The usage: Cách sử dụng - To denote happening actions at the time of speaking.. - The omission of the verbs of awareness or sensation as - một số động từ không dùng cho thì hiện tại tiếp
Trang 1CHUYÊN ĐỀ III – GRAMMAR CHUYÊN ĐỀ NGỮ PHÁP
Chuyên đề này đề cập đến các mảng kiến thức cơ bản như: thì của động từ, hình thái nhấn mạnh của lời nói, danh động từ, động từ nguyên thể, câu bị động, câu gián tiếp, … Chuyên đề này sẽ giúp cho người đọc hệ thống hóa các mảng kiến thức có liên quan, luyện tập các dạng bài tập có liên quan được sử dụng trong các đề thi THPT Quốc Gia Hoàn thành các bài tập thực hành của chuyên đề này, người học sẽ làm chủ các kiến thức ngữ pháp, tự tin trong việc xác định yêu cầu và giải các bài tập thuộc mảng kiến thức có liên quan
BÀI 1 TENSES OF VERBS - THÌ CỦA ĐỘNG TỪ
I The present tenses: Các thì hiện tại
1 The simple present tense: Thì hiện tại thường
1.1 The form: Công thức cấu tạo
( + ) S - V ( - ) S - don’t/
doesn’t - V ( ? ) Do/ Does - S - V?
1.2 The usage: Trường hợp sử dụng
- To denote actions that happened repeatedly Diễn tả những hành động được lặp đi lặp lại,
thường đi với các trạng từ chỉ tần suất như: always, usually, often, sometimes, etc.
e.g She never comes late They walk to school every day
He does not often fishes on Sundays Do you usually get bad marks?
- To denote long lasting events Diễn tả hành động tồn tại lâu dài như một điều tất yếu
e.g We live in Concord street He works for a factory near his house
We go to the school in the morning.They watch stars at night
- To denote a true fact Diễn tả những sự thật hiển nhiên
e.g The earth moves around the Sun The Sun rises in the east
There seems to be more rain in summer than that in winter
Water evaporates
1.3 The recognition: Các dấu hiệu nhận biết của thì này là các trạng từ chỉ
thời gian
và tần suất như sau:
- now/ nowadays/ today/ this summer/…
- always/ usually/ often/ sometimes/ occasionally/…
- the proof of constant truth
1.4 Notes: Chú ý
- To denote a plan/ prediction/ timetables/… Thì Hiện tại thường còn dùng để diễn tả một kế hoạch, dự đoán,hay thời gian biểu như:
e.g A: When does the first train leave?
B: It leaves at 9.00 (The train does not actually leave at the time of speaking)
- The division of “be”, “have”, “can, may, must”,…
Trang 22 The present progressive tense: Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn
2.1 The form: Công thức cấu tạo
( + ) S - am/ are/ is - V-ING
( - ) S - am/ are/ is - not - V-ING
( ? ) Am/ Are/ Is - S - V-ING?
2.2 The usage: Cách sử dụng
- To denote happening actions at the time of speaking Diễn tả những hành động
đang diễn ra tại thời điểm nói, thường đi với các trạng từ: now, right now, at the moment, at this time, etc.
e.g She is teaching Maths now He is watching a football match at the moment
- To denote the interruption/ intention/ prediction/ plan/… Diễn tả những dự
kiến,
dự đoán, những sự việc sắp diễn ra
e.g She is coming soon (In fact, she has not come yet) Be quiet! The baby is sleeping
We are going to Hanoi tomorrow Be quicker! The train is leaving
2.3 The recognition: Dấu hiệu nhận biết của thì này căn cứ vào các trạng từ
sau:
- now/ right now/ at present/ at this time/ at this moment/…
e.g Right now, they are working in the factory
- follow a command, request,…
e.g Be quiet! I am trying to listen to some important news
2.4 Notes: Điểm cần lưu ý
- The ING-forms – Gấp đôi phụ âm cuối khi tạo present participles với các động
từ sau: getting, running, having, writing, dying, lying,…)
e.g She is running in the park now
- The omission of the verbs of awareness or sensation as - một số động từ không
dùng cho thì hiện tại tiếp diễn như: be/ see/ hear/ understand/ know/ like/ want/ glance/ feel/ think/ smell/ love/ hate/ realize/ seem/ remember/ forget/…(use the simple present instead - mà thay vào đó ta dùng thì hiện tại thường để diễn tả)
3 The present perfect tense: Thì hiện tại hoàn thành
3.1 The form: Công thức cấu tạo
( + ) S - have/ has - P.P
( - ) S - haven’t/
hasn’t - P.P ( ? ) Have/ Has - S - P.P?
