IELTS READING TỐ LINH

Write your answers in boxes 25-27 on your answer sheet.. Bạn đã sai ở những loại câu hỏi hỏi nào?. Loại câu hỏi sai Số lần lặp lại lỗi sai Nguyên nhân sai... In fact, one division in th

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IELTS READING

SÁCH LUYỆN THI

1

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Nội dung:

1 - Looking for a Market among Adolescents 3

BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 1 8

2 - First Impressions Count 10

3 - Air Pollution 16

4 - Measuring Organizational Performance 23

5 - Tracking Hurricanes 31

6 - The Department Of Ethnography 38

7 - Secrets of the Forests 45

8 - Hard Disk Drive Technology 52

9 - A spark, a flint: How fire leapt to life 60

10 - Architecture - Reaching for the Sky 68

ANSWER KEY 75

 SÁCH HƯỚNG DẪN CÁC DẠNG BÀI TRONG READING 

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1

Looking for a Market among Adolescents

A In 1992, the most recent year for which data are available, the US tobacco

industry spent $5 billion on domestic marketing That figure represents a huge

increase from the approximate £250-million budget in 1971, when tobacco

advertising was banned from television and radio The current expenditure

translates to about $75 for every adult smoker, or to $4,500 for every adolescent

who became a smoker that year This apparently high cost to attract a new smoker

is very likely recouped over the average 25 years that this teen will smoke

В In the first half of this century, leaders of the tobacco companies boasted

that innovative mass-marketing strategies built the industry Recently, however,

the tobacco business has maintained that its advertising is geared to draw

established smokers to particular brands But public health advocates insist that

such advertising plays a role in generating new demand, with adolescents being the

primary target To explore the issue, we examined several marketing campaigns

undertaken over the years and correlated them with the ages smokers say they

began their habit We find that, historically, there is considerable evidence that

such campaigns led to an increase in cigarette smoking among adolescents of the

targeted group

С National surveys collected the ages at which people started smoking The

1955 Current Population Survey (CPS) was the first to query respondents for this

information, although only summary data survive Beginning in 1970, however, the

National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS) included this question in some polls

Answers from all the surveys were combined to produce a sample of more than

165,000 individuals Using a respondent's age at the time of the survey and the

reported age of initiation, [age they started smoking], the year the person began

smoking could be determined Dividing the number of adolescents (defined as

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those 12 to 17 years old) who started smoking during a particular interval by the

number who were "eligible" to begin at the start of the interval set the initiation

rate for that group

D Mass-marketing campaigns began as early as the 1880s, which boosted

tobacco consumption six fold by 1900 Much of the rise was attributed to a greater

number of people smoking cigarettes, as opposed to using cigars, pipes, snuff or

chewing tobacco Marketing strategies included painted billboards and an

extensive distribution of coupons, which a recipient could redeem for free

cigarettes Some brands included soft-porn pictures of women in the packages

Such tactics inspired outcry from educational leaders concerned about their

corrupting influence on teenage boys Thirteen percent of the males surveyed in

1955 who reached adolescence between 1890 and 1910 commenced smoking by

18 years of age, compared with almost no females

E The power of targeted advertising is more apparent if one considers the men

born between 1890 and 1899 In 1912, when many of these men were teenagers,

the R.J Reynolds Company launched the Camel brand of cigarettes with a

revolutionary approach Every city in the country was bombarded with print

advertising According to the 1955 CPS, initiation by age 18 for males in this group

jumped to 21.6 percent, a two thirds increase over those boom before 1890 The

NHIS initiation rate also reflected this change For adolescent males it went up from

