Hướng dẫn ôn luyện thi THPT môn hóa học

Hat nhan gom cdc hat proton mang dien tich duong va natron trung hoa dien; phan v6 nguyen tu gom cdc electron mang dien tich am.. So proton = so electron = so dien tich hat nhan = so hi

DANG TH! OANH (Chu bien) PHAM HONG BAG - DOAN OANH GIANG PHAM VAN HOAN - I R A N TRUNG NINH

DANG TRAN XUAN

UN IV ER SI TY OF E DU CA TI ON P UB LI SH IN

luvf N

m Hon

g B

S c Doan Canh Giang

-Pham Van Hoa

c te : ISB

ttugc nhCing

y kien ddng gdp cua quy

vi S6c

gid bdn quyen vddich vu h^vebdn thdo sdch, li^n y ve Moi gdp thi^n han. cdng hodn desdch ngdy

xin vui Ibng gCli

ve ilia chlemail: kehoach(g'nxbdhsp.edu.vn

Ma so: 01.02.174/90

0 TK

2015

M U C L U C • - " u a i H T j 6 l O l 6 j

- , Trang

LOl GlOl THIEU 4 Ldl NOI DAU 5 Phan mot DjNH Hl/CiNG CHUNG Kl THI TRUNG HOC PHO THONG QUOC GIA 6

Phan hai CAC CHUYEN DE ON LUYEN 7

Chuyen de 1 NGUYEN TL/, LIEN KET HOA HOC,

B A N G TUAN HOAN CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC 7

Chuyen de 2 Ll' THUYET VE SU DIEN LI VA PHAN L/NG HOA HOC 16

Chuyen de 3 MOT SO DON CHAT TIEU BIEU vA HOP CHAT CUA CHUNG 28

PHI KIM 28 KIM LOAI 39 Chuyen de 4 CAC HOP CHAT VO CO 64

Chuyen de 5 DAI CUONG VE HOA HOC HOU CO - HIDROCACBON 86

Chuyen de 6 A N C O L - P H E N O L 112

Chuyen de 7 ANDEHIT - AXIT CACBOXYLIC 120

Chuyen de 8 ESTE - LIPIT 131

Chuyen de 9 AMIN - AMINO AXIT VA PROTEIN 143

Chuyen de 10 CACBOHIDRAT - POLIME VA VAT LIEU POLIME 156

Phan ba MOT SO DE THI THAM KHAO 168

LCJI Gl

dl TH IE

g un

g vd

i 8 mon: Toan , N gu van, Tien

g Anh , Va

t li , Ho

a hoc , Sin

Phan mot: D|n

Phan ba: Mo

i quye

t va

n de , ma

Cling vo

i b

o sac

h tren , Nh

i van , Tien

g Anh , Va

t l

i, Ho

a hoc ) phu

thieu!

NH

A X UA

T B AN D

toan chon loc kem theo hudng dan giai, khai quat nhung nhan xet va mot so bai tap on

luyen c6 hudng dan giai hoac dap so; Phdn ba gidi thieu mot so de thi tham khao c6 hudng

dan giai

Noi dung Phdn hai gom 10 chuyen de: ,

• Chuyen de 1 Nguyen tu, lien ket hoa hoc, bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to hoa hoc

• Chuyen de 2 Li thuyet ve sir dien li va phan ung hoa hoc

• Chuyen de 3 Mot so don chat tieu bieu va hop chat ciia chiing

• Chuyen de 4 Cac hop chat v6 ca

• Chuyen de 5 Dai cuang hoa hoc huu ca - Hidrocacbon

• Chuyen de 6 Ancol - Phenol

• Chuyen de 7 Andehit - Axit cacboxylic

• Chuyen de 8 Este - Lipit

• Chuyen de 9 Amin - Amino axit va protein

• Chuyen de 10 Cacbohidrat - Polime vk vat lieu polime

Trong mdi chuyen d6, cac tAc gia tiinh bay thong nhat theo cic muc: Tom tat li thuyet

ca ban; Mot s6 bai tap tu luan; Mot s6 bai tap trac nghiem khach quan; Dap an va

hudng dan giai Noi dung on luyen thuoc phan Hod hoc va cac van de kinh te, xa hoi,

moi trudiig dugc dua vao, long ghep trong tung chuyen de, khong tach thanh muc rieng

Cu6n sach con la mot tai lieu tham khao cho cac thSy, c6 giao giiip hoc sinh on luyen mon Hoa hoc cho ki thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia

Tap the tac gia mong muon nhan dugc nhung gop y ciia dgc gia de nang cao chat lugng cuon sach Cac y kien gop y cho cuon sach xin giii ve dia chi:

Phong Bien tap, Nha xuat ban Dai hoc Su pham, Trudng Dai hoc Su pham Ha Noi S6 136, Duong Xuan Thuy, Quan Cau Gi^y, Thanh ph6 Ha Noi

-Cac tac gia

Phan m

ot

D!NH H Ud NG C HU

NG

Kl TH

I T RU NG HOC

PHO THON

G QUO

C GI

A

MON HOA

HOC

Ngay 09/9/2014, B

Ngu van, Ngoa

i ngi

r va

1 mo

n tir chon tron

g ca

c mo

n Va

t If, Hoa hoc, Sin

dung, hap, lien thicc tong dung kien h van c sin i hp i ho i do e th g d i dun cao Np van dung mon dk th c ra g td Con c s6ng n cup c tie n thu n de n qua e he n d c va t ca i quye , gia m bai de la

i a cdu hoi dan cdc hoc, tang luc nguai gid ndng g ddnh o huon i the i ma e do c dup tiep tu

muc do van dung,

cdc cdu hoi ma;

<^r^^

J (

6

Phan hai •mm

C A C C H U Y E N D E ON L U Y E N

Chuyen de 1

NGUYEN TU, LIEN K E T HOA HOC,

BANG TUAN HOAN CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC

A TOM T A T LI T H U Y E T C O B A N j

I N G U Y E N T O

1 Thanh phan, cau tao nguyen

tu-Nguyen tii gom hat nhan va v6 nguyen tu Hat nhan gom cdc hat proton mang dien tich

duong va natron trung hoa dien; phan v6 nguyen tu gom cdc electron mang dien tich am

2 Hat nhan nguyen tur - <

Hat nhan nguyen tu c6 kfch thuac v6 ciing nho so vol kich thuac nguyen tu, nhung

chiem hau het khoi lugng nguyen tu Noi cdch khac, nguyen tii c6 cau tao rong

Hat nhan mang dien tich duong Dien tich hat nhan c6 gia tri bang so proton trong

hat nhan, ki hieu Z+

So proton = so electron = so dien tich hat nhan = so hieu nguyen tu

Vi du: Nguyen tu oxi c6 8 proton trong hat nhan va 8 electron a lop v6

So khoi, ki hieu A, dugc tinh theo cong thuc A = Z + N, trong do Z la tong so hat

proton, N la tong so hat natron

Nguyen to hod hoc bao gom cac nguyen tu c6 cung dien tich hat nhan Ki hieu:

