Đề thi Subject: Earth Materials Environment

Similar to rocks because they have 3 types: metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary c.. Which of the following rock types is most derived most different than the earth's mantle due torepea

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FINAL EXAM

Subject: Earth Materials & Environment

1 What are Earth Materials? The Earth materials are rocks, minerals and soils

2 Definition of a mineral? Inorganic, naturally occurrence, define chemical composition, geologicalorigin, ordered structure (crystal), solid state

c Distinct chemical formula

d Ordered arrangement of atoms

e All of the above

6 What determines the element that an atom belongs to?

a The number of electrons

b The number of neutrons

c The number of protons

d The number of shells or orbitals

e All of the above

7 What determines the bonding properties of an element?

a The number of protons in the nucleus

b The number of neutrons in the nucleus

c The number of electrons in the nucleus

d The number of electrons in the outer shell

e The total number of electrons

8 What do we call atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons?

9 What is involved in covalent bonding?

a The attraction between oppositely charged atoms

b The attraction of the positive and negative poles of neutral molecules

c The loose sharing of among all atoms in the substance

d The sharing of electrons between specific atoms

e All of the above

10 What is involved in ionic bonding?

a The attraction between oppositely charged atoms

b The attraction of the positive and negative poles of neutral molecules

c The loose sharing of among all atoms in the substance

d The sharing of electrons between specific atoms

e All of the above

11 What kind of a silicate mineral is Hornblende (an amphibole)?

a Orthosilicate (single tetrahedra)

b Single chain silicate

c Double chain silicate

d Sheet silicate

e Framework silicate (three-dimensional networks)

12 What kind of a silicate mineral is Muscovite (a mica)?

a Orthosilicate (single tetrahedra)

b Single chain silicate

c Double chain silicate

d Sheet silicate

e Framework silicate (three-dimensional networks)

13 What kind of a silicate mineral is Olivine (the main mineral in the earth's mantle)?

a Orthosilicate (single tetrahedra)

b Single chain silicate

c Double chain silicate

d Sheet silicate

e Framework silicate (three-dimensional networks)

14 What kind of a silicate mineral is Orthoclase (a feldspar)?

a Orthosilicate (single tetrahedra)

b Single chain silicate

c Double chain silicate

d Sheet silicate

e Framework silicate (three-dimensional networks)

15 What is a character of minerals high on Bowen's Reaction Series (such as olivine)?

a Dark color

b Few cations included

c Lots of linkages between silicon-oxygen tetrahedra

d Low density

e Low melting temperature

16 Which of the following is an example of a ferromagnesian (mafic) silicate mineral?

a Feldspar

21 Name common minerals classes: silicates, oxides, sulfides, sulfates, calcite, halides, natural elements

22 Name 2 minerals belonging to the isolated tetrahedral subclass : olivine and garnet

23 Name 2 examples of framework silicates: feldspar and quartz

24 Name 4 common carbonate minerals : magnesite, calcite, dolomite, siderite

25 Name common minerals in the native element subclass : gold, platinum, copper, diamond

26 Give 5 examples of common sulphide: pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, cinnabar

27 What is an example of an oxide?

30 What makes a mineral a gem?

a Its pearly luster

b Its association with native elements

c Its deep color

d Its rarity and beauty

31 is the way a mineral reflects light

a Rain and snow

b Extreme pressures, temperatures and fluids

c Strong winds and earthquakes

37 Earth materials that become cemented and hardened form:

42 Sedimentary rocks are formed by the:

a Weathering and erosion of rocks

b Deposition, compaction and cementing of sediments

c Solidification of molten rock such as lava

43 In a river, deposition of sediments occurs most in water flow which is:

46 Igneous rocks such as basalt that cools quickly have crystals that are:

a Small

b Large

c Non-existent

47 Which of the following is correctly arranged in order of increasing grain size?

a Silt, sand, gravel, clay

b Clay, silt, sand, gravel

c Silt, sand, clay, gravel

d Silt, clay, sand, gravel

48 Minerals are:

a Similar to rocks in the fact that they are made of minerals

b Similar to rocks because they have 3 types: metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary

c Different than rocks because they are made of chemicals

49 A(n) is a solid in which the atoms are arranged in repeating patterns

Felsic refers to rocks high in feldspar and silica The term 'granitic' is a synonym.

59 Which of the following rock types is most derived (most different) than the earth's mantle due torepeated magmatic differentiation (partial melting, crystal settling, etc.)?

a Andesite

b Basalt

c Diorite

Rhyolite is the fine-grained equivalent of granite (both of felsic composition).

