data,

including field sketches and

photographs;

•compile field sheets representing a

visual summary, using accepted

conventions, of all the mapping data

recorded in the field notebook;

•construct an accurate and well drafted interpretative geological map using

conventional map symbols;

•construct a representative geological section across the mapped area

(Geological Society of London)

A fundamental skill is to be able to correctly position yourself on your base map

LOCATE – HOW?

•Check grid orientation on map

•Check compass, set declination

•Triangulate (use compass to

take bearings on three prominent

features) Aim for small (< 1mm)

triangle of error

•Pace and bearing Pace out

distance from known feature

marked on map (use compass to

take bearing on feature and mark

faintly on map so line can easily

be removed)

•GPS -widely used in industry:

new course SOES 2023 next year

On a 1:10 000 map, 1 cm on the map represents 100 m in the field You should be able to pinpoint yourself to within 10 m in the field, so when

you translate this to the map, the margin for error is 1 mm

Remember, when mapping at 1:10 000 scale, millimetre accuracy is

expected

Spend some time looking at the exposure What is the rock type? –

Mineral composition? Grain size? Texture? What structure can I see? – Bedding? Tectonic fabric? Sedimentary structures?

Observations are recorded in two

ways;

•On the field map (field sheet or slip)

•In the field notebook (information

which cannot be accommodated on

the field map – see ppt on Blackboard

- geological field work)

• Map data is also normally recorded

in the field notebook using a locality

number reference system on the

map and a grid reference in the

field notebook

•Thus you can navigate between the

two

ON THE MAP

•All exposures ringed by a solid line, colour coded by formation

with an abreviated lithological descriptor e.g f.gr.rd sstn (= fine grained red sandstone

•Information about what can seen (can be pictorial)

•All structural data, unless there is too much to fit it all on the map, in which case, representative structural data

You can put all sorts of things on the map, e.g where you took a photograph or collected a sample

Ringed areas of exposure should be moderately coloured; surrounding unexposed areas should be shaded very lightly with the same colour.

RECORDING EXPOSURES

Map A: good features

•Represents exposure shape on

the map as accurately as possible,

bearing in mind the scale

•Accurate placement of boundary

due to accurate recording of

observations

•‘V’ effect in valley where

boundary is inferred

•Map B: poor features

•Exposures too blobby and not to

MAPPING TECHNIQUES

Traversing

•Walking along a predetermined route

plotting in the geology on the way

•The geology in between traverses is

interpolated, using whatever clues can be

gleaned from the topographic map

•This method is used predominantly for

reconnaissance work

•Large areas of ground can be covered

MAPPING TECHNIQUES

‘Green line’ mapping

•Exposures ringed by green lines using

a very fine (0.1 mm) nib size

•ALL exposures are portrayed There

should be evidence on the map that all

the ground has been covered

•When all exposures have been

mapped, boundaries between the units

can be drawn on the map

•The classic technique for 1: 10 000

mapping

Barnes: Plate 1

MAPPING TECHNIQUES

Boundary mapping

•One of the main aims in compiling a geological map

•Locate a boundary and follow it

across the map

•One of the easiest methods of

mapping where exposure is good

•Very effective in conjunction with aerial photographs

• Does not work well if exposure is poor

Use compass to transfer reading directly onto the map, e.g strike

MAPPING IN POORLY EXPOSED AREAS

You need to look for and record on the map indirect evidence, e.g.

•Soil colour, spoil from man-made holes, fence posts, animal burrows

•Float (loose rocks or stones which may reflect the underlying bedrock) but be wary

of fluvially transported material

• Vegetation can reflect underlying bedrock e.g limestones – beech, juniper

MAPPING IN POORLY EXPOSED AREAS

Feature mapping

•Map topographic features that may

indicate underlying differences in

the geology

•Use them to help locate

boundaries in unexposed areas

•Map convex and concave breaks

of slope

Convex break of slope, tick on downhill side

Concave break of slope, tick on uphill side

FEATURE MAPPING

Break of slope used to help locate position of fault (top left)

BOUNDARIES AND CONTACTS

Always complete your map IN THE

FIELD by drawing boundaries

between units and extrapolating into

unexposed areas

Never leave out a boundary EVEN

IF you are uncertain where to place

it; you will probably never return to

the same spot:

Use the appropriate convention

•Boundary certain

•Boundary uncertain

•Boundary conjectural

All field sheets should have a lithostratigraphic key and all structural symbols used should be explained The lithostratigraphic key should contain information about lithotype (i.e not just a list of formation names)

Make sure you write your name on the reverse of each field sheet The

lithostratigraphic key can be

on the reverse

A diagram to show how the field sheets fit together is very helpful

Do not keep more than one copy of

each field slip A field slip is a

working document which should be

inked up each night ready for use in the field the next day

SPOT THE DIFFERENCE?

We check to see that

you have mapped

independently by

assigning markers to

mapping pairs

These two maps

Examples of good practice

Examples of good practice

This coastal map makes good use of free space to illustrate the style of some of the structures ‘a picture is worth a 1000 words’

Examples of good practice

What are the good features of this map?

Good features:

•Neatness (Use of capitals for clarity, all text written horizontally)

•Annotation of all exposure by lithological type (though more detail would be better)

•Annotation of map everywhere ( showing ground has been covered)

•Mapping of features to help intepretation (of line of fault across top of map)

And how could this map be improved?

Many good features but:

•Need to annotate ALL exposures to indicate lithology (ies) seen (avoid bubbles and numbers)

•Need more information describing what can be seen to provide evidence for

interpretations (see e.g comment on map ‘Formation thrust forward from further south’)

ENJOY YOUR MAPPING

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