Dong vi la hien tugng cac nguyen tu c6 cung so proton nhung khac nhau ve so

natron, do do so khoi (A) cua chiing khac nhau

Nguyen tir khoi trung binh: M = %Xi.Ai + %X2.A2 + + %X„.An NSu nguyen to X

chi CO 2 d6ng vi thi: M = x.A, + (1 - x).A2 (x, (1 - x) 1^ % cua dong vi 1, 2; A,, A2 la s6 kh6i

ciia dong vi 1,2)

II C A U T A O V6 N G U Y E N T L ;

1 Lop electron

- Trong nguyen tii, moi electron c6 mot nang lugng nhat dinh Cac electron c6 nang

lugng gan bang nhau dugc xep thanh mot lap electron (ciing mot muc nang lugng)

- Thu tu cua lap electron tang dan 1, 2, 3, n tir gan hat nhan ra xa hat nhan, thi muc

nang lugng cua electron cung tang dan Electron a lap c6 tri so n nho bj hat nhan hut

manh, kho but ra khoi nguyen tu Electron 6 lap c6 trj so n c^ng Ian thi c6 nang lugng

c^ng cao, bi hat nhan hiit yeu hon va de tach ra khoi nguyen tu i

- Lap electron da c6 dii so electron toi da ggi la lap electron bao hocl

Chii y: Tong so electron toi da trong lap n la 2n' j

u ca

i thuong: s,

u die

n si

r pha

n bo electron tre

n ca

c lo

p va phan lop

S

- Nguyen

li vitng ben:

6 tran

g tha

i co ban, tron

g nguye

n tix cac electro

6 nhie

u nha

t la hai electro

n va

- Quy tdc ve

trat tu cac mice nang lucmg

p ngoa

i cun

g co nhieu n

i kim Tron

g ca

c pha

X + ne^

co so hieu nguyen l&n nguyen tir so hieu khi co , Pb u Sn loai nh cac kim ; 1^ , Si nhu C tu nhd

c co cimg s

g mo

t hang

8

- Cac nguyen to hoa hoc c6 cung so electron hoa tri trong nguyen tu dugc sap xep

thanh mot cot

2 Cau tao cua bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to hoa hoc

- 6 nguyen to: M6i nguyen t6 hoa hoc dugc xep vao mot 6 So thir tu ciia 6 nguyen

to bang so hieu nguyen tir

- Chii ki: Co 7 chu ki, so thir tu ciia chu ki bang so lop electron ^ -Nhom: Co 8 nhom, trong do:

+ Nhom A: gom cac nguyen to s va p; so thir tir ciia nhom bang so electron hoa tri

Nhom A con dugc goi la cac nguyen to thugc phan nhom chinh

+ Nhom B: g6m cac nguyen to d va f; voi cau hinh election: (n - ^d^ns^ (3 ^ x + y ^ 12);

s6 thu tu nhom B dugc xac dinh: " "

• Neu 3 ^ x + y ^ 7 = : > S 6 thii' tu nhom = x + y

• Nau X + y = 8, 9, 10 ^ S6 thir tu nhom = 8 (Nhom VIIIB g6m 3 cot)

• N^u X + y > 10 => S6 thir tu nhom = x + y - 10

Nhom B con dugc ggi la cac nguyen to thugc phan nhom phu

Do

am dien

Tinh kim loai

Tinh phi kim

Tinh bazo-

Tinh axit

V L I E N K E T H O A H O C

1 Lien ket ion

- Hinh thanh giira kim loai dien hinh va phi kim dien hinh

Hieu so do am dien Ax ^ U 7

- Nguyen tir kim loai nhuong electron tro thanh ion duong Nguyen tu phi kim nhan

electron tro thanh ion am Cac ion mang dien tich trai dau hut nhau bang lire hiit tinh dien

V r ^ w N a C l M g C h

- Ban chat: do lire hiit tinh dien giira cac ion mang dien tich trai dau

2 Lien ket cong hoa tri

- Hinh thanh giira cac nguyen tu giong nhau hoac gan giong nhau

Hieu so do am dien Ax < 1,77

Lmi y: Phan tu HF c6 Ax = 1,78 nhung vi hidro khong phai la kim loai nen lien ket

H-F van 1^ lien ket cgng hoa tri

Day la lien kit hod hoc chu yeu trong hap chat hihi ca

i la c6 cu

ciia lien ket cong hod

g vo

l so cap electro

n nhiet, tin

c hin

nhu tin

(-SQ^C) l

a cha

t c6 phan ti

r kho

i tuon

g duang

; dp tan tron

g nua

c ciia CH3OH

u th

e ki

XX, ngua

i ta ban lua

n so

i no

i ve phan b

h nguye

n tii No

i eac

h khac, nguye

n tu

Cau 2 Nga

y 26/4/1986, mo

t si

r c6 nghiem tron

g d

a xa

y ra tai nh

a ma

y die

n ha

t nha

rpng han

g nghi

n km', chi

t io

t phon

g xa

nay the

c Tu sir CO tren, bai hoc cho Viet Nam khi chuan bi xay dung nhh may dien hat nhan

tai Ninh Thuan la gi?

Cau 3 Trong tu nhien, hidro t6n tai duoi dang hai dong vi: |H (99%) va (1%); oxi

t6n tai a ba d6ng vi: '^O (99,762%), '^,0 (0,038%), '^O (0,200%) u^:

a Tinh nguyen tu khoi trung binh ciia moi nguyen to

b Co the CO bao nhieu loai phan tu nuoc khac nhau tao nen tu nhung dong vi tren?

c Phan tu nude nao pho bien nhat?

