Translating english economic news

Graduation paper Translating English Economic News 1.3 Types of translation .... This is also a crucial point as it may happen in translation practice that a meaning which is expressed b

HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGLISH

GRADUATION THESIS

B.A DEGREE IN ENGLISH STUDIES

TRANSLATING ENGLISH ECONOMIC NEWS

: K18-A1 (2011-2015)

DECLARATION

Title: TRANSLATING ENGLISH ECONOMIC NEWS

I certify that no part of the above report has been copied or reproduced by

me from at the report is originally written by me under strict guidance of

Graduation paper Translating English Economic News

In addition, I am greatly indebted to Management Board of Faculty

of English- Hanoi Open University, for their invaluable suggestions and best conditions for me and other students to complete our study I am also very grateful to all the teachers for their interesting and useful lectures, which have built in me a firm foundation with immense ideas for the fulfillment of this paper

My sincere words of thanks also go to Ms Trang at the Library for providing me an abundant source of primary data which help me complete

my research

In particular, my special thanks to my family and my friends who have in one way or the other supported me during the thesis completion

Finally, I would like to take full responsibility for this paper and lay

sole claim to any of its shortcomings or imperfections

Hanoi, 30th April, 2015

Student

Đặng Tiến Lực

Graduation paper Translating English Economic News

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART A: INTRODUCTION 1

1 Rationale 1

2 Aims and objectives of the study 2

3 Scope of the study 2

4 Methods of the study 3

5 Design of the study 3

PART B: DEVELOPMENT 4

CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 4

1 1 Theoretical Background 4

1.1.1 Definitions of Translation 4

1.1.2 The importance of translation 5

1.1.3 Utility of translation 6

1.2 Features of translation 7

1.2.1 Translation process 7

1.2.2 The quality of the translation 7

1.2.3 Criteria for a good translation 9

Graduation paper Translating English Economic News

1.3 Types of translation 10

1.3.1 Word-for-word translation: 10

1.3.2 Literal translation 11

1.3.3 Faithful translation 11

1.3.4 Semantic translation: 12

1.3.5 Adaptation: 14

1.3.6 Free translation: 15

1.3.7 Idiomatic translation: 16

1.3.8 Communicative translation: 16

1.4 Translation skills for translators 18

1.4.1 Reading comprehension skills 19

1.4.2 Researching skills 20

1.4.3 Analytical skills 21

1.4.4 Composing skills 22

CHAPTER 2 IMPLICATIONS IN TRANSLATING ECONOMIC NEWS 24

2.1 Overview on news 24

2.2 Languages style of economic new 25

2.3 Implications in translating economic text 29

2.3.1 Background preparation 29

2.3.2 Quantitative and qualitative analysis 30

2.3.3 Organizational collocation 31

2.3.4 Socio – linguistic analysis 31

Graduation paper Translating English Economic News

2.4 Key rule 33

2.4.1 Some methodological implications 33

2.4.2 Rules 35

CHAPTER 3: SEVERAL DIFFICULTIES AND SOLUTIONS IN TRANSLATING ECONOMIC NEWS 38

3.1 Difficulties 38

3.1.1 General introduction 38

3.1.2 Difficulties 39

3.2 Solutions 48

3.2.1 Dealing with words 48

3.2.2 Dealing with idioms 52

3.2.3 Dealing with Voices 55

3.2.4 Dealing with Tense 56

3.2.5 Dealing with Relative clauses 57

3.3 Terminology 58

PART C: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 61

REFERENCES 63

PART A: INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale

No one can deny the importance of language in the process of conveying information Language plays an essential role in people’s life and social development In recent years, together with the development of technology, especially Internet, there has been an increasing need for getting information from English mass media, including newspaper and online newspaper The role of English is more and more asserted, especially in the booming age of information and technology English can

be considered as the prevailing language by the way it dominates every domain and maybe the only language that truly links the whole world together Therefore, studying English is a good way to contact with the huge world and approach a boundless source of information To survive on this economic developing era, we ought to master English as a demand of job's requirements Today, when every country from the world overcomes consequences of economic crisis and has a problem with a big amount of unemployment, every person needs to push his career forward