3.2 The usage: Cách sử dụng
- To denote actions that happened in the past but having results, relating, or still happening at present
e.g We have lived here since 1990 They have learned English for
5 years
Trang 3- To denote actions that happened right before the time of speaking, using
“just”
e.g She has just come from New York They have just bought
a new house
- To denote unfulfilled actions with “yet”
e.g He hasn’t come yet Have you met him yet?
- To denote past actions; no certain time expression, using “already”
e.g We have already seen that film She has already been to Paris
3.3 The recognition:
- just = recently = lately - ever/ never (comments) e.g We haven’t gone to the theatre recently
- already/ yet/ since/ for/ so far/ until now/ up to now (present)
e.g He has written ten books so far
3.4 Notes:
- Past participles: (regular verbs adding “ed”./ irregular verbs “learn by heart”)
- The differences between the present perfect and the simple past tense.
4 The present perfect progressive tense: Thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn 4.1 The form: Công thức cấu tạo
( + ) S - have/ has - been
- V-ing ( - ) S - haven’t/ hasn’t - been - V-ing
( ? ) Have/ Has - S - been
- V-ing?
4.2 The usage: Cách sử dụng
- To denote actions that happened in the past but having results, relating, or still happening at present
e.g We have been living here since 1990
They have been learning English for 6 years now
4.3 The recognition: Dấu hiệu nhận biết since/ for/ with verbs as: live, work,
wait,…
e.g She has been waiting for 6 hours now
They have been playing since 3 o’clock
II The past tenses: các thì quá khứ
1 The simple past tense: Thì quá khứ đơn
1.1 The form: Công thức cấu tạo (p.V = the past form of verbs)
( +) S – p.V ( - ) S - didn’t - V ( ? ) Did S -V?
1.2 The usage: Cách sử dụng
- To denote a finished past action
e.g We went to the park together He gave her mother a ten-dollar note
He was the first to leave the room They had an appointment to meet at the station
Trang 4- To report past events, past habits, or long lasting action in the past
e.g She did all the work yesterday We used to sit next to
each other.
There used to be a tomb here
1.3 The recognition: Dấu hiệu nhận biết
- last week/ month/ year/…
e.g He had 5 bad marks last month They got married last year
- yesterday/ ago/ in 1969/ in the past/…
e.g Long long ago, there lived a couple by the sea
Man first discovered AIDS in 1981
1.4 Notes: Những điểm cần lưu ý
- The past form of the verbs: (regular “V-ED”/ irregular (2nd column in the irregular verbs list))
- “ED” pronunciation /id/; /t/; /d/
2 The past progressive tense: Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn
2.1 The form: Công thức cấu tạo
( + ) S - was/ were - V-ING
( - ) S - was/ were - not - V-ING
( ? ) Was/ Were - S - V-ING?
2.2 The usage: Cách sử dụng
- To denote past happening actions
e.g She was watching T.V at 8.00 last night
Ann was walking to school at 6.00 yesterday
Nga was fishing at 9.00 last Sunday
- To denote past interrupting actions
e.g She was watching T.V when I came While he was playing on the swing, it started to rain
2.3 The recognition: Dấu hiệu nhận biết
- at 8.00 last night/ at that time/ at that moment/…
e.g At 3.00 yesterday, the Jones were driving home He was sleeping at that time
- time clause with “when”, “while = as”.
e.g As I was walking home, a stranger stopped me to ask for help
When we arrived, they were fighting
2.4 Notes: Những điểm cần lưu ý actions that alternatively happened, use the
simple past only
e.g When I heard a knock at the door, I came to open it When I opened the
door, I saw my mum.)- This is a timed action
3 The past perfect tense: Thì quá khứ hoàn thành
3.1 The form: Công thức cấu tạo
( + ) S - had - P.P (P2) ( - ) S - had not (hadn’t)
- P.P (P2) ( ? ) Had - S - P.P (P2)?