62 Which rock is the coarse-grained equivalent of basalt (same composition but phaneritic)?

Gabbro is the coarse-grained equivalent of basalt (both of mafic composition)

63 Which rock is the coarse-grained equivalent of andesite (same composition but phaneritic)?

Diorite is the coarse-grained equivalent of andesite (both of intermediate composition)

64 Which of the following rocks contains the most quartz (the lowest temperature mineral on Bowen'sReaction Series)?

a Andesite

b Basalt

c Komatiite

d Obsidian

e Rhyolite

Rhyolite and granite, being felsic, contain abundant quartz

65 Which of the following rocks contains the most olivine (the highest temperature mineral on Bowen'sReaction Series)?

Peridotite and komatiite, being ultramafic, are composed mostly of olivine (the most abundant mineral

in the earth's mantle)

66 Which of the following rocks is pyroclastic?

Tuff, welded tuff, and volcanic breccia are examples of pyroclastic (ejected) rocks

67 Which type of pluton is planar (sheet-like) and discordant (cuts across existing geologic structuressuch as rock layers)?

Dikes are planar and discordant, and when weathered they often stick out of the ground as fins

68 Which type of pluton generally contains granite?

69 Which igneous rock is composed of unusually large crystals?

Pegmatite is the name given to igneous rocks with unusually large (sometimes gigantic) crystals

70 What factor primarily controls the viscosity, and therefore the explosiveness, of a magma?

Glassy obsidion cools the fastest, making a rock with no visible grains

72 According to the figure, what types of minerals are ultramafic

a feldspar and quartz

b feldspar and biotite

c amphibole and pyronene

d pyroxene and olivine

73 An igneous rock with two distinct grain sizes has a texture

Exfoliation is one type of unloading that applies primarily to granite batholiths

74 Which type of weathering creates clay minerals?

Frost wedging splits rocks into angular fragments that fall to form talus cones.

77 Which types of weathering are significantly promoted by acid rain (two correct answers)?

b Columnar

c Cubic

d Spheroidal

e Tetrahedral

As corners weather off of angular fragments, they become spheroidal

82 What is the definition of erosion?

a The accumulation of sediment following transportation

b The disintegration and decomposition of rocks at or near the earth's surface

c The dissolution of soil components

d The incorporation of and transportation of material by mobile agents such as water, wind, and ice

e The transfer of rock material downslope under the influence of gravity

f The washing out of fine soil components

Erosion is the removal and transport of weathered material

83 What weathering products are most easily transported by water?

The heaviest rock fragments are the first to be deposited

86 Which weathering products, if present, are not necessarily deposited when a river reaches theocean?

a Clays in suspension

b Dissolved ions

c Pebbles

d Sand grains

Dissolved ions are held in the water and may never be deposited

87 Soil that has been moved to a location away from its parent rock is called

Pedalfers have moderate leaching and are found in mid-latitude forests

90 Which type of soil is heavily leached, with most of the calcite and silica removed?

a Laterite

b Pedalfer

c Pedocal

Laterites have extensive leaching and are found in tropical rain forests

91 Which type of soil contains caliche due to minor leaching?

a Laterite

b Pedalfer

c Pedocal

Pedocals have carbonate (caliche) accumulation and are characteristic of deserts

92 What rock is defined as having angular-shaped clasts?

a Breccia

b Conglomerate

c Sandstone

d Shale

e Siltstone

Breccia is defined as a coarse detrital rock with angular clasts

93 What is the most abundant type of sedimentary rock?

Shale is by far the most abundant sedimentary rock type

94 Which sedimentary rock tends to be fissile?

Shale is soft and fissile, meaning that it splits into very thin layers

95 Which sedimentary rock is made of clay minerals?

Shale is composed almost entirely of clay minerals

96 What is a sandstone with a high feldspar content?

Arkose is a sandstone with appreciable quantities of feldspar

97 Which rock is not a form of limestone (i.e made of calcite)?

Chert is made of silica (quartz) though it is often found as nodules in limestone.

98 Which of these rocks is not detrital (clastic)?

Dolostone is a calcium/magnesium carbonate precipitate

99 What is coal made of?

Coal is made of peat (plant debris) that has been heated and compacted for a long period of time

100 Which type of limestone is inorganic in origin?

Oolitic limestone is made of tiny pearl-like ooids which are of inorganic origin

101 Which sedimentary rock type is likely to be formed in the most offshore environment?

Limestone often forms offshore where clastic particles are not available to contribute to the sediment

102 What term refers to the degree of uniformity of clast size in sedimentary rocks?

103 The the total surface area, the chemical weathering that can occur.

105 How does temperature affect chemical weathering?

a It affects the rate of weathering

b It affects the amount of oxygen involved in weathering

c It affects the type of weathering

d It is an agent of weathering

106 What processes aid in the formation of sediments?

a weathering and metamorphism

b deposition and solidification

c weathering and erosion

b a leaf imprint

c all of the above

d a marine worm burrow

110 Which of these metamorphic rocks breaks along foliation lines?

a Gneiss

b Marble

c Quartzite

d Schist

Schist is foliated and breaks easily along foliation planes

111 Which metamorphic rock is foliated but does not generally break along the foliation planes?

a Gneiss

b Marble

c Quartzite

d Schist

Gneiss is foliated but has a granular texture and doesn't break easily along foliation planes