However, just knowing English is not enough Sometimes, the fact that a person can speak, listen and read English does not mean he or she understands it carefully One more problem that we have to face here is the necessary of translating skills As Viet Nam has been one of the members of World Trade Organization, it has more and more requirements for Vietnamese especially students to have expert translation skills to meet the demand of integration into the huge world economy and to exchange our culture with other friendly countries Culture constitutes another major problem that faces translators A bad model of

translated pieces of literature may give misconceptions about the original Translating will not only transfer the features of the language translated but also its cultural characteristics There are many sentences that have got non-equivalent at word level As a result, to preserve the meaning, the form must be changed if necessary This is also a crucial point as it may happen

in translation practice that a meaning which is expressed by a single word

in one language may require a phrase or even a clause to be expressed in the target language

All in all, as a student, I would like to share some ways to translate English economic news into Vietnamese clearly and accurately

2 Aims and objectives of the study

The study is expected to provide Vietnamese learners with the approaches

of translating English economic news and some ways to help Vietnamese learners of English overcome the difficulties in translating economic news Therefore, being a student of English, I would like to present the most efficient techniques of translating from English into Vietnamese

The aims of the paper are:

- To investigate some basic information related to translation

- To show the problems for translators and readers when they translate

- To equip some basic ways to translators and readers when translating economics news

- To give translators and readers some techniques to correct the mistakes

3 Scope of the study

For reasons of space and time, the thesis cannot cover the whole aspects of translating economic news Therefore, some issues have been raised as

problems and solutions for each case

4 Methods of the study

Making an insight into the concepts of translation, analyzing and proving them are my typical methods Apart from these, I would like to suggest some techniques to translate from English into Vietnamese effectively There are a lot of books, materials, economic newspaper; documents such

as International Investment Review, Economic Times, etc will be referenced

5 Design of the study

To achieve the above aims, my thesis has been divided into three parts: Part A is introduction, which introduces my reasons and aims to write the paper This part also includes the scope, method, design and aim of the study

In part B, the main part of the study named Development; the content of the subject as well as its types, definitions, the necessity, features and processes, etc have been presented This part consists of three chapters:

Chapter I: Literature Review

Chapter II: Implications in translating economic news

Chapter III: Several difficulties and solutions in translating economic news

Part C, called Conclusion, I briefly summary the content that I have

presented in above parts

(Nida & Taber 1974:12)

Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (source language – SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language – TL)

(Catford 1995:20)

Translation is a procedure which leads from a written SL text to an optimally equivalent TL text, and which requires the syntactic, semantic, stylistic, and text pragmatic comprehension by the translator of the original text

(Wilss 1982a: 112)

Translation, as the process of conveying message across linguistic and cultural barriers, is an eminently communicative activity, one whose use could well be considered in a wider range of teaching situation than my currently be the case

(Tudor, cited in Duff 1989: 5)

1.1.2 The importance of translation

Since communication within often, one community is not enough, certainly There has a great number of times arisen a situation in which some individuals are unable to understand the words or expressions of some others This phenomenon creates a barrier to understand whenever man tries to communicate across a great distance

of space or across a great interval of time The best polyglot so far knows only about twenty-five languages Let us make a comparison between the number 25 and 8000; it is a very numerous distance between the languages that this polyglot can use and the number of languages that exist in the worlds

Still people want to read what other people want to write and what people say, translation and interpretation may be considered as the most universally accepted solution for surmounting the obstacles Thus, there is

a need for professional translators and interpreters (Bui Tien Dao and Dang Xuan Thu, 1997)

Stuart stated that translation as the product of language learning projected onto an interlanguage framework Therefore, translation skills should be evaluated according to the state of learners’ interlanguage in any state of its development (Stuart Campbell, 1980)

In order to meet the demand of this multilingual world’s whole development, it is required an appearance of a common language that all of countries in the world can use Nowadays, English has been used as the universal language all over the world In our country, English play an indispensable role in the economic aspect Especially when Viet Nam has become member of World Trade Organization, the demand to have expert translation is necessary It is true that all of the contracts, emails, agreements, or conventions, etc, in English need to be translated exactly and effectively to avoid some regrettable misunderstandings

1.1.3 Utility of translation

Translation is one of the principal techniques used to surmount the language barrier and to permit communication between individuals and organizations using different languages

