Bài giảng conservation biodiversity pattern and processes

Evolution of Biodiversity• Life on Earth 3.7 - 3.85x10 9 years old • Evolutionary history shapes contemporary physical and biological environment • Current diversity of species is a pro

Biodiversity: Patterns and

Processes

How is biodiversity spatially spread?

Distribution of biodiversity

Origin of Life

Heterogenity

of environment

Complexity

of environment

Pattern

of herbivory

Distribution

of body size Earth history

Source: Yves Samyn

Evolution of Biodiversity

• Life on Earth 3.7 - 3.85x10 9 years old

• Evolutionary history shapes contemporary

physical and biological environment

• Current diversity of species is a product of the processes of extinction and speciation

Estimated Number of Described Species

Insecta

827,875 (47.3%)

Other Vertebrata 27,199 (1.6%)

Actinopterygii 23,712 (1.4%)

Nematoda 20,000 (1.1%)

Other Eucarya 36,702 (2.1%)

Angiospermae 233,885 (13.4%)

Crustacea 38,839 (2.2%) Other Plantae 49,530 (2.8%)

Arachnida 74,445 (4.3%) Other invertebrate Metazoa 82,047 (4.7%)

Fungi 100,800 (5.8%) Stramenopiles

105,922 (6.1%)

Mollusca 117,495 (6.7%)

Archaea

259 (0.01%)

Bacteria 9,021 (0.5%)

How many species?

Species group Number of species

known from Vietnam

Number of species described globally (approx.)

Global percentage of species found in Vietnam

Patterns of species description

Thalassinid shrimps

Mammals

Source: Yves Samyn

New Species Described from Vietnam

Frogs and Toads

Freshwater Fishes > 45 species

Vascular Plants 14 genera

Joyce A Powzyk

Global Biodiversity Gradient

Biodiversity is not

distributed evenly

across the planet:

Species diversity for most taxa is lowest near the poles, and increases toward the tropics, reaching a peak

in tropical rain forests (may contain more than half the species on Earth).

Terrestrial biomes

The term biome refers to a major type of terrestrial ecosystem that typifies a broad geographical region.

Global Distribution of Biodiversity

• Greatest in areas where NPP is greatest

– Terrestrial: toward Equator - Why?

– Aquatic: near shore, marine upwellings –

Why?

Explanations for the latitudinal gradient in

diversity:

1 Historical Perturbations – places that have been disturbed (e.g by glaciation) may have fewer

species because of

A Differential rates of extinction

B Inadequate time for species to recolonize

2 Differential rates of evolution – places with more resources or higher temperature may have faster rates of evolution

A Speciation faster then extinction

B More “evolutionary experiments” tried, and more niches filled

5 Interspecific interactions – biotic interactions

may promote specialization and coexistence and are more intense in the tropics

6 Habitat Heterogeneity – diverse habitat

structure may permit finer subdivision of resources and greater specialization

7 Productivity/Energy – greater available energy may allow for greater numbers of species to

coexist

Species diversity and habitat complexity

Species richness and productivity

N American data

Patterns of

biodiversity

Altitudinal gradient

Altitudinal gradients

in bird species diversity

0.0 25.0

50.0 75.0

100.0 125.0

150.0

OLI PAL

Carettochelys insculpta Pelomedusa subrufa Caretta caretta Lissemys scutata Lissemys punctata Lissemys ceylonensis Cyclanorbis elegans Cycloderma frenatum Cycloderma aubryi Trionyx triunguis Pelochelys cantorii Chitra chitra Chitra indica

Pelodiscus maackii Pelodiscus parviformis Pelodiscus sinensis

Amyda cartilaginea

Nilssonia nigricans Nilssonia formosa Nilssonia leithii

Apalone mutica Apalone ferox Apalone spinifera aspera

Rafetus euphraticus Rafetus swinhoei

1

3 C4

67

89

11 13 17

22

25 28

18 16

21 5

2

32 33

COLD

HOT

Paleoclimate

Understanding Vietnam’s Natural History

Biogeography The study of the current and

historic geographic distribution of organisms

• Geological history

• Past and present climate

• Current ecological conditions

A Medusa’s Head orchid

(Bulbophyllum farreri)

Joyce A Powzyk

Vietnam as a “tectonic mélange”

Kevin Koy/CBC-AMNH

Continental plates and suture zones in

East and Southeast Asia

Dispersal from the Indian Continent 50-40 mya

Family Dipterocarpaceae

~ 550 species

6 deciduous species

Chris Willis/UCSDwww.sarawakforestry.com

Lin

Yangchen

Long-term Climatic Fluctuations

•Alternating drier, cooler and warmer, wetter

•Rising and lowering sea levels; creation/loss

of land bridges

Golden Vietnamese Cypress (Xanthocyparis vietnamensis)

First described in 2002 (Farjon et al.)

Closest living relative: Nootka Spruce Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis restricted to Pacific Northwestern America

Daniel K Harder/Arboretum at UCSC

Climate Change & Relict Populations

Fauna and Flora International (FFI)

Climate Change & Relict Populations

Rafetus swinhoei

Hoan Kiem Lake - Ben Stocking/AP

The sister species of Hoan Kiem Lake Turtle (Rafetus swinhoei) –

Rafetus euphraticus – is distributed in Iran!