Cau 4 Biet nguyen t6 nhom (Al) 6 6 13, chu ki 3, nhom UIA ciia bang tuan hoan '

a Viet cau hinh electron nguyen tu cua nhom

b Du doan tfnh chat hoa hoc ciia don chat nhom

c So sanh tinh kim loai ciia nhom vai magie (Mg) va silic (Si)

Cau 5 Mot nguyen t6 tao dugc ion don nguyen tu mang 2 don vi dien tich va c6 t6ng so

hat (p, n, e) trong ion do la 80 Trong nguyen tu ciia nguyen to do, so hat mang dien nhieu

hon so hat kh6ng mang dien la 22 Xac dinh so electron doc than cua nguyen to do

a trang thai ca ban

Cau 2 Anion X" va cation Y"* deu c6 cau hinh electron lop ngoai cimg la 3s'3p^ Vi tri

ciia cac nguyen to trong bang tuan hoan cac nguyen t6 hoa hoc la:

A X 6 6 18, chu ki 3, nhom VIIA; Y 6 6 20, chu ki 3, nhom HA

C X 6 6 18, chu ki 3, nhom VIA; Y 6 6 20, chu ki 4, nhom HA

Cau 3 Trong hop chk ion XY (X la kim loai, Y 1^ phi kim), s6 electron ciia cation bang

s6 electron ciia anion va t6ng s6 electron trong XY la 20 Bik trong moi hop chat, Y chi

CO mot miic oxi hoa duy nhat C6ng thiic XY la

A.AIN B.NaF C LiF D MgO

Cau 4 Trong mot nhom A, tru nhom VIIIA, theo chieu tang cua dien tich hat nhan

nguyen tu thi

A do am dien giam dan, tinh phi kim tang dan

C U'nh kim loai tang dkn, ban kinh nguyen tu tang dan ^ ';^

Ca u

5 Tron

g ti

r nhien, nguye

n to dong c

6 ha

i don

g vi la

(Z = 9) v

a R (Z = 19) D

Na, O, Li

C

F, Li, O, Na

D

Li

, Na, O

A 50,00% B

O 3, H2S.

B

O2, H2O , NH3

C H2O ,

A ph

i ki

m va kim loai B kh

i hie

m va kim loai

C ki

m loa

i va khi hiem

t 1^

: ls^2s^2p

A.X,Y,Z B.Z, Y,X

o natron

^ -,

If

Cau 16 Mot ion M'"^ C6 t6ng s6 hat proton, notron, electron la 79, trong do so hat mang

dien nhieu hom so hat khong mang dien la 19 Cau hinh electron cua nguyen tu M la

Cau 17 Cau hinh electron ciia ion Cu""^ va Cr^^ Ian lugt 1^

Cau 18 Khoi lugng rieng ciia canxi kim loai la 1,55 glcvci Gia thiet rang, trong tinh the

canxi cac nguyen tu la nhiing hinh cau chiem 74% the tich tinh the, phan con lai la kite

rong Ban kfnh nguyen tu canxi theo tinh loan la

A.0,185nm B 0,196nm C.0,155nm D 0,168nm

Cau 19 Trong tu nhien clo c6 hai dong vi ben: CI chiem 24,23% tong so nguyen tit,

c5n lai la \j C I Thanh phan phan tram theo khoi lugng ciia 17 CI trong HCIO4 (cho H = 1;

0 = 1 6 ) la

A 8,43% B 8,797o C 8,92% D 8,56%

Cau 20 Tong so hat proton, notron, electron ciia nguyen tu X la 34, trong do so hat mang

dien nhieu horn so hat khong mang dien la 10 hat K i hieu hoa hoc va v i tri ciia X (chu ki,

nhom) la

A Na, chu ki 3, nhom lA B Mg, chu k i 3, nhom l l A

C F, chu ki 2, nhom VILA D Ne, chu k i 2, nhom VIUA

D DAP AN VA HUdNG DAN GIAI ''^""^ " '

I BAI TAP T U LUAN

Cau 1 Trong thi nghiem, dong hat anpha (a) dugc phong qua mot la vang mong, xung

quanh c6 man chan huynh quang de quan sat duong di ciia dong hat anpha Rozofo nhan

thay hau het cac hat anpha di thang xuyen qua la vang, mot so it bi lech huong va mot so

rat It con bi bat tra lai sau khi gap la vang Dieu nay dugc giai thich la ngoai cac electron

mang dien am, trong nguyen tu con phan mang dien duong, ggi la hat nhan c6 kich thuoc

rat nho be so v6i nguyen tu, nhung tap trung hau het khoi lugng nguyen tu Noi each

khac, nguyen tir c6 cau tao rong

phan ra trong

1 gia

y \k

N = kA = (9,97.10"Vgiay)(4,6.10

" nguye

n tu ) = 4,58.10'^

(nguyen tu/giay)

Ti'nh nguyen

c nhau

Ian nhat la :

JH'gOJR

Cau 4 a.

Cau hinh electron

cua nhom: ls'2s"2p''3s"3p

\

b Du doan tinh chat ho

l Al^

* +

3e

Tinh khu manh cua nhom the hien trong cac pha

n un

g va

i ph

i kim , va

a sih

c (

Z = 14): Tron

g ch

u ki

,

theo chieu tang ciia dien tich hat nhan , tin

h ki

m loa

i gia

m dan D

g ye

u ha

n magie

Cau 5

+ Trudn

g ha

p 1 : Nguye

•2Z + N = 7 8

J Z

= 2

5

" 2 Z-

N = 22 ^

| N

> M^"

^ + 2e

'2 Z + N = 8 2

J Z

= 2

6

2Z -N

= 2 2^

[N = 30 '

So electron

doc than la

4

X + 2e X^

-Mn (loai)

•Fe: ls^2s^2p'3s-3p'3d''4s '

II BA IT AP TR AC NGHIEM

KHACH QUAN

IC 2D

3B 4C

5B 6D

7A 8C

9C

IOC

II

D 12C 13A

14B 15A

16B 17C

18B 19C

20A

Cau 2 Anio

y X c6 s6 thu tu

17, ch

u k

i 3 , nho

m II

A =

> Chp

n D

Cau 3 Tron

t tron

g mp

i hap chat, Y

chi c

d

14

mot muc oxi hoa duy nhat Suy ra s6 electron cua X"^ bSng so electron ciia Y bang 10

X la Na va Y la F, cong thiic la NaF Chon B

Cau 4 Trong mot nhom A , trir nhom V I I I A , theo chieu tang cua dien tich hat nhan

nguyen t u t h i tinh k i m loai tang dan, ban k i n h nguyen t u tang dan ^ Chpn C

^ p = 26 ( I s - 2s-2p'' 3s-3p''3d'' 4s-hay [Ar]3d^ 4s-) ^ Chon B ' '

Cau 18 S6 nguyen t u Ca chua trong Icm^ la: — 6 , 0 2 3 1 0 ^ ' =0,2334.10^' (nguyen tir)

40

T h i tich ciia cac nguyen t u trong Icm^ la 0,74cm^ = 0,74.10"W

The tich ciia mot nguyen t u la: ^'"^"^'^^ = 3,1705.lO"'"* (m^)

l 2 Z - N = 10 (2) ;