It is a pre-condition for the creation and the development of political, scientific, cultural, commercial and social relations between nations This does not, of course, mean that everything that is translated is useful to humanity Translators sometimes wonder about the value of their work, when they have to translate speeches devoid of meaning or purely repetitive text, which say nothing new

Obviously, waste should - indeed must - be avoided Nevertheless, it remains true that culture, of which translation is one manifestation, social life, of which culture is an expression, and nature itself, from which all life derives, can only develop and progress towards a certain organization in a

1.2 FEATURES OF TRANSLATION

1.2.1 Translation process

According to Tanke (1976) translation process includes:

Task of an intellectual, heuristic nature that cannot be formalized: comprehension, evaluation, appreciation, creation

Task of routine nature, which can be formalized, and thus which can

be mechanized: terminology research, application of simple grammatical rules

Peter Newmark wrote in 1988 about the three basic translation processes:

• The interpretation and analysis of the source text

• The translation procedure (choosing equivalents for words and sentences in the TL)

• The reformulation of the text according to the writer’s intention, the reader’s expectation, the appropriate norms of the TL, etc

1.2.2 The quality of the translation

The assessment of the quality of a translation, like that of the original text,

is a highly subjective matter It is based on a number of criteria, the nature and relative weight of which vary according to point of view adopted The following breakdown may be made

As regards the criteria of quality (Harris - 1979):

• Intrinsic quality, (in theory) independent of the reader:

- Terminological accuracy, or faithful rendering of the meaning of the words

- Grammatical accuracy

- Orthographical accuracy

• Extrinsic qualities, dependent on the "text-reader" relationship:

-Intelligibility

- Fidelity to the meaning, aims, and nuance of the original text

As regards the point of view:

• The point of view of the user: for example:

- The lawyer will be particularly concerned with fidelity

- The novelist will be more interested in the style

- The scientist will put intelligibility first

In general, the assessment of a translation is based on criteria of quality, but also on criteria of an economic nature: mainly the cost, duration and turnaround time of the translation

In a limited number of cases, and in particular with machine translation, the aim is to quantify the results of evaluation and to calculate the degree of accuracy, intelligibility, and fidelity of the translation

This quantitative evaluation permits comparison of the performances of two or mot translation systems Following a worldwide "stage of the art" study of this subject (Van Slype- 1979), we finally adopted the following criteria for comparative evaluation ·of human translation and machine translation:

- Intelligibility: subjective evaluation of the degree of clarity and

- Fidelity: subjective evaluation of the extent to which the information contained in the sentence of the original text is reproduced without distortion in the translation

- Grammatical accuracy ("style"): subjective evaluation of the accuracy of

the sentence

- Reading time: time devoted to reading and understanding a text (or to

discovering that it is unintelligible), but not to memorizing it

- Correction time: time devoted to familiarization with a translation, to the

total or partial examination of the original text, to terminological research and correction of the translation: revision of a human translation or post-editing of a machine translation

- Correction rate: counting of the number of the words corrected during

revision or post-editing in relation to the number of words of the translation

1.2.3 Criteria for a good translation

- A good translation is easily understood

- A good translation is fluent and smooth

- A good translation is idiomatic

- A good translation conveys, to some extent, the literary subtleties of the original

- A good translation distinguishes between the metaphorical and the -literal

- A good translation reconstructs the cultural/historical context of the original

- A good translation will convey, as much as possible, the meaning of the

- The following are the characteristics of this approach:

+ SL word order is preserved

+ Words are translated by their most common meanings, and out of context

Ex: He is a big liar

Anh ta là một lớn nói dối

Or: Mời bạn về nhà tôi chơi

Invited friend about my house play

- This kind of translation used for:

+ Information about SL

+ Language learning (mechanics of language)

+ Pre-translation process of difficult text in order to gain the sense

1.3.2 Literal translation

Here the SL grammatical constructions are translated to their nearest language (TL) A literal translation sounds like nonsense and has little communicative values

- The following are the characteristics of this approach:

+ Lexical words are translated singly, and out of context

Ex: He is a big liar

Anh ta là một kẻ nói dối lớn

He looked up at the Milky Way

Anh ta nhìn lên con đường màu sữa

- This kind of translation used for:

