Game Programming All In One (2002)

Although hebegan his programming career at age 15 as a database programmer in Visual Basic, he never lost his passion for game development.. 297 Chapter 10 Designing Your Game Library: M

TE AM

Team-Fly®

Game Programming

All in One

Bruno Miguel Teixeira de Sousa

© 2002 by Premier Press All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted

in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system without written permission from Premier Press, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review.

Premier Press, Inc is a registered trademark of Premier Press, Inc.

Publisher:Stacy L Hiquet

Marketing Manager: Heather Buzzingham

Managing Editor:Sandy Doell

Acquisitions Editor:Mitzi Foster

Series Editor: André LaMothe

Project Editor:Heather Talbot

Technical Reviewer:André LaMothe

Copy Editor: Jenny Davidson

Interior Layout:Marian Hartsough

Cover Design:Mike Tanamachi

CD-ROM Producer:Keith Davenport

Indexer: Kelly Talbot

Proofreaders:Anne Owen, Fran Blauw, Linda Seifert

Microsoft, DirectX, DirectSound, and DirectInput are registered trademarks of Microsoft

Corporation.

Jasc and Paint Shop Pro are trademarks or registered trademarks of Jasc Software, Inc.

All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

Important: Premier Press cannot provide software support Please contact the appropriate software

manufacturer’s technical support line or Web site for assistance.

Premier Press and the author have attempted throughout this book to distinguish proprietary marks from descriptive terms by following the capitalization style used by the manufacturer.

trade-Information contained in this book has been obtained by Premier Press from sources believed to be reliable However, because of the possibility of human or mechanical error by our sources, Premier Press, or others, the Publisher does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information and is not responsible for any errors or omissions or the results obtained from use of such information Readers should be particularly aware of the fact that the Internet is an ever-chang- ing entity Some facts may have changed since this book went to press.

ISBN: 1-931841-23-3

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2001096486

Printed in the United States of America

02 03 04 05 06 RI 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

De todas as coisas que quero,

és a única coisa que eu preciso.

Para ti, Ana.

Now is the time I should go up to the stage, get the Oscar, and recite a length script of all the people that helped make this book However, thethank you would probably be as big as this book, so to prevent from forgetting any-one, I would like to thank everyone that directly or indirectly made this book possi-ble

book-On the technical side, I would like to thank the people at Premier Press for giving

me the opportunity to write this book I would also like to thank my editors, EmiSmith, Mitzi Foster, Heather Talbot, and Jenny Davidson for all their patience andall they had to put up with (Yes, the usual delays and the incessant questions.)Please remember that what you are reading is not a book that I wrote myself, butone that comprises the work of many talented people who are usually forgotten

I would also like to thank André LaMothe for reviewing the book

On the personal side, I would like to thank my mom and dad for their support andlove during my life, and of course, for paying those enormous Internet bills when Iwas still learning game programming

I would also like to thank all of my friends and relatives for their support not onlywith the book, but also with my life I would like to send a special thanks to Dianafor always being there for me whenever I needed her

Last, and probably most important, I would like to thank Ana for her love, support,patience, and just about everything I love you from the bottom of my heart

About the Author

B RUNO M IGUEL T EIXEIRA DE S OUSAbegan programming at age 11 Although hebegan his programming career at age 15 as a database programmer in Visual Basic,

he never lost his passion for game development Two years later, he began a time career performing general game programming for a UK-based company Hehas been using C++ for more than 4 years and remains an avid game hobbyist

full-R ONALD P ENTONwrote Chapter 17 Ron started programming on his Tandy 1000TLway back in 1989, when he became interested in making games, rather than justplaying them Ever since then, he has been on a never-ending quest to learn moreabout computers and become more efficient at programming them He startedschool at the Rochester Institute of Technology in 1998, and is currently finishinghis bachelor’s degree in computer science at The University of Buffalo