2.9 percent between 1910 and 1912 to 4.9 percent between 1918 and 1921

F It was not until the mid-1920s that social mores permitted cigarette

advertising to focus on women In 1926 a poster depicted women imploring

smokers of Chesterfield cigarettes to "Blow Some My Way" The most successful

crusade, however, was for Lucky Strikes, which urged women to "Reach for a Lucky

instead of a Sweet." The 1955 CPS data showed that 7 percent of the women who

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were adolescents during the mid-1920s had started smoking by age 18, compared

with only 2 percent in the preceding generation of female adolescents Initiation

rates from the NHIS data for adolescent girls were observed to increase threefold,

from 0.6 percent between 1922 and 1925 to 1.8 percent between 1930 and 1933

In contrast, rates for males rose only slightly

G The next major boost in smoking initiation in adolescent females occurred in

the late 1960s In 1967 the tobacco industry launched "niche" brands aimed

exclusively at women The most popular was Virginia Slims The visuals of this

campaign emphasized a woman who was strong, independent and very thin

Initiation in female adolescents nearly doubled, from 3.7 percent between 1964

and 1967 to 6.2 percent between 1972 and 1975 (NHIS data) During the same

period, rates for adolescent males remained stable

H Thus, in four distinct instances over the past 100 years, innovative and

directed tobacco marketing campaigns were associated with marked surges in

primary demand from adolescents only in the target group The first two were

directed at males and the second two at females Of course, other factors helped

to entrench smoking in society Yet it is clear from the data that advertising has

been an overwhelming force in attracting new users

Questions 1-6

Reading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs (A-H) Choose the most suitable heading

for each paragraph from the list of headings below

Write the appropriate numbers (i-xi) in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet

Example Answer

Paragraph D iv

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NB There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them You

may use any heading more than once

List of Headings

i Gathering the information

ii Cigarettes produced to match an image

iii Financial outlay on marketing

iv The first advertising methods

v Pressure causes a drop in sales

vi Changing attitudes allow new marketing tactics

vii Background to the research

viii A public uproar is avoided

ix The innovative move to written adverts

x A century of uninhibited smoking

xi Conclusions of the research

YES if the statement is true according to the passage

NO if the statement contradicts the passage

NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage

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7 Cigarette marketing has declined in the US since tobacco advertising banned on

TV

8 Tobacco companies claim that their advertising targets existing smokers

9 The difference in initiation rates between male and female smokers at of the 19

Lh century was due to selective marketing

10 Women who took up smoking in the past lost weight

11 The two surveys show different trends in cigarette initiation

Questions 12-14

Complete the sentences below with words taken from the Reading Passage

Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer Write your answers in

boxes 25-27 on your answer sheet

Tobacco companies are currently being accused of aiming their advertisements

mainly at (12) statistics on smoking habits for men born between 1890 and

1899 were gathered in the year (13) The (14) brand of cigarettes was

designed for a particular sex

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BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 1

4 Bạn đã sai ở những loại câu hỏi hỏi nào?

Loại câu hỏi sai Số lần lặp lại lỗi sai Nguyên nhân sai

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5 Đọc lại tài liệu đính kèm hoặc google cách làm dạng bài bạn đã sai, sau đó ghi

lại cách sửa lỗi vào bảng sau

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2

First Impressions Count

manufactured to protect the worker When they were first designed, it is also likely

that all uniforms made symbolic sense - those for the military, for example, were

originally intended to impress and even terrify the enemy; other uniforms denoted

a hierarchy - chefs wore white because they worked with flour, but the main chef

wore a black hat to show he supervised

in projecting the image of an organisation and in uniting the workforce into a

homogeneous unit — particularly in ‘customer facing" industries, and especially in

financial services and retailing From uniforms and workwear has emerged

‘corporate clothing’ "The people you employ are your ambassadors," says Peter

Griffin, managing director of a major retailer in the UK "What they say, how they

look, and how they behave is terribly important." The result is a new way of looking

at corporate workwear From being a simple means of identifying who is a member

of staff, the uniform is emerging as a new channel of marketing communication

however Wittingly or unwittingly, how we look sends all sorts of powerful

subliminal messages to other people Dark colours give an aura of authority while

lighter pastel shades suggest approachability Certain dress style creates a sense of

conservatism, others a sense of openness to new ideas Neatness can suggest

efficiency but, if it is overdone, it can spill over and indicate an obsession with

power "If the company is selling quality, then it must have quality uniforms If it is

selling style, its uniforms must be stylish If it wants to appear innovative,

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everybody can’t look exactly the same Subliminally we see all these things," says