+ Pre-translation process to identify problems

+ Basis of poetry translation for poet who does not understand SL

1.3.3 Faithful translation

Here the translation interprets the exact contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the grammatical structures of the TL

- The following are characteristics of this approach:

+ Words are translated in context but uncompromising to TL

+ Transfer cultural words

+ Does not naturalize

+ Often read like a translation

Ex: He is as fast as a kangaroo

Nó nhanh như một con kanguru

- This kind of translation used for:

- The following are the characteristics of this approach:

+ More flexible than faithful translation

+ Naturalize a bit while faithful translation is uncompromising (but in order

to achieve aesthetic effect), for instance, it may translate cultural words with neutral or functional items

+ Great focus on aesthetic features of source text (at expense of meaning if necessary)

+ Close rendering of metaphors, collocations, technical terms, slang, colloquialisms, unusual syntactic structures and collocations, peculiarly used words, neologism, badly written or inaccurate passages

- This kind of translation used for:

+ Texts that have high status, e.g., religion texts, legal texts, politicians speeches

+ Expressive texts, e.g., literature

Ex1: “Right in the heart of Ha Noi, Hoan Kiem Lake is an enchanting body

of water, a peaceful oasis away from all the hustle of the city.”

“Nằm ngay giữa trái tim Hà Nội, hồ Hoàn Kiếm là một hồ nước đẹp

mê hồn, một ốc đảo yên bình tách biệt với sự hối hả bận rộn của thành phố.”Ex2:

Life is never easy So whatever comes to destroy you, stay firm and be the bravest as you can You might cry, be upset, but never lose hope; and most especially, never give up because GOD is always there, here and forever “Cuộc sống không bao giờ đơn giản và dễ dàng Vì vậy, dù có bất cứ điều gì tồi tệ xảy đến, hãy cứng rắn và dũng cảm lên Bạn có thể khóc, có thể buồn nhưng đừng bao giờ đánh mất hi vọng và quan trọng nhất là đừng bao giờ từ bỏ hi vọng vì Thiên Chúa luôn ở bên cạnh bạn và mãi mãi bên bạn.”

1.3.5 Adaptation:

The text is rewritten considering the SL culture which is converted

to the TL culture where the characters, themes, and plots are usually preserved

- This kind of translation is used mainly for plays and poems

Ex:

Melody Angel 27 September 2004 (from “The Grant Piano”)

What feeling do I borrow?

Sometimes I am happy

Sometimes I am sad

I can feel my heart

Telling me I feel bad

First I’m up there

First I’m down here

I’m holding my fear

But it’s hard to hear

What I sing today

Cảm xúc nào tôi đang mượn

Có những lúc trong tôi là hạnh phúc

Có những lúc sầu muộn lại đong đầy Trái tim tôi tâm sự với tôi đây:

Tôi thấy xấu, buồn đau và khổ ải!

Đang trên cao cảm thấy lòng thoải mái Bỗng ngờ đâu phút chốc lại vơi đầy

Sợ hãi nào tôi đang giữ trong tay

Nó giẫy giụa, quấy rầy cho tôi khổ Tôi đang hát một bài ca nào đó

Is what I feel tomorrow?

I can hear my thoughts

“What I am to borrow?”

My feelings change

Nearly every minute

I can feel my heart

Still holding fear in it

Lời nhạc này – cảm giác của ngày mai Tôi đang nghe trí óc tôi tâm sự:

Cảm giác nào cần phải mượn nữa đây? Dẫu biết rõ cảm xúc tựa gió mây Luôn luân chuyển vô thường trong mỗi phút

Tôi thương cảm trái tim tôi nhỏ dại Nhịp đập nào thiếu vắng nỗi lo đây?