Contents at a Glance

Introduction xxxvi

Part One C++ Programming 1

Chapter 1 Introduction to C++ Programming 3

Chapter 2 Variables and Operators 25

Chapter 3 Functions and Program Flow 51

Chapter 4 Multiple Files and the Preprocessor 95

Chapter 5 Arrays, Pointers, and Strings 107

Chapter 6 Classes 153

Chapter 7 Developing Monster 197

Chapter 8 Streams 245

Chapter 9 Basic Software Architecture 279

Part Two Windows Programming 297

Chapter 10 Designing Your Game Library: Mirus 299

Chapter 11 Beginning Windows Programming 317

Chapter 12 Introduction to DirectX 357

Chapter 13 DirectX Graphics 369

Chapter 14 DirectInput 521

Part Three

Hardcore Game Programming 595

Chapter 16 Introduction to Game Design 597

Chapter 17 Data Structures and Algorithms 609

Chapter 18 The Mathematical Side of Games 661

Chapter 19 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 697

Chapter 20 Introduction to Physics Modeling 723

Chapter 21 Building Breaking Through 791

Chapter 22 Publishing Your Game 851

Part Four Appendixes 863

Appendix A What’s on the CD-ROM 865

Appendix B Debugging Using Microsoft Visual C++ 870

Appendix C Binary, Hexadecimal, and Decimal System 874

Appendix D A C Primer 877

Appendix E Answers to the Exercises 885

Appendix F C++ Keywords 893

Appendix G Useful Tables 895

Appendix H More Resources 902

Index 907

ix

Contents at a Glance

Letter from the Series Editor xxxiv

Introduction xxxvi

Part One C++ Programming 1

Chapter 1 Introduction to C++ Programming 3

Why Use C++? 4

Setting Up Visual C++ 5

Creating a Workspace 5

Creating Projects 6

Creating and Adding Files 8

Your First Program: “Hello all you happy people” 9

Structure of a C++ Program 12

Program Design Language 12

Program Source and Compiling 14

Objects and Linking 14

Executable 15

Commenting 16

Catching Errors 17

Warnings 20

Summary 21

Questions and Answers 21

Exercises 23

Team-Fly®

Chapter 2

Variables and Operators 25

Variables and Memory 26

What Type of Variables Are There? 27

Using Variables in Your Programs 30

Declaring a Variable 30

Using Variables 31

Initializing Variables 32

Variable Modifiers 33

Const 33

Register 35

Variable Naming 36

Redefining Types 36

What Is an Operator? 37

Assignment Operator 37

Mathematical Operators 37

Unary Operators 38

Binary Operators 39

Compound Assignment Operators 41

Bitwise Shift Operators 41

Relational Operators 42

Conditional Operator 43

Logical Operators 44

Operator Precedence 45

Summary 47

Questions and Answers 48

Exercises 48

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Contents

Chapter 3

Functions and Program Flow 51

Functions:What Are They and What Are They Used For? 52

Creating and Using Functions 54

Declaring the Prototype 55

Return Type 55

Name 55

Parameters 56

Function Body 56

Default Parameters 58

Variable Scope 60

Locals 61

Global 61

Static 62

Recursion 64

Things to Remember When Using Functions 66

Program Flow 66

Code Blocks and Statements 66

if, else if, else Statements 67

if 67

else 70

while, do while, and for Loops 70

while 70

do while 72

for 73

Breaking and Continuing 75

break 75

continue 76

Switching to switch 77

Randomizing 80

First Game: “Craps” 83

Objective 83

Rules 84

xii Contents

Design 84

Implementation 85

Summary 92

Questions and Answers 93

Exercises 93

Chapter 4 Multiple Files and the Preprocessor 95

Differences between Source and Header Files 96

Handling Multiple Files 97

What Is the Preprocessor? 99

Avoiding Multiple Includes 101

Using #pragma 101

Using #ifdef, #define, and #endif 102

Macros 104

Other Preprocessor Directives 104

Summary 106

Exercises 106

Chapter 5 Arrays, Pointers, and Strings 107

What Is an Array? 108

Declaring and Using an Array 109

Declaration 109

Using 109

Initializing an Array 112

Multi-Dimensional Arrays 112

Pointers to What? 116

Pointers and Variables 117

Declaring and Initializing 117

Using Pointers 117

xiii

Contents

Pointers and Arrays 119

Relation of Pointers to Arrays 119

Passing Arrays to Functions 120

Declaring and Allocating Memory to a Pointer 122

Allocating the Memory 123

Freeing the Memory 123

Pointer Operators 126

Manipulating Memory 129

memcpy 129

memset 130

Strings 131

Strings and Arrays 131

Using Strings 132

Strings and Arrays 132

String Allocation at Compilation 132

Input and Output 132