Lynn Elvy, a director of image consultants House of Colour

degree of branding and uniformity can be a fraught process And it is not always

successful According to Company Clothing magazine, there are 1000 companies

supplying the workwear and corporate clothing market Of these, 22 account for

85% of total sales - £380 million in 1994

hand, no uniform will work if staff feel uncomfortable or ugly Giving the wearers a

choice has become a key element in the way corporate clothing is introduced and

managed On the other, it is pointless if the look doesn’t express the business’s

marketing strategy The greatest challenge in this respect is time When it comes

to human perceptions, first impressions count Customers will size up the way staff

look in just a few seconds, and that few seconds will colour their attitudes from

then on Those few seconds can be so important that big companies are prepared

to invest years, and millions of pounds, getting them right

be an increasing specialisation in the marketplace," predicts Mr Blyth, Customer

Services Manager of a large UK bank The past two or three years have seen

consolidation Increasingly, the big suppliers are becoming ‘managing agents’,

which means they offer a total service to put together the whole complex operation

of a company’s corporate clothing package - which includes reliable sourcing,

managing the inventory, budget control and distribution to either central locations

or to each staff member individually Huge investments have been made in new

systems, information technology and amassing quality assurance accreditations

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G Corporate clothing does have potential for further growth Some banks have

yet to introduce a full corporate look; police forces are researching a complete new

look for the 21st century And many employees now welcome a company

wardrobe A recent survey of staff found that 90 per cent welcomed having clothing

which reflected the corporate identity

Questions 1-6

The passage First Impressions Count has seven paragraphs A—G Which

paragraphs discuss the following points? Write the appropriate letters A-G in

boxes 1 - 6 on your answer sheet

the number of companies supplying the corporate clothing market D

1 Different types of purchasing agreement

2 The original purposes of uniforms

3 The popularity rating of staff uniforms

4 Involving employees in the selection of a uniform

5 The changing significance of company uniforms

6 Perceptions of different types of dress

Questions 7-13

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer of the passage? In

boxes 34-40 on your answer sheet write

YES if the statement agrees with the writer’s views

NO if the statement contradicts the writer’s views

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

7 Uniforms were more carefully made in the past than they are today

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8 Uniforms make employees feel part of a team

9 Using uniforms as a marketing tool requires great care

10 Being too smart could have a negative impact on customers

11 Most businesses that supply company clothing are successful

12 Uniforms are best selected by marketing consultants

13 Clothing companies are planning to offer financial services in the future

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6/ So với bài 1, số lần lặp lại cùng một lỗi sai của bạn?

Số lần

7/ Nguyên nhân

_

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3

Air Pollution

PART 1

concern around the globe From Mexico City and New York, to Singapore and

Tokyo, new solutions to this old problem are being proposed, Mailed and

implemented with ever increasing speed It is feared that unless pollution reduction

measures are able to keep pace with the continued pressures of urban growth, air

quality in many of the world’s major cities will deteriorate beyond reason

B Action is being taken along several fronts: through new legislation, improved

enforcement and innovative technology In Los Angeles, state regulations are

forcing manufacturers to try to sell ever cleaner cars: their first of the cleanest,

titled "Zero Emission Vehicles’, have to be available soon, since they are intended

to make up 2 percent of sales in 1997 Local authorities in London are campaigning

to be allowed to enforce anti-pollution laws themselves; at present only the police

have the power to do so, but they tend to be busy elsewhere In Singapore, renting

out road space to users is the way of the future

C When Britain’s Royal Automobile Club monitored the exhausts of 60,000

vehicles, it found that 12 per cent of them produced more than half the total

pollution Older cars were the worst offenders; though a sizeable number of quite

new cars were also identified as gross polluters, they were simply badly tuned

California has developed a scheme to get these gross polluters off the streets: they

offer a flat $700 for any old, run-down vehicle driven in by its owner The aim is to

remove the heaviest-polluting, most decrepit vehicles from the roads

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D As part of a European Union environmental programme, a London council is

resting an infra-red spectrometer from the University of Denver in Colorado It

gauges the pollution from a passing vehicle - more useful than the annual stationary