Ch uy en d

e 2

LI TH UY ET V

E Sl

T D IE

N L

I V

A P HA

N UfN

G H OA

LI AXiT-BAZO p

i ta

n tron

g nuac, ca

c pha

n tu hoa ta

n de

u pha

- Cha

t die

n li ye

u (0 ^ a < 1)

n so

phan t

2 Axit , bazf

f

2.1 Axit, bazoftheo thuyet

Axit nhiS

u nac: HjPO

^ <=:

i H

" + H.PO,

H^PO- :p^HVHPO

f ^

HPO;-4iz

> PO^

u c6 mot s

n OH~ne

n de

u c6 mot s

2.2 Axit, bazfftheo thuyet Bron-stet Hang SO phdn li axit vabazff : i j j ^AO !

ạ Axit Id chdt nhu&ng proton (H""), bao g6m: ' «

-Anion: HSÔ, ^ <

-Cation: N H ; , Al'\^ Cu-^

b Baza Id chdt nhdn proton, bao gom:

c Chdt luong tinh la chdt vica cd khd ndng cho, vica cd khd ndng nhdn proton,

bao gom:

- Phan tii trung hoa: ZnCOH)., A1(0H)3, Cr(OH)3, PbCOH)., Sn(OH)2, H2O,

- Anion: HCO:, HS", HPỐ"

d Hang so phdn li axit vd baza (Kg, Kb): hang so can bang cua axit yeu hoac bazo

CH3COO-[CH3COOH]

C H 3 C O O - + H2O ^ CH3COOH + OH"

^ ^ [QH-][CH,CQOH] ^

" [CH^COO"]

3 Tich so ion ciia niro-c pH dung dich

pH = -lg[Hl; pOH = -IgLOH"]; pH + pOH =14

Luu y:

Phan ling thuy phan cua muoi:

- Muoi tao boi axit manh va bazo manh khong bi thuy phan

Vidu: NaCl, KCl, NaNOj, K2SO4, pH = 7

- Mu6i tao boi axit yeu v^ baza manh khi thuy phan cho moi tniong bazạ

Widu: CHsCOONa, NaNỌ, NạCOj, NaHC03, K2S, pH > 7

- Mu6i tao boi axit manh va baza y6u khi thuy phan cho moi tniong axit

Vidu: NH4NO3, NH4CI, pH < 7

- Muoi tao boi axit yeu va baza yeu khi thuy phan thuang cho moi tniong trung tinh

Vz'rfM.NH4HC03, pH = 7

II CAC LOAI PHA

N LfN

G HO

A HOC TRONG

hod khir

so nguyen

to hod hoc

^ NaC

l + NaClO

V

i du

: IKMnO^-^

K2Mn04 + M nO , +

Q

1.2 Phan ung khong

thay dot

so oxi hod ,

4^

Vidu:

Ag NO

j + NaCl ^

" "

PMn img trao doi

doi ion trong dung

dich cdc chat dien

" '

+2 -2 +4-

2 +2+

4 -2

Vidu 2:

CaO + C

O, ^ CaC03

b Phdn img phdn

Vidul: 2KCIO3

-> 2KC

1 +

30, / ,

18 ^

• :

rv,,

+ 2 - 2 + 1 + 2 - 2 + 1 - 2

Vidu2: Cu(OH), ^ CuO + H , 0 ^Av

c Phan ung the: luon c6 sir thay doi so oxi hoa cua cac nguyen to

d Phan img trao doi: la phan ung c^c chat trao doi vai nhau nhung bo phan cau tao

phan tu

* Phuong trinh phan ung c6 ghi them gia tri AH va trang thai cua cac chat dugc goi

la phuong trinh nhiet hod hoc

Vi du: Na (r) + - CI, (k) -> NaCl (r); AH = -411,1 kJ/mol

III Toc D O P H A N L/NG V A C A N B A N G H O A H O C

1 Toe do phan irng la do bien thien nong do ciia mot trong cac chat phan ung hoac san

pham trong mot don vi thai gian

Toe do phan ung hoa hoc phu thuoc vao cac yeu to: nong do, cip suat (doi vai

chat khi), nhiet do, dien ti'ch tiep xuc va chit xuc tac

- Anh huang cua nong do: v = k.C^ C^ >,M s

(Chi xet vdi A, B la chit khi va chat tan trong dung dich)

- Anh hudng ciia nhiet do: Cii tang nhiet dp len 10"C, toc do phan ung tang len

khoang 2 den 4 Ian

—^ = y= he s6 nhiet do cua tdc do phan ung (y = 2 4) => —^ = y

- Anh hudng ciia dien tich tiep xuc: Tang dien tich tiSp xiic giiia cac chat phan img

se lam tang toc do phan ung

- Anh hudng cua chat xuc tac: Chat xuc t^c la chit Ihm tang toc do phan ung

2 Can bang hoa hoc

Phan ung thuan nghich la phan ung xay ra theo hai chieu trai ngugc nhau trong ciing

dieu kien phan ung

Can bang hoa hoc la trang thli cua phan ung thuan nghich khi toc do phan ung thuan

bang toc do phan ung nghich

+ Can bang hoa hoc phu thuoc: nong do, ap suat, nhiet do

dang &

trqng thai can bang thi can nhiet do, dp siidt, nong do, bien doi ngoai, nhu dong ben mot tac khi chiu bang se do ben ngodi tac dong lam gidm theo chieu chuyen dich

+ Han

g so can ban

C + d

D

^ jcmt_

, , ,

P Tl

i LUA

n img: Br + HCOO

H

-> 2HB

r + CO

o ca

n bin

g ho

a hpc: I2

g nhie

t dp

Cau 6 Ch

o 2 li

t v

a 7 li

t H2 vao bin

h pha

n umg, ho

h cii

a NH, tron

u kie

n la bao nhieu

h khon

g d6i, chii

suit da

t 90

% (tin

h theo CH3COOH)

thi cS

n ba

Cau 9 Rang dugc bao ve bod lop men cung, day khoang 1 - 2mm (tuy mat rang)

Lop men nay la hop chat Ca5(P04)30H va dugc tao thanh theo phuong trinh hoa hoc sau:

5Cấ + 3P04^- + OH" Ca5(P04)30H (1)

Qua tnnh tao lop men nay la sir bao ve tir nhien cua con nguai chong lai benh sau rang Sau bira an, vi khuan trong mieng tan cong cac thuc an con luu lai tren rang tao thanh cac axit hiru ca nhu axit axetic, axit lactic Thiic an vdi ham lucmg duong cao tao dieu kien tot cho viec san sinh ra cac axit dọ

ạ Tai sao khi lugng axit trong mieng tang lai c6 nguy ca gay benh sau rang?

b Tai sao nhimg nguai c6 thoi quen an trau lai tot cho vice tao men rang va c6 tac dung ngan ngua benh sau rang?

c Em hay dua ra hai bien phap hgp li, c6 tinh kha thi de phong ngita benh sau rang

Cau 10 Theo quy dinh ciia To chiic Y tS The gioi (WHO), n6ng do ion NO, trong nude

uong khong dugc vugt qua 10 mg// Neu thCra NÔ se gay ra mot loai benh thieu mau hoac tao thanh nitrosamin (mot hgp chat gay ung thu trong duang tieu hod)