String Operations 133

strcpy 133

strncpy 134

strlen 135

strcat 136

strncat 138

strcmp 138

strncmp 140

strchr 140

strstr 142

atoi 143

atof 145

atol 145

sprintf 145

strftime 147

Summary 150

Questions and Answers 151

Exercises 151

xiv Contents

Chapter 6

Classes 153

What Is a Class? 154

New Types 155

Building Classes 155

Design 155

Definition 156

Implementation 157

Using Classes 158

Private, Protected, and Public Members 158

private 159

public 159

protected 159

What Kind of Access Is Right? 160

Constructors and the Destructor 161

Default Constructor 161

General Constructors 162

Copy Constructor and References 162

Destructor 163

Operator Overloading 164

Putting It All Together—The String Class 166

Basics of Inheritance and Polymorphism 172

Inheritance 172

Deriving from a Class 173

Virtual Methods 174

Polymorphism 178

Casting 180

Enumerations 182

Unions 183

Static Members 185

Useful Techniques Using Classes 186

A Singleton Class 186

An Object Factory 190

xv

Contents

Summary 195

Questions and Answers 195

Exercises 196

Chapter 7 Developing Monster 197

ConLib 198

Design 199

Implementation 202

Building Monster 215

Objective 215

Rules 215

Design 216

Game Description 216

Thinking in Classes 216

Implementation 221

Summary 244

Chapter 8 Streams 245

What Is a Stream? 246

Binary and Text Streams 246

Input and Output 247

istream 247

get 248

getline 249

ignore 250

Extraction Operator (>>) 251

ostream 251

put 251

flush 252

Insertion Operator (<<) 252

xvi Contents

File Streams 253

Opening and Closing Streams 253

open 254

close 255

is_open 256

Text 259

Binary 264

write 264

read 267

seekg 268

seekp 269

tellg 269

tellp 269

Modifying Monster to Save and Load Games 270

Summary 277

Questions and Answers 278

Exercises 278

Chapter 9 Basic Software Architecture 279

The Importance of Software Design 280

Design Approaches 281

Top Down 281

Bottom Up 282

Top Down Versus Bottom Up 282

Some Basic Techniques 283

Example 1: Assignment Instead of Equality Operator 283

Example 2: Statements Versus Blocks 284

Example 3: Macros Versus Inline Functions 284

Example 4: Private Versus Public, the First Case 285

Example 5: Private Versus Public, the Second Case 287

xvii

Contents

Modules and Multiple Files 288

Creating Modules with C++ 288

Why Make Something a Module? 288

Naming Conventions 289

Function Naming 289

Variable Names 290

Identification 290

Where Common Sense Beats Design 292

The Design Used in This Book 292

Summary 293

Questions and Answers 294

Exercises 295

Part Two Windows Programming 297

Chapter 10 Designing Your Game Library: Mirus 299

General Description 300

Mirus Components 301

Helper Component 301

Window Component 302

Graphics Component 302

mrScreen 303

mrRGBAImage 303

mrSurface 304

mrTexture 304

mrTemplateSet 304

mrAnimation 305

mrABO 305

Sound Component 306

mrSoundPlayer 306

mrCDPlayer 306

Input Component 307

mrKeyboard 307

mrMouse 307

mrJoystick 308

Building the Help Component 308

Declaring the Types 308

mrTimer 309

How to Create the Error File 315

How to Use Mirus 316

Summary 316

Questions and Answers 316

Chapter 11 Beginning Windows Programming 317

History of Windows 318

Introduction to Windows Programming 319

Windows 319

Multitasking 321

Windows Has Its Own API 322

Message Queues 322

Visual C++ and Windows Applications 322

Building the Windows Application 323

WinMain Versus Main 326

Creating the Window 328

The Window Class 328

Creating the Window 332

The Message Loop 334

The Message Handler 335

xix

Contents

Creating a Real-Time Message Loop 336

Making a Reusable Window Class 342

Using the Mirus Window Framework 350

Some Common Window Functions 351

SetPosition 351

GetPosition 352

SetSize 354

GetSize 354

Show 355

Summary 355

Questions and Answers 355

Exercises 356

Chapter 12 Introduction to DirectX 357

What Is DirectX? 358

Brief History of DirectX 359

Why Use DirectX? 360

DirectX Components 361

How Does DirectX Work? 362

Hardware Abstraction Layer 362

The Component Object Model 363

Virtual Tables 365

COM and DirectX 365

How to Use DirectX with Visual C++ 366

Summary 367

Questions and Answers 367

Exercises 368

xx Contents

Team-Fly®

Chapter 13

DirectX Graphics 369

Interfaces You Will Be Using 370

Using Direct3D:The Basics 372