Trang 53.2 The usage: Cách sử dụng
To denote past finished actions that happened and finished before a certain point
of time or another past event (the past of the past tense)
e.g: She had sold all the baskets before 9.00 yesterday
She had sold all the baskets when we came there yesterday.
3.3 The recognition: Dấu hiệu nhận biết
- when-clause/ after/ before/ already/ since/ for/…
e.g Before he left for home, he had turned all the lights off
After he had gone, she didn’t fall in love with any one
- The past perfect progressive “S + had been + V-ING”
4 The past perfect progressive tense: Thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn
4.1 The form: Công thức cấu tạo
( + ) S - had - been - V-ing ( - ) S - had not (hadn’t) - been - V-ing
( ? ) Had - S - been - V-ing?
4.2 The usage: Cách sử dụng
To denote past finished actions that happened and finished before a certain
point of time or another past event (the past of the past tense)
e.g: She had been waiting for us since 9.00 yesterday
She had been playing long when we came there yesterday.
4.3 The recognition: Dấu hiệu nhận biết
- when-clause/ after/ before/ already/ since/ for/…
e.g After he had been waiting for a while, he felt annoyed
She had been working since dawn
- The past perfect progressive “S - had been - V-ING”
III The future tenses: các thì tương lai
1 The simple future tense: thì tương lai thường
1.1 The form: Công thức cấu tạo
( + ) S - will/
shall - V ( - ) S + will/
shall - V ( ? ) Will/ Shall
-S - V?
- “shall” is restrictedly used only for I/We with the formal senses
- The negative forms “will not = won’t”, “shall not = shan’t”
1.2 The usage: Cách sử dụng
- To denote future actions
e.g They will build more hospitals We shall go to your party
He won’t win the match, I think
- To denote future plan/ idea/ timetable/…
e.g The car will start in-time We shall finish the course in June
1.3 The recognition: Dấu hiệu nhận biết
- someday, tomorrow,…/
e.g She will be rich someday Tomorrow, there will be a new schedule for us
- next week/ month/ year/
Trang 6e.g He won’t leave next month There will be no rain next week.
1.4 Notes: Điểm cần lưu ý “shan’t” is not used in conditional sentences./ “
shall” is used as a
suggestion/ invitation/…
e.g A: Shall we meet tonight?
B: Yes, let’s
C: I am going to the country this weekend, will you go with me?
D: Certainly, I will
2 The future progressive tense: thì tương lai tiếp diễn
2.1 The form: Công thức cấu tạo
( + ) S - will be - V-ING
( ) S won’t be -V-ING
( ? ) Will - S - be - V-ING?
2.2 The usage: Cách sử dụng
- To denote timetables/ intentions/ plans/… using “at”
e.g: She will be watching T.V at 8.00 tonight.
We will be staying at REX hotel at 5.00 next Sunday’s morning.
- To show the future happening actions with “when”
e.g She will be sitting at the gate when we come tomorrow.
When you come back, I will be waiting for you here
3 The future perfect tense: thì tương lai hoàn thành
3.1 The form: Công thức cấu tạo
( + ) S - will have - P.P (P2)
( ) S won’t have -P.P (P2)
( ? ) Will S + have -P.P?
3.2 The usage: Cách sử dụng
- To denote planned actions with “by”, “by the time”, “by then”
e.g: She will have finished the course by the next Friday/ by
then.
We will have finished our project by the end of June
- To show a future schedule-finished action
e.g: The bridge will have been used by the next Autumn.