rest that is the British standard today - by bouncing a beam through the exhaust

and measuring what gets blocked The council’s next step may be to link the system

to a computerised video camera able to read number plates automatically

about the tendency to drive them more Los Angeles has some of the world’s

cleanest cars - far better than those of Europe - but the total number of miles those

cars drive continues to grow One solution is car-pooling, an arrangement in which

a number of people who share the same destination share the use of one car

However, the average number of people in a car on the freeway in Los Angeles,

which is 1.0, has been falling steadily Increasing it would be an effective way of

reducing emissions as well as easing congestion The trouble is, Los Angelinos seem

to like being alone in their cars

they wish to visit a certain part of the city Electronic innovations make possible

increasing sophistication: rates can vary according to road conditions, time of day

and so on Singapore is advancing in this direction, with a city-wide network of

transmitters to collect information and charge drivers as they pass certain points

Such road-pricing, however, can be controversial When the local government in

Cambridge, England, considered introducing Singaporean techniques, it faced vocal

and ultimately successful opposition

PART 2

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(WHO) concluded that all of a sample of twenty megacities - places likely to have

more than ten million inhabitants in the year 2000 - already exceeded the level the

WHO deems healthy in at least one major pollutant Two-thirds of them exceeded

the guidelines for two, seven for three or more

dioxide, ozone, sulphur dioxide, lead and particulate matter - it is this last category

that is attracting the most attention from health researchers PM10, a sub-category

of particulate matter measuring ten-millionths of a meter across, has been

implicated in thousands of deaths a year in Britain alone Research being conducted

in two counties of Southern California is reaching similarly disturbing conclusions

concerning this little-understood pollutant

is now said to be linked with increased air pollution The lungs and brains of children

who grow up in polluted air offer further evidence of its destructive power the old

and ill; however, are the most vulnerable to the acute effects of heavily polluted

stagnant air It can actually hasten death, so it did in December 1991 when a cloud

of exhaust fumes lingered over the city of London for over a week

twenty-four mega-cities and a further eighty-five cities of more than three million people

The pressure on public officials, corporations and urban citizens to reverse

established trends in air pollution is likely to grow in proportion with the growth of

cities themselves Progress is being made The question, though, remains the same:

‘Will change happen quickly enough?’

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Questions 1-5

Look at the following solutions (Questions 1-5) and locations Match each solution

with one location Write the appropriate locations in boxes 1-5 on your answer

sheet

NB You may use any location more than once

SOLUTIONS

1 Manufacturers must sell cleaner cars

2 Authorities want to have power to enforce anti-pollution laws

3 Drivers will be charged according to the roads they use

4 Moving vehicles will be monitored for their exhaust emissions

5 Commuters are encouraged to share their vehicles with others

Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet write

YES if the statement reflects the claims of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

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6 According to British research, a mere twelve per cent of vehicles tested

produced over fifty per cent of total pollution produced by the sample group

7 It is currently possible to measure the pollution coming from individual vehicles

whilst they are moving

8 Residents of Los Angeles are now tending to reduce the yearly distances they

travel by car

9 Car-pooling has steadily become more popular in Los Angeles in recent years

10 Charging drivers for entering certain parts of the city has been successfully

done in Cambridge, England

13 Which of the following groups of people are the most severely affected by

intense air pollution?

A allergy sufferers

B children

C the old and ill

D asthma sufferers

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Số lần

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4

Measuring Organizational Performance

supervision which increases the direct pressure for productivity can achieve

significant increases in production However, such short-term increases are

obtained only at a substantial and serious cost to the organisation

short period of one to three years by exploiting the company’s investment in the

human organisation in his plant or division? To what extent will the quality of his

organisation suffer if he does so? The following is a description of an important

study conducted by the Institute for Social Research designed to answer these

questions

division was organised in exactly the same way, used the same technology, did

exactly the same kind of work, and had employees of comparable aptitudes

involved The work entailed the processing of accounts and generating of

invoices Although the volume of work was considerable, the nature of the

business was such that it could only be processed as it came along Consequently,

the only way in which productivity could be increased was to change the size of

the workgroup

random basis Each programme was assigned at random a division that had been

historically high in productivity and a division that had been below average in

productivity No attempt was made to place a division in the programme that

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would best fit its habitual methods of supervision used by the manager, assistant