Surfaces, Buffers, and Swap Chains 387

Surfaces 387

Buffers 388

Swap Chains 388

Rendering Surfaces 389

Vertices, Polygons, and Textures 397

Vertices and Polygons 397

Textures 398

Texture Coordinates 399

From the Third Dimension to the Second 401

Rendering in 2D 401

Windows Bitmaps 411

Bitmap Structure 411

Loading a Bitmap 413

Full Screen and Other Bit Modes 414

Color Theory and Color Keying 416

Color Theory 416

Color Keying 419

Targa Files 420

Structure of a Targa File 420

Loading a Targa File 421

Animation and Template Sets 422

Animation 422

Template Sets 423

Collision Detection 424

Bounding Volumes 424

Bounding Circles 425

Bounding Rectangles 426

xxi

Contents

2D Image Manipulation 428

Translation 428

Scaling 429

Rotation 430

2D Primitives Revealed 433

Lines 433

Rectangles and Other Polygons 437

Circles 438

Developing Mirus 438

mrScreen 439

mrRGBAImage 458

mrSurface 472

mrTexture 480

mrTemplateSet 488

mrAnimation 493

mrABO 501

Summary 519

Questions and Answers 519

Exercises 520

Chapter 14 DirectInput 521

Introduction to DirectInput 522

Unbuffered Data 523

Buffered Data 523

mrInputManager 524

mrKeyboard 527

mrMouse 541

mrJoystick 554

Summary 565

Questions and Answers 566

Exercises 566

xxii Contents

Chapter 15

DirectSound 567

Sound Theory 568 DirectSound Basics 569 mrSoundPlayer 571 mrSound 575 Media Control Interface 586 mrCDPlayer 587 Summary 593 Questions and Answers 593 Exercises 594

Part Three

Hardcore Game Programming 595

Chapter 16

Introduction to Game Design 597

What Is Game Design? 598 The Dreadful Design Document 599 Why the “It’s in My Head” Technique Isn’t Good 600 The Two Types of Designs 600

Mini Design 601Complete Design 601

A Fill In Design Document Template 602

General Overview 602Target System and Requirements 602Story 602Theme: Graphics and Sound 603Menus 603Playing a Game 603Characters and NPCs Description 603

xxiii

Contents

Artificial Intelligence Overview 603Conclusion 603

A Sample Game Design: Space Invaders 604

General Overview 604Target System and Requirements 604Story 605Theme: Graphics and Sound 605Menus 605Start New Game 605Continue Previously Saved Game 605See Table of High Scores 605Options 606Exit 606Playing a Game 606Characters and NPCs Description 606Normal Ships 607Bonus Ships 607Artificial Intelligence Overview 607Conclusion 607

Summary 607 Questions and Answers 608 Exercises 608

xxiv Contents

Deleting a Node from a List 620Doubly Linked Lists 621Modifying the Algorithms for Doubly Linked Lists 622Circular Lists 622Advantages of Lists 623Disadvantages of Lists 623

Trees 624 General Trees 625

Constructing a General Tree 629Traversing a General Tree 630General Tree Destructor 632Uses of General Trees 632

Binary Search Trees 633

A Primer on Binary Trees 633What Is a Binary Search Tree? 634Searching a Binary Search Tree 635Inserting into a Binary Search Tree 637Removing a Value from a Binary Search Tree 638Efficiency Considerations 646Uses of Binary Search Trees 647

Sorting Data 648 Bubble Sort 648

Swap Counter Optimization 649Declining Inner Iterations 650Combining the Optimizations 650

The Quick Sort 651

Another Optimization 653Source Listing 653Comparisons of the Sorts 655

Compression 656 RLE Compression 657

RLE Compression Code 658

xxv

Contents

Summary 659 Questions and Answers 659 Exercises 660

Matrices 678

Addition and Subtraction 681Scalar and Multiplication and Division 682Special Matrices 684Transpose 685Matrix Concatenation 686Vector Transformation 688

Probability 688

Sets 689Union 689Intersection 690

xxvi Contents

Functions 691

Integration and Differentiation 692Differentiation 693

Summary 694 Questions and Answers 694 Exercises 695

Deterministic Algorithms 707

Random Motion 707Tracking 709Patterns 710

Finite State Machines 713 Fuzzy Logic 715

Fuzzy Logic Basics 715Fuzzy Matrices 717

A Simple Method for Memory 719 Artificial Intelligence and Games 720 Summary 720 Questions and Answers 721 Exercises 721

xxvii

Contents

Chapter 20

Introduction to

Physics Modeling 723

Introduction to Physics 724 Building a Physics Engine 725

Why Make a Physics Engine? 725Designing the Engine 725mrEntity 726

Basic Physics Concepts 728

Mass 728Time 729Position 729Velocity 731Linear Velocity 731Angular Velocity 732Acceleration 732Linear Acceleration 733Angular Acceleration 733Center of Mass 734