A new school will have been built here next year
3.3 Other forms: Các hình thức diễn đạt tương lai khác
a The simple present tense: To denote a timetable, or a plan…Thì hiện tại
thường diễn tả kế hoạch,dự
e.g: A: When does he leave?
B: He leaves tonight (He doesn’t leave in fact)
A: When does the new school year start?
B: It starts early in September (It is due to start)
Trang 7b The present progressive: To denote an intention Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn có
cách
diễn đạt tương lai tương tự thì hiện tai thường, nhưng có tinha chắc chắn cao hơn
e.g: A: When are you leaving? B: I am leaving this afternoon.
c The “be + going to inf” form: To denote an intention or a near future
action, an arrangement
e.g: She is going to celebrate her 34th birthday They are going to get
married.
IV The sequences of tenses: Sự hòa hợp của các thì trong các mệnh đề.
1 Subordinate clauses: Mệnh đề phụ cơ bản
Simple present
tense
- simple present tense
- present perfect tense
- present progressive tense
- simple future tense
- “be going to V” form
- simple past tense (certain point of past time)
Simple past
tense
- simple past tense
- past progressive tense
- past perfect tense
- “would + V” form
- “be going to + V” past form
- simple present tense (showing the truth)
Present perfect
tense Simple present tense.
Past perfect
tense Simple past tense.
2 Adverbial clauses: Mệnh đề trạng ngữ
Main
Present
tenses Present tenses When/ whenever/ as/ while/ before/ after/ as soon as/…
Past tenses Past tenses When/ while/ as/ till/ until/ just as/ since/…
Future
tenses Present tenses No sooner than/ hardly…when/ as long as/….
BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
Exercise 1: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each
of the incomplete sentences below.
1 They _ for 3 hours when the storm suddenly broke
A had been running B have been running C are running D will be running
2 I _ come to the conclusion that nowadays nobody cares about anything
3 I assumed you _ paying for the repairs until the end of last year
Trang 8A have been B was been C are being D had been
4 _ get tired of answering the same questions every day?
A Have you ever B Had you ever C Do you ever D Are you ever
5 She _ working on that manuscript for 2 years now
A will be B has been C had been D is
6 I _ there once a long time ago and _ back since
A went/ have not been B go/ am not C have gone/ was D was going/ had not been
7 The students _ by Mrs Linda However, this week they _ by Mr Mike
A are usually taught/ are being taught B usually teach/ are teaching
C have usually been taught/ have been teaching D were usually teaching/ are teaching
8 In the past the trip _ very rough and often dangerous, but things _ a great deal in the last hundred and fifty years
A was/ have changed B is/ change C had been/ will change D has been/ changed
9 Now you _ from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours
A are flying B would fly C will fly D can fly
10 When Carol _ last night, I my favorite show on television
A was calling/ watched B called/ have watched C called/ was watching D had called/ watched
11 By this time next summer, you _ your studies
A completes B will complete C are completing D will have
completed
12 Right now, Jim _ the newspaper and Kathy _ dinner
A reads/ has cooked B is reading/ is cooking C has read/ was cooking D read/ will be cooking
13 Last night at this time, they the same thing She _ and he the newspaper
A are doing/ is cooking/ is reading B were doing/ was cooking/ was
reading
C was doing/ has cooked/ is reading D had done/ was cooking/read
14 When I _ home last night, I _ that Jane a beautiful
candlelight dinner
A had arrived/ discovered/ prepared B was arriving/ had discovered/ was preparing
C have arrived/ was discovering/ had prepared D arrived/ discovered/ was
preparing
15 Sam _ to change a light bulb when he _ and _
A was trying/ slipped/ fell B tried/ was slipping/ falling
C had been trying / slipped D has tried/ slips/ falls
16 Yesterday, I _ for work late because I _ to set my alarm
A had left/ forgot B was leaving/ was forgetting
C left/ had forgot D had been leaving/ would forget
17 By the time we to the train station, Susan _ for us for more than two hours
A will get/ has been waiting B got/ was waiting
C got/ had been waiting D get/ will wait
Trang 918 I _ for this company for more than thirty years, and I intend to stay here until
I next year
A am working/ will retire B am going to work/ am retiring
C work/ am going to retire D have been working/ retire
19 My mother always the first _ up and the last _ to bed
A getting/ going B to get/ going C getting/ to go D to get/
to go
20 I _ you last night after dinner, but you _ there Where _ you?
A was calling/ are not/ are B called/ were not/ were
C had called/ had not been/ were D called/ have not been/ are
Exercise 2: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each
of the incomplete sentences below.