Nguon phat thai ion nitrat chii yeu gom: phan bon hoa hoc (phan dam), phan thai trai chan nuoi dong vat, nuac thai do thi va biin, he thong tu hoai,

ạ Dk xac dinh ham lugng NO" trong mot mau nuac, nguai ta lay 50ml mau nuac

th^y CO 2,24ml khi NO thoat ra (san ph§m khii duy nhat, d dktc) Em hay cho hik ham

lugng NO, trong mau nuac do c6 nam trong gidi ban cho phep khong? Tai saỏ

b Em hay de xuat cac bien phap nham Ihm giam thieu lugng NO, thai ra moi trudng

C MOT S O BAI T A P T R A C N G H I E M K H A C H Q U A N

oxi hoa - khủ

Ạ Phan ung hoa hgp B Phan ung phan buy

C Phan ung trao doi D Phan ung the

Cau 2 Trong phan ung hod hoc, nguyen tu cua cac nguyen to kim loai

C nhan electron D nhan electron va bi khụ

Cau 3 Cho cac phan ung hoa hoc sau:

(d) CI2 + 2NaOH —> NaCl + NaClO + H2Ọ

Cau 4. Cho phuong trinh hoa hgc: 3NO2 + HoO—> 2HNO3 + NỌ Trong phan ung nky,

NO2 đng vai tro

- HNO3 H2O " n tu NO + so pha o proton a va chat ch i ho la FeCNOs), + t ox D HNO3 la cha O + i tro chat khu : Fe a la a hoc dong va , vir h ho i hoa HNO3 r g ttin n ti chat ox o pha o phuon a la Ch giua s C vir Cau 5 Ti le

a va sir kh

B 4HC

1 + 2C

u + O2 2CuCl2 +

2H2O

C 2HC

l + F e^

Fe Cl 2+

8H2O + 2KC

1 2H2O a + ) 2N : 3CH4 (b c sau )3 + a ho h ho 4Al(OH g trin I2H2O c phuon 3 + o ca Ch (a) AI4C Cau 8

(d) Na

H + H2O NaOH +

+ Cu c6 pha

u vit

a c6 tinh ox

i hoa, vu

a c6 tinh kh

22

C a u 12 Cho phan ung hod hoc: /]

M g + HNO3 Mg(N03)2 + NOT + NO2T + H2O V - '

Neu ti le so mol giiia N O va NO2 la 2 : 1, thi he so nguyen toi gian ciia HNO3 la < - - A

C a u 13 Cho KI tac dung h^t v6i dung dich KMn04 trong moi truang H2SO4 loang, thu

dugc 1,51 gam MnS04 So mol L tao thanh la

C a u 14 Nguofi ta dung k h i NH3 de khii hoan toan m gam CuO (nung nong) Sau phan

ung thu dugc h6n hgp khi va hai Cho hon hgp khi va hod nay vao binh dung dung dich

H2SO4 dac (du) thu dugc 2,24 lit khi (o dktc) G i i tri cua m la

C a u 15 De hoa tan het mot hon hgp gom 0,045 mol kim loai X (hoa tri I ) ; 0,03 mol kim

loai Y (hoa tri 11) va 0,015 mol k i m loai Z (hoa t n 111) can vira dii m gam dung dich

HNO3 31,5% Sau phan ting thu dugc 0,3612 lit (a dktc) h6n hgp k h i gom N2 va N2O

(biet N trong HNO3 chi bi khu thanh N va N ) Gia tri cua m la

C a u 16 Trong day dien hoa ciia kim loai, v i tri mot so cap oxi hoa - khu dugc sap xep

nhu sau: A l ' V A l , Fe-VFe, N i ' V N i , Cu'VCu, Fe^VFe-^ A g V A g Trong s6 cac k i m loai

Al, Fe, N i , Cu, A g , so kim loai phan ling dugc vai dung dich muoi sat(in) la

C a u 17 Cho cac phan ung ciia cac cap chat sau: Fe203 va H2SO4 dac, nong; Fe(OH)2 vk

HNO3 loang; Na va H.O; CaO va H2O; dung dich NH4NO3 va dung djch NaOH So cap

chat xay ra phan ling oxi hoa - khii la

C a u 18 Cho phan ung: A^k) + 2B^^^) C(k) + D(k) : ,10

Biet toe do phan ung tren dugc tinh theo bieu thiic: v = k.C^.Cy

Trong do k la hang s6 toe do phan ung K h i ap suat ciia he tang len 2 Ian thi toe do phan

img tren se tang

C a u 19 Biet ring m6i khi nhiet do tang them 10"C thi t6c do ciia mot phan ling tang

them 4 l4n Hoi toe do ciia phan ling do se giam di bao nhieu Ian khi giam nhiet do tir

60"C xu6ng 20°C?

C a u 20 Biet rSng m6i khi nhiet do tang them 10"C thi t6c do cua mot phan ling tang

them 2 Ian Ban dau phan ung dugc tien hanh a 30"C, de toe do phan img do tang len 64

Ian thi can tien hanh phan img a nhiet do

C a u 21 Cho phuong trinh hoa hoc:

a he, so can ban

g bi chuyen dic

o ca

n ban

g ho

a hoc:

NH3 CO H3 C H* + ± 4= OH CO H3 C : D 1 2. g sau can ban c c6 C. t axeti u la 3. h axi n li ye g dic t die g dun c cha B g ca Tron A 4 So lupn Cau 25

O^

Dp die

n h a ciia

C H3 CO OH

vai dun

A.

Al(OH )3,

AI2O3,

NaHC03, (NH4)2C03, ZnO

Cau 29 The tich dung dich HCl 0,3M chn de trung hok 100ml dung dich h6n hgp NaOH

A (3) > (2) > (1) B (1) > (2) > (3) C ( 2 ) > ( 3 ) > ( 1 ) D (1) > (3) > (2) Cau 33 Trgn hai dung dich H2SO4 0,1M va HCl 0,3M vai nhiing the tich b^ng nhau thu dugc dung dich X Lay 450ml dung dich X cho tac dung vai V (lit) dung dich Y (g6m NaOH 0,15M va K O H 0,05M), thu dugc dung dich Z c6 pH = 1 Gia tri cua V la

A 0,650 B 0,155 C 0,450 D 0,225

Cau 34 Dung dich Y g6m: a mol A l ^ ^ b mol C r , 0,15 mol H"" va 0,03 mol SO;" Cho

180ml dung dich Z g6m NaOH 1,2M va Ba(0H)2 0,1M vao dung dich Y, sau khi cac

phan tmg xay ra hoan toan, thu dugc 5,598 gam k^t tiia Gia tn ciia a, b ISn lugt Ik