Forces 735

Linear Force 736Torque 739The Resulted Force 740

Gravitational Interaction 741

Law of Universal Gravitation 742Gravity on Earth and Other Planets 743Simulating Projectiles 745

Friction 748

Friction Concept 748Decomposing Friction 749The Normal Force 749

Static Friction 751Kinetic Friction 752Friction on a Sloped Surface 752The Computer Method 753

Handling Collisions 755

Maintaining the Momentum 755Conservation of Momentum 755The Impulse Method 756

Simulating 761

Getting the Step 763

Particle Systems 770

Particle Systems 101 770Designing a Particle System 770Particle Systems’ Data Structures 770Making It Work 775Particle Demo 784

Summary 788 Questions and Answers 788 Exercises 789

Chapter 21

Building Breaking Through 791

Designing Breaking Through 792

General Overview 792Target System and Requirements 792Story 793Rules 793Theme: Graphics 794Menus 795Playing a Game 796

xxix

Contents

Code Design 798btBlock 798btPaddle 798btBall 798btGame 799BreakThroughWindow 799

Building Breaking Through 799

btBlock 800btPaddle 804btBall 809btGame 817BreakThroughWindow 848

Conclusion 850

Chapter 22 Publishing Your Game 851

Is Your Game Worth Publishing? 852 Whose Door to Knock On 853 Learn to Knock Correctly 854 Contracts 854

Non-disclosure Agreement 855The Actual Publishing Contract 856

Milestones 856

Bug Report 856Release Day 857

No Publisher, Now What? 857 Interviews 857

Niels Bauer: Niels Bauer Software Design 857André LaMothe: Xtreme Games LLC 859

Summary 861 References 861 Conclusion 862

xxx Contents

Team-Fly®

Jasc Paint Shop Pro 7 867Syntrillium Cool Edit 2000 868Caligari TrueSpace 5 868

Games 868

Gemdrop 868Smiley 869Smugglers 2 869

Modifying Variables During Runtime 872 Watching Variables 873

Appendix C

Binary, Hexadecimal,

and Decimal System 874

Binary 875 Hexadecimal 875 Decimal 876

xxxi

Contents

Appendix D

A C Primer 877

Standard Input and Output 878 File Input and Output 879 Structures: Say Bye-Bye to Classes 882 Dynamic Memory 882

Appendix E

Answers to the Exercises 885

Chapter 1 886 Chapter 2 886 Chapter 3 887 Chapter 4 887 Chapter 5 887 Chapter 6 888 Chapter 7 888 Chapter 8 888 Chapter 9 888 Chapter 10 889 Chapter 11 889 Chapter 12 889 Chapter 13 889 Chapter 14 889 Chapter 15 890 Chapter 16 890 Chapter 17 890 Chapter 18 891 Chapter 19 891 Chapter 20 891

Appendix H

More Resources 902

Game Development and Programming 903News, Reviews, and Download Sites 904Engines 904Independent Game Developers 904Industry 905Computer Humor 905Books 906

Index 907

xxxiii

Contents

xxxiv Letter from the Series Editor

Letter from the

Series Editor

Game programming has become serious business! With the introduction

of the Microsoft Xbox, Sony PlayStation II, Nintendo GameCube, andNintendo Game Boy Advance, we see that there is no slowing down of the gaming market in sight Moreover, programming games on the PC and on consoles is becoming more and more a unified approach The

Xbox is nothing more than a really, really, really, REALLY, fast PC!

Hence, as a newbie game programmer interested in learning either PC

or console game programming, a good place to start is the PC and move

on from there Game Programming All in One is an ambitious lead into

game programming

As the series editor, what I wanted was a book that started from groundzero and taught C++, Algorithms, Data Structures, Game Programming,and DirectX, culminating in something simple like an arcade or actiongame — that’s the theme of this book Granted it’s literally impossible tocover all those topics in fewer than 3,000–5,000 pages in complete fashion,

but we think that Game Programming All in One has definitely come close to

being an all-in-one guide that a complete beginner can pick up to learngame programming

So if you’re a beginner interested in becoming a game programmer, oryou just want to know what it’s about but don’t want to spend hundreds ofdollars on books covering all the specific game programming topics thenthis is a great book for you to start with Although having programmingexperience is a big plus, this book assumes you have none and teaches C++along with Windows programming before getting into the game program-ming material Once there, you’re not going to learn 3D graphics and how

to make Quake or HALO, but you will learn about the fundamental

processes and techniques to create a solid 2D game; from there it’s up toyou if you want to keep on learning and move to ISOmetric 3D games,

Multiplayer Games, or full 3D Games — the choice is yours, but with Game

Programming All in One you will have a solid foundation to start from.

