Ngữ pháp

INVERTED SUBJECT-VERB WORD ORDER WITH SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS AND IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES The standard word order of the principal parts of English sentences is: SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT and

Phần Ngữ pháp phải nắm vững và biết sử dụng 5 phần cơ bản sau :

1 Động từ : (Verbs)

- Các thì trong tiếng Anh ( The English Tenses)

- Câu bị động ( The Passive Voice)

2 Câu điều kiện (Conditional Sentences)

- Điều kiện có thực (Real conditions)

- Điều kiện không có thực (giả thiết) (Unreal

conditions)

3 Động từ chỉ tình thái (Modal Verbs)

- Can/Could

- May/Might

- Must/Have to

- Should/Would

4 Các dạng không chia của động từ ( The

Non-Finites )

- Động từ nguyên thể ( The Infinitive )

- Danh động từ ( The Gerund )

5 Cách nói trực tiếp - gián tiếp (Direct and

Indirect/Reported Speech)

III READING COMPREHENSION

1 Phần trắc nghiệm Chọn từ điền vào chỗ trống –

2 Bài đọc hiểu với các dạng thức bài tập khác nhau

3 Đọc, chọn từ điền vào chỗ trống (Gap- Filling)

IV WRITING

1 Dựng câu có hướng dẫn (Guided Sentence Building)

2 Viết lại câu (Re-writing/Sentence Transformaton)

V TRANSLATION

Dịch Anh Việt – (English Vietnamese Translation) – Dịch Việt Anh – (Vietnamese English Translation) –

IV §¶o ng÷ … (INVERTED SUBJECT-VERB WORD ORDER WITH SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS AND IN

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES) The standard word order of the principal parts

of English sentences is:

SUBJECT + VERB (+ OBJECT and/or +

COMPLEMENT)

The subject comes before the verb The verb

comes before its objects and/or before the

complement of the sentence

- Lan is eating

S V

- Lan is happy

S V Comp

- Lan is eating chocolate

S V dO

However, this standard word order is not followed in all English sentences In certain situations, inverted subject-verb word order is used That is, the subject of a sentence

is placed after the first helping verb or after BE If there is

no verb BE or if there is no helping verb, the helping verb

DO is added as the first verb in the sentence This inverted subject-verb word order is most common in direct

questions, but it is also common in other situations.

1 After special expressions of location:

- On the beach were five beach umbrellas.

Expr of loc V S

- Nowhere did he see her.

Expr of loc first V S

- First came a police car, then came an ambulance

- He saw her nowhere.

2 After special negatives (NO, NOT, and NEVER)

and almost negative (HARDLY, RARELY,

SCARCELY, NOT ONLY, NOT UNTIL, NOT ONCE, AT

NO TIME, BY NO MEANS, BARELY, SELDOM, NO

SOONER,etc.) expressions.

- Never had I seen such a beautiful sight.

Negative first V S

3 After ONLY, and/or expressions beginning with ONLY (ONLY IN (ON, AT, BY, etc ), ONLY ONCE, ONLY RECENTLY, ONLY IF, ONLY UNTIL, ONLY

WHEN, ONLY AFTER , etc …

- Only after he saw her did he understand

everything

Almost Negative first V S

- Only by asking questions, can you learn

NOTE : When the negative or almost negative

expression is part of a subordinate clause, the subject and verb of the subordinate clause are not inverted The subject and the verb of the main clause are inverted

4 After the special expressions SO and NEITHER :

- So happy was she that she danced around

the room

- I liked coffee, and so did Nam

V S

5 In conditional sentences that do not begin

with IF :

- With IF : - If he had met you, he would have

talked to you

S V

- Without IF : - Had he met you, he would

have talked to you

first V S

VI CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

1 We can use IF with many different structures

Here are the most common:

1.1 Open present or future conditionals :

IF + present simple + will + infinitive

- If he asks me, I’ll help him ( Perhaps he will ask me)

1.2 Unreal present or future conditionals:

IF + past simple + would + infinitive

- If he asked me I would help him ( But he won’t ask me, or he probably won’t )

1.3 Unreal past conditionals

IF + past perfect + would have + past participle

- If he had asked me I would have helped him ( But he didn’t ask me )

1.4 General conditionals:

IF + present simple + present simple

- If he asks me, I always help him ( = Whenever

he asks me … )

- If we heat metal, it expands

2 An IF-clause can go at the beginning or end

of a sentence

- If it rains, we’ll stay at home

- We’ll stay at home if it rains

We often write a comma ( , ) after the IF-

clause when we begin with this clause

3.We can use conditional clauses without IF :

- Unless we hurry, we’ll be late

- Suppose you won a lot of money, what would you do ?

- I’ll go to the party as/so long as,

provided/providing (that) you go too

- Should we have enough time, we’ll visit Sapa

THE PASSIVE VOICE

VERB

SUBJECT TO BE + PAST PAR by + AGENT

The Passive is formed by BE + ED (past participle).

In a passive sentence the object of an active verb

becomes the subject of the passive sentence.

Active : - Columbus discovered America.

Passive : - America was discovered by Columbus.

N.B Only transitive verbs (that is, verbs that take an object) are used in the passive.

+ The passive is used when it is more convenient or important

to stress the thing done than who performed it, or when the person who did the action is not known

1 The students will receive the results tomorrow.

2 The teacher has seen the student.

3 The postman had already delivered the letters.

4 Lighting hit many tall buildings.

5 The students are going to hold a meeting.

6 Nam is writing the report.

7 They will discuss the matter at their next meeting.

8 The police caught the thief.