A 0,030 va 0,018 B 0,018 va 0,144

C 0,030 va 0,180 D 0,180 va 0,030

Cau 35 Biet do tan ciia CUSO4 trong 100 gam nuac a 20°C la 20,5 gam va 6 80"C la 55,5 gam Khoi lugng CUSO4.5H2O ket tinh khi lam lanh 1350g CUSO4 bao hoa tu 80"C xu6ng20°Cla

A 536,7 gam B 541,5 gam C 613,8 gam D 417,3 gam '

D DAP AN VA HadNG DAN GIAI

1 BAI TAP TLf LUAN

Cau 1 Toe do trung binh cua phan ung trong khoang thai gian 50 giay tinh theo Br2 la:

50 -• nr;r?

y T , - T , 70-40

Cau 3 Toe do trung binh eiia phan ung theo N2O5 la * • l • v , r,

v = ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ = l,36.10-^ (moW.s))

184 a^-r;^,

Cau 4 V i tong so mol khi truac va sau phan ung khong doi, nen ap suat khong anh

hu"cmg tai sir ehuyen dich can bang cua phan ung (1)

Cau 5

- A

H < 0 chung t

0,l ^K= =3,125

0,3

-x +

0,7

-3 x

+ 2x 0,2.0,4'

CH3COOH + C2H5O

H ^ C H3 CO OC 2H

5 + H2O

(1)

Ban dau: 1

l va s6 mol

^ CH3COOH + C2H50H ^ CH3COOC2H5 + H20 (1')

Ban dau: 1 x

Can bang thilt lap: 0,1 x-0,9 0,9 0,9

0,9.0,9

Cau 9 ạ Khi thiic an con luu lai tren rang, duoi tac dimg cua vi khuan c6 trong mieng se

tao ra cac axit nhu axit axetic, axit lactic, lam cho lugng axit trong mieng tang, nong do

tang, pH giam, lam cho phan img sau xay ra: + OH^ —» H2O (2)

Khi xay ra phan ung (2) lam nong do OH" giam, lam can bang (1) chuyen dich sang

trai (theo nguyen If La Sa-ta-li-e), lam men rang bi mon dan, tao dieu kien cho benh sau

rang phat trien

b Khi an trau nguai ta thuang quet voi toi (CăOH)2) vao trau, lam tang nong do cac

ion Cấ^ va OH", lam can bang (1) chuyen dich sang phai, tot cho viec tao men rang

c Hai bien phap hop li c6 the la: ^.^ _

+ Han che an do qua chua, do ngpt (duang, keo, banh ngpt, );

+ Danh rang ft nhat 2 lan/ngay sau khi an (tot nhat vao buoi toi truac khi di ngu va buoi

sang sau khi thiic day) de lam sach thiJrc an con luu lai tren rang, nen dung cac loai kem

Haj? chat Cas(P04)sF la men rang thay the mot phan Ca5(P04)30H

Theo (1): s6 mol NÔ = s6 mol NO = 2,24.10-^/22,4 = 0,1.10"^ (mol)

=> Kh6i luong NO" trong 50ml nuac do = 0,1.10-^62 = 6,2.10-^ (g)

^ Kh6i lucrag NÔ trong 1000ml (1 lit) nuac do la

6,2.10-11000/50 = 0,124 (g//) = 124 (mg//), vugt miic cho phep 12,4 lan\

=> Mau nudfc tren bi 6 nhiem nang, can phai xu If truac khi dung de uong

b Cac bien phap nhim lam giam thiSu lugng NO3 thai ra moi truang:

- Su dung hop h' cac loai phan bon hoa hoc, tranh di du thua gay 6 nhiem moi truang

- Co bien phap xii If phan dong vat, nuac thai do thị truac khi thai ra moi truang

IỊ B A I T A P T R A C N G H I E M K H A C H Q U A N

Chuyen de

3

MOT SO DON CHAT

TIEU BIEU VA HOP CHAT

CUA CHUNG

PHI KI

M

A TO

M TA

T L

f T HU YE

T CO B

(CI) Brom

(Br) lot (I

)

Trang thai

F2

(khi) Cl2(khi

) Br2 (long

luc do

nau den

tim

Mui

rat do

c xoc

hoi khong

mui

Tdc dung vai kim loai

- Ta

c dung vdd

- Ta

c dung vai ha

u he

t

kim loai

- Pha

n un

g

toa nhiet f

t

hon clo

m

Phan ling no manh

ngay

a -252°C , tron

g

bong toi

Phan ling no khi chie

u

sang hoac dun nong

Phan ung xay ra

2 F

2 +

2H20->4HF + 02

Hai nuac nong

chay

dugc trong khi flo

X2 +H 20

^ HX + HX

2F2

+ 2NaOH(i

„3ng)

2NaF +

OF2 + H2O

Cl2 + 2 KO H^

KQ + KCI

O + H2O

3CI2 + 6KOH

5KC1 + KCIO3 +

3H2O

3X2 + 6 M0

)

Tdc dung voi muoi halogemia

KM F2 kh

dugc Br~, 1

" tron

g

dung dich muoi Khu

phan

img

Tdc dung voi muoi halogemia

F2 + 2NaCl

->

2NaF

+ C

U

Flo (F) Clo (CI) B r o m (Br) lot (I)

Chi

the Men

tinh khu Khong CO

NaCl CO

mang ngan xop:

CI2 + H2 + 2NaOH

Sau khi phoi nuoc bien de lay NaCl, phan con lai chiia nhieu NaBr:

- Co tinh oxi hoa manh

- Tuong doi ben

- Chimg cat phan doan khong khi long

- Cay xanh quang hop

2KCIO3 — ^ 2KC1 + 3O2

- Dien phan H2O

3 0 , - ^ 2 0 3

Liru huynh

nh

-1

0 + 4

,

SOf, HSO

-Tinh chat hod hoc dgc trung

2S + 2H2O

3 Nh om nito'

Cdc so oxi hod cua nita

-3

0 + 1 + 2

+3

+ 4 + 5

Vidu

NH3, N H;

N2 N2O

NO N2O3, HNO

2 NO2 N2O5, HNO3

, NO

;

Tinh chat hod

hoc dgc trung

- Tin

h khu :

N, +0

^ ^°°°"^)2N

O

N, + 3H,

2NH3

- Tin

h ox

i hoa :

N^

+S Mg

^M gj N^

- Phon

g th

i nghiem :

NH 4N 02

^N 2T + 2H2

0

- Con

g nghiep : Chun

g ca

t

phan doan khong khi long

NH3

+ H.