(phỏng dịch từ tiếng Anh)

1.3.6 Free translation:

Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original It is a kind of meaning-based translation and usually a paraphrase much longer than the original

Free translation focuses on the content of the target text rather than the form, which means that the same content is expressed in the target text but with very different grammatical structures if need be

Ex: Business is business

Công việc là công việc, tình cảm là tình cảm, không thể lẫn lộn được

1.3.7 Idiomatic translation:

It translates the message of the original text but tends to disort the original meaning at times by referring colloquialisms and idioms (Su, 2003)

Idiomatic translation makes use of idioms and colloquialisms that are not present in the source text

It is asserted that the original meaning of a fixed combination is not equal

to the sum of the meaning of separate words

Ex: Out of sight, out of mind

Xa mặt cách lòng

Wait and see

thời gian sẽ trả lời

+ Bee freer than semantic translation

+ Give priority to the effectiveness of the message to be communicated

+ Focus on factors such as readability and naturalness

+ Both the content and the language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the reader

- This kind of translation used for informative texts

Ex: a small conversation between friends

Vijay: Hello, Karthik! I visited

your house yesterday You weren‟t

there Where did you go?

Karthik: I went to see the football

match between our school and

Brindavan school I left home very

early

Vijay: How was the match? Was

it interesting yesterday?

Karthik: The match started

exactly at 5pm Our school played

well and scored the first goal

before half time immediately after,

Vijay: Chào cậu, Karthik! Hôm qua

tớ có đến nhà cậu nhưng mà cậu không có ở nhà Cậu đi đâu thế?

Karthik: Tớ đi xem trận thi đấu

bóng đá giữa trường của chúng ta

và trường Brindavan Tớ rời khỏi nhà rất sớm

Vijay: Trận đấu diễn ra như thế

nào? Có thú vị không?

Karthik: Đúng 5 giờ chiều thì

trận đấu chính thức bắt đầu Đội bóng trường chúng ta chơi rất tốt

và ghi điểm bàn thắng đầu tiên

Brindavan School scored the

equalizer Our school scored the

winning goal in the last minute and

won the match

Vijay: Oh! When did you reach

home?

Karthik: I reached home very late

Vijay: By the way who won the

match last year?

Karthik: Even last year, our

school won the match

vào khoảng giữa trân đấu Lập tức ngay sau đó, đội bóng trường Brindavan vượt lên ghi điểm hòa Đội bóng trường mình ghi điểm vào phút cuối cùng và chiến thắng trận đấu

Vijay: Oh! Khi nào cậu về đến nhà?

Karthik: Tớ về đến nhà rất trễ Vijay: Trong trận đấu năm ngoái

đội nào giành chiến thắng?

Karthik: Ngay cả năm trước đội

trường chúng ta cũng giành chiến thắng

1.4 TRANSLATION SKILLS FOR TRANSLATORS

The present study suggests four main macro-skills for any translators who begin his/her work in the field of translation These are: reading comprehension, researching, and analytical, and composing skills This macro - skills include many sub - or macro - skills that need to be mastered

1.4.1 Reading comprehension skills

While we are translating, we do not think of our activity as being broken down into phases After doing our first translation, many automatic mechanisms come into play conscious of our activity

In order to think about the translation process and to describe it, our essential task consists of analyzing its phases, even if we are aware of the fact that they do not always coincide with perceptibly different or distinguishable moments If we want to describe a process that often is beyond the translator's own consciousness, we are forced to divide the process into different phases which, in the everyday practice of translation, can reveal the inter-twining, almost entangling, of these phases The first phase of the translation process consists of reading the text The reading act, first, falls under the competence of psychology, because it concerns our perceptive system Reading, like translation, is, for the most part, a conscious process If it were conscious, we would be forced to consume much more time in the act Most mental process involved in the reading act

is automatic and unconscious Owning to such a nature - common and litter

- known in the same time - in our opinion it is important to analyze the reading process as precisely as possible The works of some perception psychologist will be helpful to widen our knowledge of this first phase of translation process

Translators are advised to master the following basic reading comprehension skills:

- Read for the gist and main idea

- Read the details

- Identify the meaning of new words and expressions using one or more components of the structural analysis clause; prefixes, roots, word order, punctuation, sentence pattern, etc

- Identify the meaning of the new words and expressions using one or more

of the contextual analysis; synonyms, antonyms, examples, etc

- Identify the writer's style: literary, scientific, technical, informative, persuasive, argumentative, etc

- Identify the language level used in the text: standard, slang, religious, etc

- Identify cultural references in the choice of words in the text

1.4.2 Researching skills

Enani (2002) notices that "the most commonly heard advice to translators is

" if you do not know the meaning of a word, look it up in the dictionary"