Rafetus euphraticus

Euphrates Softshell Turtle

Annamite Striped Rabbit (Nesolagus timminsi)

First described in 2000 (Averianov et al.)

Sumatran Striped Rabbit (N netscheri)

“Crossroads of Diversity”

Joyce A Powzyk

Asian Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus, left) and Sun Bear (U malayanus)

Joyce A Powzyk

Pheasants (Family Phasianidae)

“Crossroads of Diversity”

Crested Argus (Rheinardia ocellata, top), Green

Peafowl (Pavo muticus, center), and Temminck’s

Tragopan (Tragopan temminckii, bottom).

Habitat Diversity

Coniferous-Broadleaved Evergreen Forest

Lam Dong Province

Phan Ke Loc

Deciduous Dipterocarp Forest

Kon Tum ProvincePhan Ke Loc

Dry Forests & Large Ungulates

Joyce A Powzyk

Banteng (Bos javanicus); male (left) and female (right)

Habitat Diversity

Forests over Limestone (Karst)

Tuyen Quang Province

Phan Ke Loc

Seasonally Inundated Grasslands

Tram Chim National Park

Jeb Barzen

Seasonally Inundated Grasslands & Birds

Joyce A Powzyk

Bengal Florican (Houbaropsis bengalensis);

male (front) and female (back)

Eastern Sarus Crane (Grus antigone sharpii)

Eleanor Briggs

Endemism in the Truong Son Range

Kevin Koy/CBC-AMNH

Elevation 3,300-8.200 ft Vegetation Humid Evergreen Forest

High nos of endemic species

Birds, Large Mammals, Frogs Conifers, Orchids

Primitive Species

Saola Annamite Striped Rabbit

Endemic Species of the Truong Son Range

Large-antlered Muntjac (Muntiacus vuquangensis, upper left), Annamite Muntjac (M truongsonensis, upper right), and Red Muntjac (M muntjak)

female (lower left) and male (lower right)

Muntjacs (Muntiacus)

Joyce A Powzyk

Mark A Klinger

Kha-nyou (Laonastes aenigmamus)

Endemic Species of the Truong Son Range

“Cryptic” Biodiversity

Green Cascade Frog (Huia chloronata) species complex

Joyce A Powzyk

Morafka’s Cascade Frog (Huia

morafkai, top), Green Cascade Frog

(H chloronata, center), and Ba Na Cascade Frog (H.banaorum, bottom)

Biodiversity of Vietnam

Endemic Species

– 6% mammals – 25% amphibians – 21% reptiles

Caveats Incomplete Survey Records

Sung’s Asian Toad (Leptolalax sungi)

Amy Lathrop/Royal Ontario Museum

26 of 31 new frog species are endemic to Vietnam,

BUT 17 known only from their type locality

Recent Research In Vietnam

New Species Discoveries

Saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis)

Joyce A Powzyk

Eleanor Sterling/CBC-AMNH

SFNC/FFI

Recent Research In Vietnam

New Species Discoveries

Hairy-nosed Otter (Lutra sumatrana)

Joyce A Powzyk

Kevin Frey/CBC-AMNH

New Species Described from Vietnam

Frogs and Toads

Freshwater Fishes > 45 species

Vascular Plants 14 genera

Joyce A Powzyk

Biodiversity of Vietnam

Species Richness

Mammals > 300 species

Bats 91 species Carnivores 37 species Primates 27 taxa

Asian Barbets 10 species

Grey-faced Tit Babbler (Macronous kelleyi, top),

White-browed Shrike Babbler (Pteruthius flaviscapis, second from

top), Sooty Babbler (Stachyris herberti, third from top), and

Short-tailed Scimitar babbler (Jabouilleia danjoui, bottom)

Babblers (Family Timalidae)

Species Richness

Amphibians > 180 species

Frogs 174 species

Reptiles > 330 species

Freshwater Turtles 28 species

Chinese Softshell Turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)

Joyce A Powzyk

Joyce A Powzyk

Vietnamese Warty Newt

(Paramesotriton deloustali)

The Major Extinction Events

Adapted from Kaufman and Mallory (1986) ‘The Last Extinction’ fig 2.1

Recovery time from previous

extinctions

• Evolution required 10 million years or more to attain prior levels of species

diversity

Sixth mass extinction

Homo sapiens (humans) may be the cause of a

sixth major extinction in history.

Reasons for extinction:

Sixth mass extinction

Homo sapiens (humans) may be the cause of a

sixth major extinction in history.

Reasons for extinction:

How a 6th mass extinction might differ from previous

mass extinctions

• causes - apparently human induced

• rate - possibly greater

• possible breadth of taxonomic groups affected

• it can be stopped or at least slowed!

Can we rescue these species?

Rafetus swinhoeiHoan Kiem Lake

Ben Stocking/AP

David Hulse/WWF

Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus

Cat Tien National Park

Pseudoryx nghetinhensis

Pu Mat National Park

WWF Greater Mekong