O ^

N H;

+ OH

"

NH

; +O H-

Tinh chat hoa hoc Dieu che

- De bi nhiet phan huy:

+ Tao NH3 khi muoi ciia axit khong c6

tinh oxi hoa

+ Tao N2, NO khi muoi ciia axit c6 tinh

- La chat oxi hoa manh, oxi hoa dugc

hau het cac kim loai (trir Au, Pt) len so

oxi hoa duong cao nhat ciia kim loai; oxi

hoi dugc mot so phi kim va hgp chat c6

tinh khu

- Cac kim loai nhu Al, Cr, Fe bi thu

- Phong thi nghiem:

NaN03(r, + H2S04(d) - A

- Cong nghiep:

NH3 ^ NO ^ NO2 HNO3 3NO2 + H2O ^ 2HNO3 + NO 2NO + - O2 + H.O -> 2HNO3

- La chat oxi hoa trong moi truong axit

hoac khi dun nong

2NO3 + 8H* + 3Cu ^ 3Cu'^ + 2NO

+ 4H2O

Kim loai, baza, oxit baza,

Photpho va

ap chat

Ph ot ph

o Ax

it ph otp ho ric

Cdu tao phdn tic

- P trang c

O—

- Tin

h khiJr : >

2P + 3Ca ^ CajP

Axit trun

g binh , b

a nac , c

Dieu che

Ca3(P04)2

+ 3 Si0

- P + 5HNO

3 H3PO 4

P2 05

^H 3P

04

Phan bon hoa hoc

Th an

h ph

an Ti

nh ta

n Di

eu che

Phdn dam amoni

(NH4)2S04, NH4NO3

De ta

n tron

g nuoc , thic

4

-y

(NH4)2S04

Phdn dam nitrat

NaN03,Ca(N03)2

De ta

n tron

g nuac , ca

y d

e ha

p

thu CaC03 +

2HNO3 Ca(N03)2

(NH2)2CO

De tan , ta

c dun

g va

i nuoc :

^ )

(NH2)2CO + H2

O

Supephotphat don

Ca(H2P04)2 ,

Casd4

Ca(H2P04)2

d

l tan , dug

n supephotpha

t dan

2 giai doan :

- Die

u ch

S H3PO4 :

Thanh phan Tinh tan Dieu che

- Dieu che Ca(H2P04)2:

- chat khi, khong mau, khong miii, - La phan tu khong c6 cue

(san xuat khi than) - Dieu che:

^ Na2Si03 +

c thu

y tin

h

Si02 + 4 HF

> SiF

4 +

Cau 1 Dun

g cl

o de khu trun

g nua

c sin

h hoa

t la mot phuan

g pha

p re tien v

y ra khi d6

m tie

u (kal

i nitrat ) dun

g de uop thi

t muo

i c6 tac dun

g 0 nhie

t do cao Ha

y ne

u ca

Cau 4 Ch

o m gam ho

n hg

p X gom Cu , Zn , M

Cau 5 Nhie

t pha n

4,385

gam h6

n hg

p X g6m

KCIO3

va KMn04 , th

u dug c

O2

va m

o ck

c pha

n un

g sau : " '

(1)N2 +

O2

2NO

( 2)

N2 + 3H 2

5 5NO

2 (4 ) -

N2 + A

l AI

N

34

Trong cac phan ung tren, Ni dong vai tro " " *

A la chat k h u trong (1), (2); ch§t o x i hoa trong (3), (4)

B la chat k h i i trong (1), (3); chSt o x i hoa trong (2), (4)

C vira la chat k h u , vira la chat o x i hoa

D la chat k h u manh trong cac phan ung hoa hoc ; - • ,

Cau 2 K h i sue k h i flo vao nuac nong CO hien tuoTig: ^ v ^ '

A nuac nong hoc chay B dung dich van due

C dung dich tao hai l o p ' D dung dich khong thay d o i '

Cau 3 Cho 4,48 l i t (dktc) H2 tac dung vai 2,24 lit (dktc) mot halogen X dSn khi phan ling

hoan toan thu duge khi Y Dan khi Y vao dung dich AgNOs d u thay tao ra 28,7 gam ket tiia

X l a

A F B C l C B r D I ^

Cau 4 Cho 1 m o l H2 t^c dung vdd 1 mol X2, thu duge it hem 2 mol H X X 2 la chat nao? ^

Cau 5 Sue tung k h i CI2, H C l , NO2, CO2, N2 vao dung dich N a O H du a dieu kien thuong,

so phan ung o x i hoa - k h u xay ra la

A 3 B 4 C 5 D 2 f

Cau 6 Trong phong t h i nghiem, n g u a i ta thuong dieu che clo bang each

A dien phan nong chay N a C l

B cho dung dich H C l tac dung v o l K M n 0 4

C dien phan dung dich N a C l eo mang ngan

Cau 7 Chat dung dS l a m kho k h i CI2 Sm la

A Na2S03 khan B dung d i c h N a O H dac

C dung d i c h H2SO4 dam dac D CaO

Cau 8 Photpho t r i n g tan het trong dung dich HNO3 d u tao ra dung dich X chiia 2 axit va

khi N O T o n g he so (nguyen, t o i gian) ciia c^c chat phan ting trong p h u o n g trinh hoa hoc

tren la

A 10 B 8 C 18 D 20

Cau 9 Phat bieu nao sau day la sai?

A N h o m I V A g o m cac nguyen to C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb

C Cac nguyen to nhom TV A c6 so o x i hoa cao nhat Ih +5

Cau 10 Phat bieu nao sau day khong diing?

A M u o i A g l khong tan trong nuac, muoi A g F tan trong nuac

B Flo CO tinh o x i ho^ manh han clo

C Trong cac hop chat, ngoai so o x i ho^ - 1 , flo vk clo con c6 so o x i hoa + 1 , +3, +5, +7

D Dung dich H F ho^ tan duge SiOz

D

H

,, Ca , O2, CO2

, HNO3 , ZnO

+ 2CuO 2Cu +

CO2

(3) C +

2H2 CH

4 (4

) 3

C + 4A1

AI4C3

(5) C

+ O2 CO

2 (6 ) C

+ 2H2S04

d

2SO2 + CO2+ 2H2

O

(7) C +

H2O

CO +

H2 ' '

Tinh khu ciia don chat C the hien

C (1)

, (2) , (4) , (5)

D

(2)

, (5) , (6)

u gang , ngud

m lugn

g C trong mau gang do

la

A 3,6% B.0,36%

C

0,48%

D.

c tac Du

a le

n nhiet do

cao de phan ung xay ra hoan toan Kh6

u dugc 15,68

o toa

n b

g X tac dung he

t vd

i Cu

O (du ) nung nong, th

a ta

n toa

n b

o Y bang dung dic

h HNO3 (loang , du

) dugc 8,96

lit N

O (sa

n

pham khii du

n lin

g dugc vai sili

B.

CI2, C , Mg , Fe

64 dvC v^

c6 cong thuc don gian

17,4 gam hon hgp M

e tic

h kh

i ox

i (dktc ) d

g d

o cu

a

chiing trong khi quye

B.