It is the commonest and the vaguest insofar as the definite article suggests that the dictionary is known to both speaker and listeners" He indicates that there are different kinds of dictionaries that a translator should refer to;

a bilingual dictionary, a dictionary on a historical basis, dictionaries of current English, dictionaries of idioms, specialized dictionaries (dictionaries of common errors, dictionaries of idiomatic usage, slang dictionaries, technical dictionaries) encyclopedic dictionaries, dictionaries

of neologisms, and monolingual dictionaries

Calderaro (1998) indicates two major users of the meta text (text after translation) who may use the translated version; the specialist user and the lay user Identifying as this will determine which kind of dictionaries the translator will refer to, which level of information should be presented and

to "detect the exact moments when it is necessary to establish a balance between the scientific level of the author and the knowledge the user supposedly has"

Translators are encouraged to use the following basic researching tips:

- Use bilingual dictionaries for looking up meanings of new words

- Use monolingual dictionaries to check the usage of the new words in the source language and in the target language

- Use related encyclopedias and glossary list for specialized terms

- Use software dictionaries if necessary and available

- Refer to specialized magazines and journals to help you familiarize yourself with the text, particularity when it is a technical text

1.4.3 Analytical skills

The translation process is characterized by an analysis stage and a synthesis stage During analysis, the translator refers to the proto-text in order to understand as fully as possible The synthesis stage is the one in which the proto-text is projected on the reader, or rather, on the idea that the translator forms of who will be the most likely reader of the meta-text

The text, according to Bell (1998) is analyzed in two ways: micro - and macro-analysis of the actual text: monitoring for cohesion and coherence, and checking for coherence between the actual text and the potential text-type of which it is a token realization

Micro- analysis has the purpose of verifying text cohesion and inner cohesion of the single units of text Macro- analysis is aimed at checking for coherence and cohesion between the created text and the model in the category to which the text belongs

During this mental work, there is a constant shift of focus between micro- analysis and macro-analysis, between micro-expression and macro- expression

Translators are advised to use the following strategies in the analysis stage:

- Identify the "best" meaning that fits into the context

- Identify the structure in the Target Language that "best" represents the original

- Identify transitions between ideas and the "best" connectors in the target language that represent the original

The translator, having finished his/her interpretative work, has two needs:

- First, to externalize the set of impression caused by the text and translate into speech elements the impressions the mind produced by contact with the prototext

- Second, to make this product coherent within itself

Translators are invited to make use of the following basic strategies:

- Use the correct word order as used in the target language

- Use correct sentence structures as used in the target language

- Transmit the ideas of the text in clear sentences in the target language

- Rephrase certain sentences to convey the overall meaning translated

- Make changes to the text as a whole to give it a sense of the original without distorting the original ideas

- Try one or more of the following strategies when facing problems of untranslatability

CHAPTER 2 IMPLICATIONS IN TRANSLATING ECONOMIC NEWS

2.1 OVERVIEW ON NEWS

"What is News?" is really difficult question, not only for everyone who study journalism but also for those who learn about the world It is difficult question because there is not can be single, universal answer

I would like to give the definition of the Webster about the News as "a report of a recent event; new information fresh tidings and matter regarded as interesting to newspaper readers or news broadcast audiences" There are broad areas of definition of news:

- News is a report of anything timely that interests a number of people The more people interest it the better the news is News is the difference between the world yesterday and the world today

- News is what the well - trained reporter finds satisfaction in gathering and having published News is what the well - trained editor puts in his paper

- News is surprise, an unexpected happening

- News is the report or account of events or occurrences, brought to or coming to one as new information, new occurrences as a subject of report

on talk

- News = NEWS - North East West South - and information from these points and all points between

- News is something someone wants suppressed; the rest is adverting on propaganda

While its definition varies from office to office, has element common to all conception of news To be news, an event must first be interesting to the public Second, and equally important, it must be new (to the public)

The features of News

2.2 LANGUAGES STYLE OF ECONOMIC NEW

By the 19th century, newspaper language was recognized as a particular variety of style, characterized by a specific communicative purpose and its own system of language means Language is great important in journalist

To convey the whole information and all shades of meaning in the article, language is the efficient means Journalist language acts a "social language”; the specific characteristics of the journalistic language are defined with the specific relation between Press and the society Analyzing journalistic articles in terms of their linguistic features, I have drawn some conclusions:

is a subjective point of view through others' utterance

Direct speech always appears in front of "reporting verb":

e.g “We welcomed the government’s efforts to strengthen social protection, unemployment insurance and emergency assistance to the poorest households,” said Sean Doyle, EU Ambassador to Vietnam “We wish the government every success in these efforts and particularly encourage it to channel the aid as well as possible to the poorest people, who really need it.”