Letter from the Series Editor

Additionally, the coding habits you will learn in this book are excellent

The author Bruno Sousa is one of the best coders I have seen; his code is

clean, functional, and very object-oriented, thus you will begin learning

good habits from day 1 rather than bad ones which can kill you when

creating games that easily near the 1 million line mark these days

So without further ado, get your compiler set up, open this book wide,

and take your time reading and exploring for I really do envy the journey

that you’re about to go on Learning game programming was probably

one of the most interesting and exciting times of my life, and I can only

expect you will have just as much fun or more — since when I learned I

was getting excited with 4 colors and 8 × 8 bitmaps!!!

Sincerely,

André LaMothe

Series Editor

CEO@xgames3d.com

Istill remember my first trip to the arcades I was four years old, and my fathertook me to a local fair where I played a racing game I instantly fell in love withgames I wanted to play them; I wanted to design them

At the age of eight I started programming my old ZX Spectrum with 64KB of ory and an old tape player, and I had fun like I never had before

mem-It wasn’t until the age of 13 that I seriously started programming games Readinganything I could get my hands on about programming, I managed to do some VGA (if you are young, you probably don’t know what VGA is) games in Pascal andevolved from there

When I first logged on to the Internet, in 1995, if I’m not mistaken, I found awhole new world Among other things, it housed a collection of sites about gameprogramming with enough information to last a lifetime I was amazed

Today, I do remote programming from Portugal (when will someone put some bucks

on the table and start a game company here?) and work on tools for programmers.I’ve also decided to go to college to pursue a Mathematics and Computer Sciencedegree at the Universidade do Minho here in Portugal I hope I can finish it.This book is a collection of my own experiments during these last years I hope itwill help you get started as a game programmer But don’t finish this book and stopthere; there are loads of other good books and sites you should read to continueyour career This book is just the tip of the iceberg

I’ve created an Internet site for this book where I include errata, updated source

code, and more information regarding this book You can visit it at http://gpaione kyuumu.com.

Also, don’t hesitate to e-mail me (bsousa@kyuumu.com) if you have any questions

about the book, the source code on the CD, or just general questions about gamedevelopment Of course, if you just finished your game and want someone to play

it, don’t forget to send me an e-mail so I can try it

Also, if you want a live chat, you can probably find me in GameDev’s IRC channel

(http://www.gamedev.net/) Just ask for Akura.

What You Are Going to Learn

This is an ambitious book; it covers all the elements to get you started in ing your own games, including:

develop-■ The basics of C++ programming

■ C++ techniques and practices

■ Windows programming

■ The DirectX 8.0 API

■ Game programming techniques

And a little more

How This Book Is Organized

This book is divided into four parts Each relies on the preceding part to explainthe concepts If you already know C++ programming, you can just skim through thefirst part and move to Parts 2 and 3, but if you are a beginner, I suggest you readthis book linearly, from start to finish

Part 1 covers C++ programming You will learn the basics and the most importantaspects of C++ programming, such as text input and output, file manipulation, andpointers You will also develop two simple text games

Part 2 explains Windows programming and DirectX It covers the basics to get yourWindows application running and covers in detail the three main components ofDirectX: DirectXGraphics, DirectSound, and DirectInput In this part, you will

build Mirus, the game library you will be using in this book

In Part 3, you will see many game programming related fields, such as ics, physics, and artificial intelligence You finish this part by building a breakouttype of game

mathemat-Part 4 contains the appendixes, where you can find information about using the

CD-ROM, the debugging application, the chapter exercises’ answers, and some erences you may want to check while you read the book

ref-Don’t forget to check out the CD; it contains loads of cool tools and all the sourcecode included in the book (which should save you a lot of time) You will need yourown copy of Microsoft Visual C++ to compile the source code from the CD-ROM

xxxvii

Introduction

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PART ONE

C++

Programming

1 Introduction to C++ Programming

2 Variables and Operators

3 Functions and Program Flow

4 Multiple Files and the Preprocessor

5 Arrays, Pointers, and Strings

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

to C++ Programming