tieng anh 11

UNIT 4 – VerbalsSKILL 57: Recognize the form of infinitives and infinitive phrases to the park ✘ to walk ✔ to walk to the park ✔ NOTES: ● Infinitives can have modifiers e.g.. UNIT 4 –

U NIT 4

UNIT 4 – Verbals

What is a Verbal?

sentence.

INFINITIV

E

PARTICIPL

E GERUND

There are three basic types of verbals

UNIT 4 – Verbals

SKILL 57: Recognize the form of

infinitives and infinitive phrases

to the park ✘

to walk ✔

to walk to the park ✔

NOTES:

● Infinitives can have modifiers (e.g prepositional phrases) to make infinitive phrases

● Infinitives can have continuous and perfect forms

● Sometimes the bare infinitive is used

● Do not confuse infinitives with prepositional phrases

UNIT 4 – Verbals

SKILL 58: Recognize the function and

use of infinitives and infinitive phrases

Subject To live in Buri Ram is my dream.

Object We needed to buy a new memory card.

Subject Complement Her role was to teach English.

Adjective I have a report to write by tomorrow.

Adverb Students must pass the exam to graduate.

NOTES:

● If an infinitive or infinitive phrase acts like a noun, it can be replaced by a pronoun

● If an infinitive or infinitive phrase acts like an adverb, it can be moved in the sentence

● When an infinitive acts like an adverb and starts a sentence, it must be followed by a comma

● Do not place an infinitive or infinitive phrase after a preposition

● Infinitives or infinitive phrases are often used to express purpose

UNIT 4 – Verbals

SKILL 59: Know the verbs that are often

followed by infinitives or infinitive phrases

WITHOUT ACTORS WITH ACTORS

agree, begin, continue, decide, fail, hesitate,

hope, intend, learn, neglect, offer, plan, prefer,

pretend, promise, refuse, remember, try

advise, allow, convince, remind, encourage, force, hire, teach, instruct, invite, permit, tell,

implore, incite, appoint, order

NOTES:

● The verbs ask, expect, (would) like, and want can be used with or without actors

● The information given above shows only a small selection of verbs that can take infinitives or

infinitive phrases

She refused telling me his name ✘

The teacher allowed the students to go early ✔

The teacher allowed the students going early ✘

UNIT 4 – Verbals

SKILL 60: Recognize the form of gerunds

and gerund phrases

working on the project ✔

darling ✘

starling ✘

PERFECT GERUND having + PAST PARTICIPLE

NOTES:

● Gerunds can have modifiers (e.g prepositional phrases) to make infinitive phrases

● Be careful, gerunds look the same as present participles

● Some words ending in –ing may not be gerunds, they may be nouns or proper nouns

● A gerund must have a verb as its base

UNIT 4 – Verbals

SKILL 61: Recognize the function and

use of gerunds and gerund phrases

Subject Swimming is good exercise.

Object of a verb He enjoys asking questions.

Subject Complement John’s problem is sleeping in class.

Object of a preposition I did a course about cooking.

NOTES:

● A gerund or gerund phrase always acts like a noun

● A gerund or gerund phrase can be replaced by the pronoun it

● A gerund or gerund phrase can follow a preposition

● Gerunds are often used in compound nouns (be careful of present participles)

UNIT 4 – Verbals

SKILL 62: Know the verbs that are often

followed by gerunds or gerund phrases

ORDINARY VERBS PHRASAL VERBS

admit, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider,

delay, deny, discuss, enjoy, finish, keep,

miss, practice, recall, recommend, regret,

stop, suggest, understand

approve of, count on, forget about, give up, insist on, keep on, put off, object to, (be) tired of, (be) accustomed to, (be) used to, (be) fond of

NOTES:

● The information given above shows only a small selection of verbs that can take infinitives or

infinitive phrases

They considered to work on the weekends ✘

She put off buying the new carpet ✔

She put off to buy the new carpet ✘

UNIT 4 – Verbals

SKILL 63: Recognize the form of

participles and participle phrases

Examples: crying, working, sleeping ✔ (present participles)

introduced, eaten, saved, dealt, seen ✔ (past participles)

darling ✘

Past Participle VERB + ed, en, d, t, or n

NOTES:

● Participles can have modifiers (e.g prepositional phrases) to make infinitive phrases

● Be careful, present participles (verb+ing) can look like gerunds or ordinary nouns

● Be careful of some words that end in –ed, -en, -d, -t, and –n because they may be simple

past forms of verbs

● A participle must have a verb as its base

UNIT 4 – Verbals

SKILL 64: Recognize the function and

use of participles and participle phrases

Adjective The polished car looked as good as new.

Adjective phrase Cutting the wood, he developed blisters.

Continuous tenses (Only Present Participles) John was sleeping in class again.

Perfect tenses (Only Past Participles) I have never eaten such delicious food.

Passive forms (Only Past Participles) He was taken by aliens

NOTES:

● A participle phrase consists of a participle plus modifiers

● Both present and past participles acting as adjectives are placed before nouns

● Participle phrases acting as adjectives should be placed as close as possible to the nouns or pronouns they describe

● A participle phrases needs commas when it: a) comes at the beginning of a sentence, b) interrupts a sentence as a

nonessential modifier, or c) comes at the end of a sentence and is separated from the noun or pronoun it describes

● Do not confuse present participles with gerunds or nouns ending in -ing

● Do not confuse past participles with simple past tenses of verbs

UNIT 4 – Verbals

SKILL 65: Know which type of verbal to

use

VERBS WHICH TAKE GERUNDS OR

INFINITIVES AS OBJECTS WITH NO

CHANGE IN THE MEANING

VERBS WHICH TAKE GERUNDS OR

INFINITIVES AS OBJECTS WITH A CHANGE IN THE MEANING

attempt, begin, continue, hate, like,

NOTES:

● When the verbal is used as the object of a verb, always check the verb to see what type of verbal it can take

● The verbs connected to senses often are used with indirect objects and bare infinitives (when used with infinitives)

● When choosing a verbal, consider if you are thinking about a singular action or a continuous action

Examples:

They like to go to the park ✔

They like going to the park ✔

She forgets to take out the rubbish ✔ [she always forgets to do it]

She forgets taking out the rubbish ✔ [she did it, but she forgot]

T h a n k

y o u

Colin S MacDonald graduated with Bachelor of Science and Master of Science

engineering degrees in 1990 He worked on many engineering projects including

the launch of the Nokia 2110 mobile phone, GE Com Broadcasting Satellites,

and bid-up.tv (an interactive satellite TV channel and web site) Over the last

eight years, Colin has been developing and teaching English language, Business

and IT courses in Europe and South East Asia Colin now lives in Bangkok and