Most "reporting verb" is "say" because the writers want to give their objective point of view while translating As a result, the best "verb" meets its demand is "say" verb

The appearance of direct speech is considered as an obliged element for the following reasons:

- It makes newspaper more attractive The readers not only know writer's ideas but also other idea especially the speech of senior or people witness the even

- Its function is pragmatic The writers don't want to give his/her own ideas

- It makes news reliability

Most of the news is some words put under the headline: London, New York,

Manila or at the end of the news: AP, Reuters, Bloomberg, International

Herald Tribune

E.g 1 Energy stocks weigh on European markets

London : European stocks fell Monda, weighed down by energy companies including Total and EN, after analysts reduced their recommendations amid concerns over falling oil prices

E.g2 Seiko Epson and shareholders including the Hattori family will sell 46,27 million shares, the company said Tuesday

Lexical reiteration

Reiteration refers to the same lexical item with the same meaning occurring more than one in the same discourse In a text, it is necessary for every sentence to talk a fixed even As a result, lexical reiteration is inevitable to show these relations It is a good way to emphasize on what the writer intends

E.g Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd said Friday that its talks with a rival, BMI British Midland Airways Ltd, had covered a "a wide range of issues", including a possible takeover by Virgin of the No.3 British airline, despite BMI's denials that it was interested in a sale

For the above example, repeated objects are "Virgin Atlantic Airways" and

"BMI British Midland Airways Ltd." and the topic is talked "a sale" Frequency of lexical reiteration is rather high because it makes text more precise, clear, and logical

Synonymy

Synonyms are works of the same part of speech, similar in their denotation meaning, but different in their phonetic and graphic for connotation meaning and combinability

E.g PetroVietnam produced 17.39 million tonnes of oil in 2014, an increase of 7.3 per cent over the group's yearly target, while gas production for the first time hit 10.2 billion cubic metres, 7.4 per cent over the target Oil and gas reserves also surpassed the goal by 37.5 per cent this year to reach 48.11 million tonnes of oil equivalent

Synonyms are used to avoid monotony and make the text more interesting

Abbreviations

Abbreviations are often used in economic text because of economic reason

E.g MSN was the most attractive stock for investors, as they saw a total net buying value of VND232.8 billion (US$10.9 million) for this code last week VIC's market value rose on Friday after its purchase of Vinatexmart, Vinatex's chain of textile and garment stores, was completed

Terminology

In economic news, terminology is used quite popular It is difficulty for the readers to understand clearly Terms are mostly and predominantly used in special words dealing with the notions of some branch of science Therefore it may be said that they belong to the scientific style But their

E.g To improve the business environment, investors want Vietnam to upgrade the infrastructure, stabilize power supply, enhance the quality of the workforce and deal effectively with corruption by simplifying administrative procedures

2.3 IMPLICATIONS IN TRANSLATING ECONOMIC TEXT

Garcia Yebra (1982) stated that a good translator must say all and nothing but what it elegant way

Although it is necessary to recognize these guidelines, it is also evident that any theoretical principle needs to be put into practice in order to prove effective The best way of doing so is by analyzing a text, while are the following steps:

2.3.1 Background preparation

We observe that a wide variety of specific words belonging to the' field of economics, as well as a great number of noun clusters and polysemous terms, can be found in the text This makes, if possible, the task of both the unspecialized reader and the translator even more difficult

In the particular case, we have taken as a reference article I chose this paper simply because Vietnam has been a transition and integration into global economy especially joining to WTO

The translator who delicate himself to the task of trying to convey the meaning of a text as faithfully as possible must follow, as Garcia Yebra (1989) says, his/her own intuition which can help him/her to translate the text in an appropriate way As far as a text we are analyzing is concerned, I can pose the hypothesis that a translator could make use here of his/her previous knowledge of history of Vietnamese which would make it easier