CO2 v a

D DAP AN VA HUdNG DAN GIAI

I BAI TAP TU LUAN

Cau 1 Lay mau nuac nghi chiia clo nho vao binh dimg dung dich kali iotua va ho tinh

bpt Ncu mlu nuac chiia clo du se xuk hien dung dich mau xanh tim dac trung cua ho

tinh bot khi gap iot

Mot each viet phiic tap hon, nhung van chua mo ta duge het phan ling:

IOKNO3 + 3S + 8C ^ 2K2CO3 + 3K2SO4 + 6CO2 + 5N2

Hon hop CO thanh phan khoi lugng nhu sau: 74,64% nitrat kah, 13,51% bgt cacbon,

II, 85% luu huynh Truoc day, cac thanh phan hon hgp khong chinh xac, anh huong

nhieu den kha nang hit chay, toe do chay, nang lugng chay Giiia the ki XVLU, a chau

Au trgn hon hgp theo ti le 75% diem sinh, 15% bgt than cui, 10% luu huynh

Dau the ki XX, thuoc no den dugc thay the boi cac thuoc no mai do nhirng li do chinh nhu: khong phu thuoc vao nguon diem tieu; nang lugng no manh hon; toe do no cao; khi no khong c6 khoi; de su dung, bao gom cac tmh nang on dinh, manh, de nan, de diic nhoi ; gia thanh re hon;

Thuoc no den hien nay van dung trong cac kip no, ngoi no do chiing de bat chay Ngay nay, nguai ta hay su dung hon hgp amoni nitrat va bgt nhom, gan giong thuoc no den trong bom Idn, thuoc no cong nghiep

Loai thuoc no gom amoni nitrat, hoac kali nitrat va bgt than, rat de kiem vi amoni nitrat, kali nitrat duge diing lam phan bon; dieu nay da gay ra nhieu vu no trai phap luat

b Thuoc no den tu ch& khong an toan cho nguai su dung San pham phu tao ra ngoM

CO2, N2, con CO CO, SO2 do eaebon va luu huynh chua oxi hoa het rat doe hai vdi he

ho hap va moi truang

Cau 3 Kali nitrit la chat tao ra khi ran hoac nuang thit c6 udp diem tieu theo PTHH sau:

2KNO3 " """"^ ) 2KNO2 + O2

phong thi nghiem, khi tiep xiie phai deo kinh an to^n v^ gang tay

Vi vay, nen an lap xuang, xiie xich luge (ehi gift a nhiet do soi cua nuae 1^ 100 C)

Cau 4 CAc phan ung diln ra 1^ sir chuyen ho^ tu kim loai din muoi nitrat, roi den oxit

kim loai theo so do sau:

(l)M _ilN2i_^ M(N03)^; (2) M + ^ 0 2 ^ ^ MO

Ap dung phuang phap tang giam khoi lugng:

+ Khi ehuyin tir 1 mol h6n hgp X -> 1 mol h6n hgp Y thi kh6i lugng tang 124 gam

KCIO, KCl +

-O,

2KMn04-C +

0

C +

C O2

CO,: 4

4 2C0

M =3

"co, _

^ = 0,01 + ——

= 0,02

5 (mol)

Goi s

o mol

K CI O3

4,385

M-.100% = 72,06%

II BA

I TA

P TR AC N GH IE

M KH AC

H QU

AN

IB 2A

3B 4D

5D 6B

7C 8D

9C

Ca

u 10

Xet phuon

g a

n A: Tron

g da

y halogen, tin

^ =22,4.^ = 8,96 (/)

f^''

Cau 20

I KIM LOAI i

A TOMTATLITHUYETCCf BAN /

1 Dac diem cau tao cua kim loai / , ^: i- r

a i)ac rfiem CAM tao cua nguyen tirkim loai

Nguyen tu cua cac nguyen to kim loai c6 so electron a lop ngoai cung la 1, 2 hoac 3

electron '

b Cau tao tinh the cua cdc kim loai

Trong tinh the kim loai, nguyen tu va ion kim loai nam a nhung niit ciia mang tinh

the Cac electron hoa tri chuyen dong tu do trong mang tinh the

c Lien ket kim loai ^

-Lien ket kim loai la lien ket dugc hinh thanh trong tinh the kim loai, bao gom cac

nguyen tu, ion ducmg va cac electron tu do ., , yc.;,

2 Tinh chat vat U

• Tinh chat chung: dan dien, dan nhiet, deo, c6 anh kim la do cac electron tu do

trong mang tinh the kim loai gay ra

• Tinh chat rieng: >

• Kim loai kiem, kim loai kiem tho

Cac kim loai kiem c6 kieu cau triic mang tinh the lap phucmg tam khoi, mau trang

bac va c6 anh kim, dan dien tot, nhiet do nong chay va nhiet do soi thap, khoi lugng rieng

nho, do Cling thap

• Nhom: Nhom la kim loai nhe (D - 2,7 g/cm^), dan dien, dan nhiet tot, deo

• Crom: Crom la kim loai mau trang xam, c6 kh6i lugng rieng Ion (D = 7,2 g/cm^),

nong chay a 1890°C Crom la kim loai ciing nhSt, c6 thk rach dugc thuy tinh

• Sat: Sat la kim loai mau trang hoi xam, c6 kh6i lugng rieng Ion (D = 7,9 g/cm^),

nong chay a 1540"C Sat c6 tinh dan dien, din nhiet t6t Khac vai kim loai khac, sat c6

tinh nhiem tu

• Dong: Dong la kim loai mau do, c6 khoi lugng rieng Ion (D = 8,98 g/cm^), nong

chay a 1083"C Dong tinh khiet tucmg doi mem, de keo dai va dat mong Dong dan dien

va dan nhiet tot, chi kem bac hon han cac kim loai khac

• Niken: Niken la kim loai c6 mau trSng bac, kh6i lugng rieng Ion (D = 8,9 g/cm^),

nong chay a 1455"C

• Kem: Kem la kim loai c6 mau lam nhat Trong khong khi am, kem bi phii mot lop

exit mong nen c6 mau xam Kem la kim loai c6 kh6i lugng rieng Ion (D = 7,13 g/cm^),

nong chay a 419"C C) dieu kien thuong, Zn kha gion nen khong keo dai dugc, nhung khi

dun nong den 100 - 150"C lai deo va dai, den 200"C thi c6 thl tan dugc thanh bgt Kem a

trang thai ran va cac hgp chat ciia kem khong doc Rieng hoi cua ZnO thi rat doc

• Chi: Chi la kim loai mem nhat trong cac kim loai, c6 m^u trang hod xanh, c6 khoi

lugng rieng Ion (D = 11,34 g/cm^), nong chay a 327,4°C Chi mem nen de dat thanh M

mong, de uon, de nung chay; c6 tinh chong an mon cao Chi 1^ chat doc voi con nguai v^

dpng vat khi tiep xuc a muc do nhat dinh