medical english

Therefore drugs that increase the action of liver enzymes that metabolize acetaminophen [for example, carbamazepine Tegretol, isoniazid INH, Nydrazid, Laniazid, rifampin Rifamate, Rifadi

COMMON COLD

1 What is the common cold, and what causes it?

The common cold, also known as a viral upper respiratory tract infection, is a

contagious illness that can be caused by a number of different types of viruses

Because of the great number of viruses that can cause a cold and because new

cold viruses develop, the body never builds up resistance against all of them For

this reason, colds are a frequent and recurring problem In fact, on average, and adolescents and adults, seven colds p

er year

* Vocabulary :

- Respiratory tract : Đường hô hấp

- Infection [in'fek∫n] (n) Sự lây nhiễm, sự nhiễm trùng

- Contagious [kən'teidʒəs] (adj) dễ lây qua tiếp xúc; hay lây; truyền nhiễm

- Resistance [ri'zistəns] (n) sự chịu đựng; sức đề kháng

2 What are the symptoms of the common cold?

Symptoms of a common cold include nasal stuffiness and drainage , sore throat , hoarseness, cough, and perhaps a fever and headache Many people with a cold

feel tired and achy These symptoms typically last from three to 10 days

* Vocabulary :

- Symptom (n) ['simptəm] triệu chứng (của một căn bệnh)

- Nasal (adj) ['neizəl] ( thuộc) mũi

- Stuffiness (n) ['stʌfinis] sự nghẹt mũi, sự tắc mũi

- Hoarseness (n) ['hɔ:snis] tình trạng khản giọng, giọng khàn khàn

3 Treatment:

Several treatments that can ease the symptoms associated with a

common cold also exist Decongestants, such as pseudoephedrine (Sudafed and

others), and nasal sprays (Afrin and others) can help reduce symptoms People

with heart disease, poorly controlled high blood pressure, or other illness should

contact their physician or other health-care practitioner prior to using these

medications Additionally, over-the-counter nasal sprays should not be used for

more than three days because the nose can become dependent on them and a worse stuffy nose will result when they are discontinued

Antihistamines (Benadryl and others) may help reduce nasal drainage Only those antihistamines that can also cause drowsiness seem to work Again, the

constipation) should contact their health-care practitioner before using these medications

Acetaminophen (Tylenol and others) or ibuprofen (Advil and others) can help with the muscle aches Cough can be controlled with cough syrups containing dextromethorphan Finally, drink lots of fluids, use throat lozenges for sore throat, and stay in a moist environment (for example, running a humidifier at night may help with the symptoms)

- Decongestant (n) Thuốc làm thông mũi

* Grammar and practice:

1 The great number of + N ( plural)

2 The relative clause:

3 The passive voice:

- Active voice: S + V + O

- Passive voice: O => S + BE + V-ed/ V + (by O <= S)

1 What is influenza?

Influenza, commonly called "the flu," is an illness caused by viruses that infect the respiratory tract Compared with most other viral respiratory infections, such as the common cold influenza (flu) infection often causes a more severe

illness with a mortality rate (death rate) of about 0.1% of people who are infected

with the virus

Haemophilus influenzae is a bacterium that was incorrectly considered to

cause the flu until the virus was demonstrated to be the correct cause in 1933 This bacterium can cause lung infections in infants and children, and it occasionally causes ear, eye, sinus, joint, and a few other infections, but not the flu

2.What are flu symptoms?

* Typical clinical features of influenza include

• - fever (usually 100° F to 103° F in adults and often even higher

in children)

- respiratory symptoms such as

- cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue, sometimes extreme

Although nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea can sometimes accompany influenza infection, especially in children, gastrointestinal symptoms are rarely prominent The term "stomach flu" is a misnomer that is sometimes used to

describe gastrointestinal illnesses caused by other microorganisms

Most people who get the flu recover completely in one to two weeks, but some people develop serious and potentially life-threatening medical

complications, such as pneumonia In an average year, influenza is associated with about 20,000 deaths nationwide and many more hospitalizations Flu-related complications can occur at any age; however, the elderly and people with chronic health problems are much more likely to develop serious complications after influenza infection than are younger, healthier people

- Pneumonia (n) Viêm phổi

CHICKENPOX

1 What is chickenpox? What causes chickenpox?

Chickenpox is a common childhood skin disease caused by a virus The virus is called the varicella-zoster virus.