1 The lights _ out because we _ the electricity bill
A have gone/ did not pay B will go/ did not paid C go/ would not pay D went/ had not paid
2 _ Tom Cruise's last movie? Yes, I _ it three days ago
A Have you ever seen/ saw B Did you ever see/ have seen
C Had you ever seen/ would see D Will you ever see/ saw
3 I _ a terrible accident while I _ on the beach
A see/ am walking B saw/ was walking C was seeing/ walked D have seen/ were walking
4 After all, she _ him since her childhood
A knows B knew C was knowing D had known
5 We _ touch since we _ school three years ago
A lost/ have left B have lost/ leave C have lost/ left D were losing/ had left
6 _ in Rome than he _
A No sooner he had arrived/ was being kidnapped
B No sooner had he arrived/ was kidnapped
C Had he no sooner arrived/ kidnapped
D No sooner was he arriving/ had been kidnapped
7 I _ there once a long time ago and _ back since
A was/ have not been B had been/ was not
C would be/ had not been D have been/ will not be
8 As many as ten-million children _ with the virus by the end of this decade
A have been infected B will be infecting C had been infected D will have been infected
9 What _ when the fire alarm _ off?
A are you doing/ will go B have you done/ would go
C were you doing/ went D will you do/ are going
10 He email before, so I him how to use it
A did not use/ had shown B had not used/ showed
C has not used/ showed D was not using/ will show
11 Doctor Pike the hospital after he an uneventful evening on duty He of his day of rest
A was leaving/ has had/ thought B left/ had had/ was thinking
C will leave/ had/ will think D is leaving/ will have/ thinks
Trang 1012 She me anything about that problem so far.
A is not telling B does not tell C will not tell D has not told
13 I think that everything ready for the project procedure by the end of next month
A will have been B has been C had been D is
14 Be quiet! Someone at the front door I it
A is knocking/ will answer B knocks/ am answering
C has knocked/ am going to answer D will knock/ have answered
15 Kelvin and Martha married in June
A are getting B has got C was getting D will have got
16 Two lions from the National Zoo, and the police to catch
them
A will escape/ try B escaped/ had tried C have escaped/ are trying D escape/ were trying
17 Oranges rich in vitamin C, which good for our health
A have been/ is B are/ is C are/ will be D were/ has been
18 Let's go to Fuji for our summer holiday! - OK It good
A sounds B is sounding C has sounded D was
sounding
19 They enthusiastically when their teacher in
A discuss/ comes B will have discussed/ comes
C will discuss/ will come D were discussing/ came
20 I told him _ the word to Jane somehow that I _ to reach her during the early hours
A passing/ will try B he will pass/ tried C to pass/ would be trying D he passed/ have tried
Exercise 3: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each
of the incomplete sentences below.
1 Laura said she had worked on the assignment since _
A yesterday B two days ago C the day before D the next day
2 John asked me _ interested in any kind of sports
A if I were B if were I C if was I D if I was
3 I _ you everything I am doing, 'and you have to do the same
A will tell B would tell C told D was telling
4 John asked me _ that film the night before
A that I saw B had I seen C if I had seen D if had I seen
5 The guest told the host that _
A I must go now B he must go now C he had to go now D he had to go then
6 The teacher told Joe _
A to stop talking B stop talking C stops talking D
stopped talking
7 She said she _
A was very tired last night B was very tired the night before
C had been very tired last night D had been very tired the night before