managers, supervisors and assistant supervisors

months were devoted to planning, and there was also a training period of

approximately six months Productivity was measured continuously and

computed weekly throughout the year The attitudes of employees and

supervisory staff towards their work were measured just before and after the

period

made to change the supervision so that the decision levels were pushed down

and detailed supervision of the workers reduced More general supervision of the

clerks and their supervisors was introduced In addition, the managers, assistant

managers, supervisors and assistant supervisors of these two divisions were

trained in group methods of leadership, which they endeavoured to use as much

as their skill would permit during the experimental year For easy reference, the

experimental changes in these two divisions will be labelled the ‘participative

programme!

Result of the Experiment

the supervision so as to increase the closeness of supervision and move the

decision levels upwards This will be labelled the ‘hierarchically controlled

programme’ These changes were accomplished by a further extension of the

scientific management approach For example, one of the major changes made was

to have the jobs timed and to have standard times computed This showed that

these divisions were overstaffed by about 30% The general manager then ordered

the managers of these two divisions to cut staff by 25% This was done by transfers

without replacing the persons who left; no one was to be dismissed

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Changes in Productivity

change in productivity that occurred in the divisions As will be observed, the

hierarchically controlled programmes increased productivity by about 25% This

was a result of the direct orders from the general manager to reduce staff by that

amount Direct pressure produced a substantial increase in production

participative programme, but this was not as great an increase as in the

hierarchically controlled programme To bring about this improvement, the clerks

themselves participated in the decision to reduce the size of the work group (They

were aware of course that productivity increases were sought by management in

conducting these experiments.) Obviously, deciding to reduce the size of a work

group by eliminating some of its members is probably one of the most difficult

decisions for a work group to make Yet the clerks made it In fact, one division in

the participative programme increased its productivity by about the same amount

as each of the two divisions in the hierarchically controlled programme The other

participative division, which historically had been the poorest of all the divisions,

did not do so well and increased productivity by only 15%

Changes in Attitude

significantly different results in other respects The productivity increases in the

hierarchically controlled programme were accompanied by shifts in an adverse

direction in such factors as loyalty, attitudes, interest, and involvement in the work

But just the opposite was true in the participative programme

increased participation were provided, the employees’ feeling of responsibility to

see that the work got done increased Again, when the supervisor was away, they

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kept on working In the hierarchically controlled programme, however, the feeling

of responsibility decreased, and when the supervisor was absent, work tended to

stop

of the year felt that their manager and assistant manager were ‘closer to them’

than at the beginning of the year The opposite was true in the hierarchical

programme Moreover, as Figure 4 shows, employees in the participative

programme felt that their supervisors were more likely to ‘pull’ for them, or for the

company and them, and not be solely interested in the company, while in the

hierarchically controlled programme, the opposite trend occurred

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Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 1-3 on your answer

sheet

1 The experiment was designed to

A establish whether increased productivity should be sought at any cost

B show that four divisions could use the same technology

C perfect a system for processing accounts

D exploit the human organisation of a company in order to increase profits

2 The four divisions

A each employed a staff of 500 clerks

B each had equal levels of productivity

C had identical patterns of organisation

D were randomly chosen for the experiment

3 Before the experiment

A the four divisions were carefully selected to suit a specific programme

B each division was told to reduce its level of productivity

C the staff involved spent a number of months preparing for the study

D the employees were questioned about their feelings towards the study

Questions 4-9

Complete the summary below Choose ONE word from Reading Passage 24 for

each answer

Write your answers in boxes 31-36 on your answer sheet

This experiment involved an organisation comprising four divisions, which were

divided into two programmes: the hierarchically controlled programme and the

participative programme For a period of one year a different method of 4

was used in each programme Throughout this time 5 was

calculated on a weekly basis During the course of the experiment the following

changes were made in an attempt to improve performance

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In the participative programme:

• supervision of all workers was 6

• supervisory staff were given training in 7

In the hierarchically controlled programme:

• supervision of all workers was increased

• work groups were found to be 8 by 30%

• the work force was 9 by 25%

Questions 9-12

Look at Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 in Reading Passage 4

Choose the most appropriate label, A—I, for each Figure from the box below

Write your answers in boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet

A Employees’ interest in the company

B Cost increases for the company

C Changes in productivity

D Employees’ feelings of responsibility towards completion of work

E Changes in productivity when supervisor was absent

F Employees’ opinion as to extent of personal support from management

G Employees feel closer to their supervisors

H Employees’ feelings towards increased supervision

I Supervisors’ opinion as to closeness of work group

9 Fig 1

10 Fig 2

11 Fig 3

12 Fig 4

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Số lần

_

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5

Tracking Hurricanes

Administration (NOAA)'s Hurricane Research Division have recently improved the

success rate in their forecasting of where hurricanes are likely to hit land by an

estimated 15 to 30% This increase in accuracy is due to the use of instruments

called GPS-dropwindsondes, which can probe the atmosphere surrounding a

hurricane while it is still out at sea The atmospheric characteristics of hurricanes

over land are well understood because investigation is possible with weather

balloons containing sophisticated meteorological instruments When hurricanes

are out of reach of balloons, gathering information is decidedly more difficult Little

is known of the weather conditions that guide hurricanes towards land

to reduce loss of life and property Hurricane Andrew, the most costly hurricane in

U.S history, killed 15 people and caused damage of $35 billion, in today's dollars,

in 1992 However, the unnamed: Category 4 2 hurricane which struck southeast

Florida in 1926 and killed 243 people would have caused an estimated $77 billion

if it had struck today The reason for this is the explosion in population growth and

development along the south-east coast of the U.S during the last half century

U.S being from 1940 to 1969 'Camille', a Category 5 hurricane of such catastrophic

force that it caused over a billion and a half dollars worth of damage at the time

and killed 256 people, struck the coast of the Gulf of Mexico in 1969 with winds

over 320 km/h Yet, for the last quarter century, hurricane activity has been

relatively mild Scientists do not know the precise reason for the cycles of hurricane

activity, but they could be caused by a phenomenon called the 'Atlantic Conveyor'

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This is the name given to the gigantic current of water that flows cold from the top

of the globe slowly along the Atlantic ocean floor to Antarctica and resurfaces

decades later before flowing back north, absorbing heat as it crosses the equator

Since hurricanes derive their energy from the heat of warm water, it is thought that

an increase in the speed of the' Conveyor', as it pulls warm water to the north, is

an indicator of intensifying hurricane activity

dropped from planes at very high altitudes and over a wide area, they are far more

revealing than previously used sensors Because they weigh only 0.4 kilograms,

they are able to stay aloft for longer periods and broadcast more data to the

ground Each sonde carries its own global positioning satellite receiver The GPS

signals received are used to calculate the direction and speed of wind, and data on

temperature, humidity, and barometric pressure at half second intervals all the way

down to the ocean surface

Maryland which generates a global computer model of wind patterns Data analysts

have discovered a greater variability in the winds at sea level than previously

believed, but many forecasting problems are beyond a solution, at least for the

time being For instance, it is not yet known why hurricanes can suddenly change

in intensity; current computer models often fail to predict whether a hurricane will

reach land or else cannot pinpoint where a strike will take place

a large part of downtown New York Hurricane researchers believe that the city is

more likely than Miami to suffer a direct hit in the near future Also, certain

geographical features of the coastline near New York make it conceivable that a

wall of water called a storm surge pushed ashore by hurricane winds would cause

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a devastating flooding of Manhattan A storm surge was responsible for the more

than 8000 deaths caused by the hurricane that destroyed the city of Galveston in

1900

intense) to Category 5 (most intense)

Questions 1 - 4

You are advised to spend about 5 minutes on Questions 1-4

Refer to Reading Passage 25 "Tracking Hurricanes", and look at Questions

1 - 4 below

Write your answers in boxes 1 - 4 on your Answer Sheet The first one has been

done for you as an example

Example: What do the letters NOAA stand for? National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration

1 Which instruments have recently increased the success rate of U.S hurricane

forecasts?