112 What is the usual orientation of foliation?

a Horizontal, the same as sedimentary beds

b Vertical and parallel to stress

c Vertical and perpendicular to stress

d Random orientation

Foliation forms at right angles to the stress applied

113 What sequence of rock types will shale pass through with successively higher grades ofmetamorphism?

a Shale, phyllite, gneiss, schist, slate, partial melting

b Shale, phyllite, gneiss, slate, schist, partial melting

c Shale, phyllite, slate, schist, gneiss, partial melting

d Shale, slate, phyllite, gneiss, schist, partial melting

e Shale, slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss, partial melting

114 What is the order of index mineral appearance from low grade to high grade metamorphism?

a Chlorite, biotite, muscovite, garnet, staurolite, sillimanite

b Chlorite, muscovite, biotite, garnet, staurolite, sillimanite

c Chlorite, muscovite, biotite, garnet, sillimanite, staurolite

d Muscovite, biotite, garnet, staurolite, sillimanite, chlorite

e Muscovite, chlorite, biotite, garnet, staurolite, sillimanite

115 What silicate mineral is found in metamorphic rock of all grades?

a Biotite

b Chlorite

c Feldspar

d Garnet

e Muscovite

Feldspar occurs in all grades of metamorphic rock

116 What is a rock called when it has both a metamorphic and an igneous component?

Migmatite results from partial melting of a rock

117 What process often results in the production of valuable metal ore deposits

a Deep burial

b High grade metamorphism

c Hydrothermal activity

d Low grade metamorphism

e Subduction zone metamorphism

Hydrothermal activity transports metal ions into sites of concentrated deposition

118 What type of metamorphism exhibits high temperature but low pressure?

a Contact metamorphism

b Fault zone metamorphism

c Regional metamorphism

Contact with hot magma bakes surrounding rocks but often exhibits little pressure on them

119 What type of metamorphism exhibits both high temperature and high pressure?

a Contact metamorphism

b Fault zone metamorphism

c Regional metamorphism

Regional metamorphism involves high temperature and high pressure

120 In what plate tectonic setting does regional metamorphism usually take place?

a Convergent plate boundaries

b Divergent plate boundaries

c Transform plate boundaries

c Mylonites

d Salt flats

e Shields

Shields are flat continental areas with exposed 'basement' rocks

122 Where does most energy on Earth come from?

a The Sun

b The Moon

c Coal

d The decay of radioactive elements

123 Why do scientists interpret crude oil to have originated from once-living organisms?

a Low levels of oxygen in ocean sediments preserved organic matter

b Crude oil is a mixture of organic compounds

c Sedimentary rocks associated with crude oil contain living organisms

d All of the above

124 What type of coal burns the most efficiently?

a Bituminous

b Peat

c Lignite

d Anthracite

125 How can coal be classified?

a geologic period during which it formed

b amount of pressure and time for formation

c type of biomass

d temperature of formation

126 Many different types of fossil fuels exist, but they all originated from

a Metamorphism and partial decomposition of plants

b Geothermal energy

c Hydroelectric power

d Nuclear energy

e Solar energy

Geothermal energy comes from heat stored within the earth

129 What is the most abundant pollutant from fossil fuel combustion?

Shale, being abundant and impermeable, is the most common cap rock

132 Which type of mineral deposits are segregated by density?

d Rifting

e Seafloor spreading

Isostasy refers to a flotation type of equilibrium in vertical crustal movements

134 What name did Alfred Wegener give to his theory of horizontal crustal movements?

e The mid-Atlantic ridge

136 What is the character of magnetic anomalies on the seafloor?

a They occur in stripes that parallel mid-ocean ridges and are offset along transform faults

b They occur in stripes that run perpendicular to mid-ocean ridges and parallel transform faults

c They occur in stripes that parallel continental margins and transform faults

d They occur in stripes that run perpendicular to continental margins and parallel to transformfaults

e They occur in stripes that parallel transform faults and end at mid-oceanic ridges

Magnetic anomalies occur in stripes that parallel mid-ocean ridges and are offset along transform faults

137 What theory did magnetic anomalies on the seafloor give rise to?

139 What is the age order of sea floor types (the crust underlying them) from oldest to youngest?

a Abyssal hills, abyssal plains, mid-ocean ridge, continental shelf

b Abyssal plains, abyssal hills, mid-ocean ridge, continental shelf

c Continental shelf, abyssal plains, abyssal hills, mid-ocean ridge

d Mid-ocean ridge, abyssal hills, abyssal plains, continental shelf