Most people contract chickenpox by age 15, the majority between ages 5 and 9, but all ages can contract it Chickenpox is usually more severe in adults and very young infants than children Winter and spring are the most common times of the year for chickenpox to occur

2 What are the signs and symptoms of chickenpox?

Symptoms tend to appear 14 to 16 days after the initial exposure but can occur any

time from 10 days up to 21 days after contact with the virus Chickenpox is

characterized by one to two days of mild fever, general weakness, and a rash, often the first sign of the disease Rarely, a person may have the disease without the rash The rash of chickenpox develops in crops with raised red spots arriving first, progressing to blisters that burst, creating open sores, before crusting over This process usually starts on the scalp, then the trunk (its area of greatest

concentration), and finally the arms and legs Any area of skin that is irritated (by

diaper rash, poison ivy, eczema, sunburn, etc.) is likely to be hard hit by the rash The rash is typically very itchy (pruritic

GENERIC NAME: acetaminophen

BRAND NAME: Tylenol and others

DRUG CLASS AND MECHANISM: Acetaminophen belongs to a class of drugs

called analgesics (pain relievers) and antipyretics (fever reducers) The exact mechanism of action of acetaminophen is not known Acetaminophen relieves pain

by elevating the pain threshold, that is, by requiring a greater amount of pain to develop before a person feels it It reduces fever through its action on the heat-regulating center of the brain Specifically, it tells the center to lower the body's temperature when the temperature is elevated The FDA approved acetaminophen

in 1951

PRESCRIPTION: No

GENERIC AVAILABLE: Yes

PREPARATIONS: Liquid suspension, chewable tablets, coated caplets, gelcaps,

geltabs, and suppositories Common dosages are 325, 500 and 650 mg

STORAGE: Store tablets and solutions at room temperature 15°-30°C (59°-86°F)

Suppositories should be refrigerated below 27°C (80°F)

PRESCRIBED FOR: Acetaminophen is used for the relief of fever as well as

aches and pains associated with many conditions Acetaminophen relieves pain in mild arthritis but has no effect on the underlying inflammation, redness, and

swelling of the joint If the pain is not due to inflammation, acetaminophen is as effective as aspirin It is as effective as the non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug ibuprofen (Motrin) in relieving the pain of osteoarthritis of the knee Unless

directed by physician, acetaminophen should not be used for longer than 10 days

DOSING: The oral dose for adults is 325 to 650 mg every 4 to 6 hours The

maximum daily dose is 4 grams The oral dose for a child is based on the child's age, and the range is 40-650 mg every 4 hours

When administered as a suppository, the adult dose is 650 mg every 4 to 6 hours For children, the dose is 80-325 mg every 4 to 6 hours depending on age

DRUG INTERACTIONS: Acetaminophen is metabolized (eliminated by

conversion to other chemicals) by the liver Therefore drugs that increase the action

of liver enzymes that metabolize acetaminophen [for example, carbamazepine

(Tegretol), isoniazid (INH, Nydrazid, Laniazid), rifampin (Rifamate, Rifadin, Rimactane)] reduce the levels of acetaminophen and may decrease the action of acetaminophen Doses of acetaminophen greater than the recommended doses are toxic to the liver and may result in severe liver damage The potential for

acetaminophen to harm the liver is increased when it is combined with alcohol or drugs that also harm the liver

Cholestyramine (Questran) reduces the effect of acetaminophen by decreasing its absorption into the body from the intestine Therefore, acetaminophen should be administered 3 to 4 hours after cholestyramine or one hour before cholestyramine Acetaminophen doses greater than 2275 mg per day may increase the blood

thinning effect of warfarin (Coumadin) by an unknown mechanism Therefore, prolonged administration or large doses of acetaminophen should be avoided during warfarin therapy

PREGNANCY: Acetaminophen is used in all stages of pregnancy and is the drug

of choice for short-term treatment of fever and minor pain during pregnancy

NURSING MOTHERS: Acetaminophen is excreted in breast milk in small

quantities However, acetaminophen use by the nursing mother appears to be safe

SIDE EFFECTS: When used appropriately, side effects with acetaminophen are

rare The most serious side effect is liver damage due to large doses, chronic use or concomitant use with alcohol or other drugs that also damage the liver Chronic alcohol use may also increase the risk of stomach bleeding

USES: This drug is used to relieve mild to moderate pain and to reduce fever.