2 What reason is given for the lack of knowledge of hurricanes at sea?

3 Why was the hurricane which struck in 1926 not given a name?

4 What is the name of the strongest hurricane mentioned in the article?

Look at the table below According to Reading Passage 1, to whom or what do the

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Write your answers in boxes 5 -11 on your Answer Sheet The first one has been

Note that you must give your answer IN NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS

WHO or WHAT?

Ex: Meteorologist have improved their forecasts for hurricanes

5 become stronger every few decades

6 energises all hurricanes

7 is a huge current of water flowing from north

to south

8 could not stay in the air for a long time

9 know more about surface winds than they

Refer to Reading Passage 25, and decide which of the answers best completes the

following sentences

Write your answers in boxes 12 -15 on your Answer Sheet The first one has been

Example: The main point of the passage is to give information about:

a) previous U.S hurricanes

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b) future U.S hurricanes

c) forecasting hurricane activity

d) why hurricanes change in intensity

12 The intensity of U.S hurricanes:

a) has increased by 15 to 30% recently

b) depends on the GPS-dropwindsondes

c) was greater from 1940 to 1969 than at any previous time

d) can be more accurately measured by satellite assistance

13 The Category 4 hurricane which hit Florida in 1926:

a) was the most catastrophic to hit the U S this century

b) caused $77 billion worth of damage

c) caused an explosion in population growth

d) none of the above

14 Hurricane 'Camille':

a) caused $1.5 billion dollars damage in today's money

b) was the worst U.S storm this century in terms of life lost

c) was named in the 1950s

d) was not as intense as the hurricane of 1926

15 The writer of the passage probably believes that:

a) accurate tracking of hurricanes might be possible in the future

b) storm surges only occur within computer simulations

c) computer predictions are unreliable

d) the worst hurricanes occur in the U.S

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Số lần

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6

The Department Of Ethnography

within the British Museum in 1946, after 140 years of gradual development from

the original Department of Antiquities If is concerned with the people of Africa,

the Americas, Asia, the Pacific and parts of Europe While this includes complex

kingdoms, as in Africa, and ancient empires, such as those of the Americas, the

primary focus of attention in the twentieth century has been on small-scale

societies Through its collections, the Department’s specific interest is to document

how objects are created and used, and to understand their importance and

significance to those who produce them Such objects can include both the

extraordinary and the mundane, the beautiful and the banal

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B The collections of the Department of Ethnography include approximately

300,000 artifacts, of which about half are the product of the present century The

Department has a vital role to play in providing information on non-Western

cultures to visitors and scholars To this end, the collecting emphasis has often been

less on individual objects than on groups of material which allow the display of a

broad range of a society’s cultural expressions Much of the more recent collecting

was carried out in the field, sometimes by Museum staff working on general

anthropological projects in collaboration with a wide variety of national

governments and other institutions The material collected includes great technical

series - for instance, of textiles from Bolivia, Guatemala, Indonesia and areas of

West Africa - or of artifact types such as boats The latter include working examples

of coracles from India, reed boars from Lake Titicaca in the Andes, kayaks from the

Arctic, and dug-out canoes from several countries The field assemblages, such as

those from the Sudan, Madagascar and Yemen, include a whole range of material

culture representative of one people This might cover the necessities of life of an

African herdsman or on Arabian farmer, ritual objects, or even on occasion airport

art Again, a series of acquisitions might represent a decade’s fieldwork

documenting social experience as expressed in the varieties of clothing and

jewellery styles, tents and camel trappings from various Middle Eastern countries,

or in the developing preferences in personal adornment and dress from Papua New

Guinea Particularly interesting are a series of collections which continue to

document the evolution of ceremony and of material forms for which the

Department already possesses early (if nor the earliest) collections formed after

the first contact with Europeans

themselves They come to the Museum with documentation of the social context,

ideally including photographic records Such acquisitions have multiple purposes

Most significantly they document for future change Most people think of the

cultures represented in the collection in terms of the absence of advanced

technology In fact, traditional practices draw on a continuing wealth of

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