HOW TO USE: Take this medication as directed Do not take more acetaminophen than recommended (see Side

Effects section) Do not use for more than 10 days without consulting your doctor This medication is not to be given to children under 3 years of age without your doctor's approval.

SIDE EFFECTS: When taken as directed, most people experience little or no side effects with this medication

Tell your doctor immediately if any of these highly unlikely but very serious side effects occur: easy bruising or bleeding, persistent sore throat or other signs of infection If you do not have liver problems, the adult maximum dose of acetaminophen is 4 grams per day (4000 milligrams) If you take more than the maximum daily amount, it may cause serious (possibly fatal) liver disease Tell your doctor immediately if you have any of the following symptoms of liver damage: severe nausea, yellowing eyes or skin, dark urine, stomach pain, extreme fatigue A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is unlikely, but seek immediate medical attention if it occurs Symptoms

of a serious allergic reaction may include: rash , itching, swelling, severe dizziness, trouble breathing If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.

PRECAUTIONS: Before taking acetaminophen, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you

have any other allergies Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: liver disease, alcohol dependency, any allergies Acetaminophen may cause liver damage Daily use of alcohol, especially when combined with acetaminophen, may increase your risk for liver damage Check with your doctor or pharmacist for more information Acetaminophen is often used instead of aspirin They are equally effective in relieving pain; however, acetaminophen does not reduce swelling and inflammation like aspirin does There are many brands and forms of acetaminophen on the market Read the dosing instructions carefully

as the amount of acetaminophen may vary among products Acetaminophen appears to be safe for use during

pregnancy Use only if clearly needed Acetaminophen is found in breast milk, but side effects in nursing infants have not been reported Consult you doctor if you are breast-feeding.

What does chickenpox look like?

Most of the treatments for chickenpox are aimed at decreasing the

symptoms, such as severe itching Acetaminophen (Tylenol) can be used to

decrease the fevers and aches often associated with the initial presentation of the

viral infection Children should never be given aspirin or aspirin-containing cold medications because of the risks for developing Reye's syndrome (a severe

acquired metabolic disease associated with liver and brain dysfunction and death)

Frequent oatmeal baths (Aveeno, etc.) can decrease the itching associated

with chickenpox In addition, soothing lotions and moisturizers such as calamine lotion or any other similar over-the-counte r preparation can be applied to the rash.

Benadryl or other antihistamines can be helpful in controlling the itching

Though Benadryl is available over the counter, other antihistamines can also be used Always discuss these treatment options with your health-care practitioner

In addition to medications, there are also preventive measures that are needed For young children, it is important to keep nails trimmed in order to

minimize injury due to scratching and to control the risks for secondary bacterial infections

Lastly, in some cases of chickenpox, acyclovir can be prescribed Acyclovir is an

antiviral medication which has been used to shorten the duration of the infection This medication has only been shown to be affective if started within one to two days of onset of the rash associated with chickenpox Most commonly, this

treatment is reserved for patients with other diagnoses which put them at risk for severe disease (severe skin diseases, immunodeficiency)

GENERIC NAME: ASPIRIN CHEWABLE - ORAL (ASP-er-in) BRAND NAME(S): Children's Aspirin, St Joseph's Aspirin Children

Warning | Medication Uses | How To Use | Side Effects | Precautions | Drug Interactions | Overdose | Notes | Missed Dose |

Storage

WARNING: Children and teenagers should not use aspirin, aspirin- containing or aspirin-related medications for

flu symptoms or chickenpox without first consulting a doctor A rare but serious illness known as Reye's syndrome

may occur.

USES: Aspirin is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, reduce fever, and to reduce the pain and swelling in

conditions such as arthritis In low doses, it is used as a "blood thinner" to prevent blood clots, and to reduce the

risk of strokes and heart attacks.

HOW TO USE: Chew thoroughly before swallowing Use only as directed May take with food or after meals to

prevent stomach upset You should take this drug with a full glass (8 oz or 240 ml) of water to help swallow the medication unless your doctor directs you otherwise Do not lie down for at least 30 minutes after taking this.

SIDE EFFECTS: Stomach upset is the most common side effect If this effect persists or worsens, notify your

doctor promptly Unlikely but report promptly: heartburn, loss of appetite, dizziness, difficulty hearing, ringing in the ears, easy bruising or bleeding, black/bloody stools Very unlikely but report: yellowing eyes/skin, dark urine In the unlikely event you have a serious allergic reaction to this drug, seek immediate medical attention Symptoms

of a serious allergic reaction include: rash , itching, swelling, severe dizziness, breathing trouble If you notice other

effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.

PRECAUTIONS: Take aspirin only on the advice of a doctor if you have certain medical conditions including: any

rare but serious illness This medicine may cause stomach bleeding Daily use of alcohol, especially when combined with this medicine, may increase your risk for stomach bleeding Check with your doctor or pharmacist for more information If you have had oral surgery or your tonsils removed in the last seven days, do not use chewable aspirin tablets, effervescent aspirin or aspirin in crushed tablets or gargles Aspirin that has a strong vinegar-like odor is too old and should not be used Aspirin is not recommended for use during pregnancy Consult your doctor before taking aspirin Aspirin is excreted into breast milk Though to date there have been no

reports of harm to nursing infants, consult your doctor before breast-feeding

DRUG INTERACTIONS: Tell your doctor of all prescription and nonprescription drugs you may use, especially:

"blood thinners" (e.g., warfarin, heparin), acetazolamide, corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone), medication for gout or diabetes, methotrexate, NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen) Consult your doctor before using aspirin If you have diabetes, regular use of eight or more regular strength aspirin tablets a day may affect test results for urine sugar Aspirin/NSAIDs are ingredients found in many over-the-counter products To prevent an overdose of these drugs, read the labels carefully before taking other pain relievers or cold products to be sure they do not contain aspirin/NSAIDs Consult your pharmacist if you are uncertain your over-the-counter products contain aspirin/NSAIDs Do not start or stop any medicine without doctor or pharmacist approval.

OVERDOSE: If overdose is suspected, contact your local poison control center or emergency room immediately

US residents can call the US national poison hotline at 1-800-222-1222 Canadian residents should call their local poison control center directly Symptoms of overdose may include vomiting, stomach pain, fast breathing,

dizziness, ringing in the ears, headache , confusion, and sweating.

NOTES: There are many different types of aspirin products available Some have special coatings or contain

buffers to prevent stomach irritation and some are long acting Read labels carefully Ask your doctor or

pharmacist for recommendations on the best product for you.

MISSED DOSE: If you miss a dose, take it as soon as remembered; do not take if it is almost time for the next

dose, instead, skip the missed dose and resume your usual dosing schedule Do not "double-up" the dose to

catch up.

STORAGE: Store at room temperature between 59 and 86 degrees F (between 15 and 30 degrees C) away from

moisture and sunlight Do not store in the bathroom

°C = (°F - 32) * 5 / 9

* °F = (°C * 1.8) + 32

* K = °C + 273.15

* °C = K - 273.15

TYLENOL

* Warnings:

- Alcohol warning: if you consume 3 or more alcohol drinks

everyday, please ask your doctor whether you should take

acetaminophen or other oain relievers/ fever reducers Acetaminophen can cause liver damage.

- Do not use: with any other product containing

acetaminophen.

- Stop use and ask a doctor if:

+ Redness or swelling is present + Pain gets worse or lasts for more than 10 days.

- If pregnant or breast-feeding: ask a health professional before

use.

- Keep out of reach of children.

1.List some uses of “Tylenol”

2 What can Acetaminophen damage in our body?

3.What should we do when some new symptoms happen to our body?

4 List some new strange symptoms can occur when taking Tylenol

( contains Acetaminophen)

• Overdose warning:Taking more than the recommneded dose

( overdose) may cause liver damage In case of overdose, get medical help right away Quick medical attention is critical for aldults as well

as for children even if you do not notice nay signs or symptoms

• Direction:

1.Adults and children 12 years and over:

- Take 2 caplets every 4 to 6 hours as needed

- Do not take more than 8 caplets in 24 hours

- Do not use for more than 10 days unless directed by a doctor

2 Children under 12 years:

- Do not use this adult product in children under 12 years of age; this will provide more than the recommended dose ( overdose) of

Tylenol and many cause liver damage

* Storage: between 20-25 oC

Ask and answer: