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Trang 119 FKDSWHU 4 LQJUHGLHQWV RI WKH EDVLF SDUDPHWULF SUREOHP
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Trang 13; FKDSWHU 4 LQJUHGLHQWV RI WKH EDVLF SDUDPHWULF SUREOHP
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ri wkh frqvwudlqwv lpsrvhg e| rqh ehorz/ exw iru qrz dvvxph wklv ihdvlelolw| frqglwlrq zh kdyh
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î Frqglwlrq +d,1 ðW
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ĩ Frqglwlrq +e,1 đW
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đf ' f/ wkh shuwxuedwlrq lv qrw ihdvleoh ehfdxvh frqglwlrq +d, lv qrw vdwlv?hg1 Oxfnlo| zh fdq revhuyh
li đf ' f vr zh fdq wkurz dzd| wkrvh revhuydwlrqv1 Pruhryhu li zh vhohfw rq đf : f/ zh vhohfw rq dyduldeoh nqrzq lq shulrg 3/ dqg khqfh wkh ruwkrjrqdolw| uhvxowv frqwlqxh wr krog1 Frqglwlrq EKả lvpruh sureohpdwlf vlqfh zh qhyhu dfwxdoo| vhh đW
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ri wkh vwrfn1 D frxqw ri wkh qxpehu ri revhuydwlrqv dw zklfk đ lv h{dfwo| }hur lq wkh gdwd rxjkw wrsurylgh vrph lqglfdwlrq ri zkhwkhu wklv lv olnho| wr eh dq lpsruwdqw sureohp lq dq| jlyhq dssolfdwlrq+dqg lw riwhq lv,1
Qrwh= Li wkhvh dvvxpswlrqv duh qrw vdwlv?hg rqh fdq wr orrn iru d prgl?hg prphqw frqglwlrq1Wkh sureohpv lq +4, dqg +5, fdq riwhq eh flufxpyhqwhg e| doorzlqj iru wkh srvvlelolw| ri shuwxuedwlrqvzklfk duh frpshqvdwhg iru dw d udqgrp vwrsslqj wlph zklfk fdq eh pruh wkdq rqh |hdu lq ohqjwk +iru
d glvfxvvlrq vhh Sdnhv/4<<6,1
Sureohp 6 Xs xqwlo qrz zh kdyh dvvxphg wkdw wkhuh lv qr xqrevhuyhg vwdwh yduldeohv lq sEủả
^ru wkdw zh frxog vxevwlwxwh rxw iru wkhp lq whupv ri revhuydeohv`1 Li wkhuh duh xqrevhuyhg vwdwhyduldeohv wkhq wkhuh duh d ihz fdvhv wr frqvlghu1
8 Vrphwlphv zh fdq hlwkhu xvh vrphwklqj wkdw pdsv rqh wr rqh zlwk wkh xqrevhuydeoh ru
zh fdq frqvwuxfw d uhodwhg ixqfwlrq zklfk ghshqg rqo| rq revhuydeohv wkdw doorzv xv wrxvh wkh Hxohu Whfkqltxh1 H1j1/ Free0 Grxjodv Surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq zkhuh doo lqsxwv exwfdslwdo duh yduldeoh dqg % lv xqrevhuyhg surgxfwlylw|1 Sur?wv dqg fdslwdo duh revhuyhg1 Lqwklv fdvh Zâ
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8 Vrphwlphv zh nqrz wkh glvwulexwlrq ri wkh xqrevhuyhg vwdwhv frqglwlrqdo rq wkh revhuyhgvwdwh yduldeohv1 Wkhq zh duh ohiw rqo| zlwk dq lqwhjudwlrq sureohp1
Trang 228 Wkh prvw olnho| fdvh lv wkdw wkh| duh uhodwhg wr wkh revhuyhg vwdwh yduldeohv dqg wkh irup
ri wkh uhodwlrqvkls lv qrw reylrxv +wklv lqfoxghv wkh fdvh ri phdvxuhphqw huuru,1 Wkhq zhduh lq wurxeoh zlwk Hxohu htxdwlrqv1
Sureohp 7 Zh qrw rqo| qhhg wkdw wkh prphqw frqglwlrq krogv iru hdfk djhqw/ zh uhtxluh wkdwwkh frqglwlrqdo glvwulexwlrq +frqglwlrqdo rq 5|ä ri wkdw prphqw frqglwlrq kdv hqrxjk 3lqghshqghqfh4dfurvv revhuydwlrqv iru dyhudjlqj frqglwlrqv wr zrun1 Wklv lv hqvxuhg li wkh frqglwlrqdo glvwulexwlrq riwkh yhfwru ri wkh shulrg | n• vwdwh yduldeohv E5|n•ä ri wkh gl>huhqw djhqwv +frqglwlrqdo rq lqirupdwlrqnqrzq dw gdwh |ä idfwruv lqwr wkh surgxfw ri wkh glvwulexwlrqv wkdw wkrvh djhqwv dfwxdoo| xvh lqiruplqj wkhlu rzq h{shfwdwlrqv1 Lq dgglwlrq wr udwlrqdo h{shfwdwlrqv/ wklv uhtxluhv lqghshqghqfh riwkh frqglwlrqdo glvwulexwlrqv ri wkh i5|n•cðjù
ð'•1 Lw lv wklv lqghshqghqfh zklfk lqvxuhv wkdw wkh dyhudjh
ri wkh Hxohu htxdwlrq glvwxuedqfhv/ dyhudjhg ryhu wkh lqglylgxdo*v lq wkh vdpsoh/ frqyhujhv wr }hur
dw wkh wuxh wf/ d surshuw| zklfk olhv dw wkh khduw ri wkh frqvlvwhqf| surri zh zloo xvh1
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lq wkh Hxohu htxdwlrq1 Iuhtxhqwo| wklv ohdyhv d orw ri urrp iru vwdwh yduldeohv zkrvh uhdol}dwlrqv zloohlwkhu eh frpprq/ ru kljko| fruuhodwhg/ dfurvv djhqwv +w|slfdo h{dpsohv lqfoxgh sulfhv/ ohyhov riwhfkqrorj|/ dqg jryhuqphqwdo srolf| yduldeohv,1
Qrwh wkdw wkh idfw wkdw wkhuh lv ghshqghqfh lq wkh frqglwlrqdo glvwulexwlrq ri wkh 5|n•cð dfurvv
ð grhv qrw qhfhvvdulo| uxoh rxw rxu frqvlvwhqf| frqglwlrq1 Wkdw lv/ wkh vdph udqgrp yduldeoh pd|d>hfw gl>huhqw djhqwv lq gl>huhqw zd|v/ vr wkdw wkh ghshqghqfh lw lqgxfhv lq wkh uhdol}dwlrq ri wkhHxohu htxdwlrq huuruv pd| qrw eh vwurqj hqrxjk wr lqydolgdwh wkh frqyhujhqfh ri wkh vdpsoh dyhudjh
ri wkh wuxh Hxohu htxdwlrq glvwxuedqfhv wr }hur1 Rq wkh rwkhu kdqg/ zkhq wkhuh duh vwdwh yduldeohvwkdw kdyh lpsruwdqw lpsdfwv rq ehkdylrxu wkdw duh olnho| wr lqgxfh ghshqghqfh dfurvv djhqwv/ wkhqwkh dujxphqwv zh kdyh ehhq lpsolflwo| uho|lqj rq iru wkh frqvlvwhqf| ri wkh Hxohu htxdwlrq edvhghvwlpdwruv duh dw ehvw lqfrpsohwh +dqg pd| eh vhulrxvo| plvohdglqj,> dqg yhu| olwwoh zrun kdv ehhqgrqh rq wkh surshuwlhv ri Hxohu htxdwlrqv xqghu wkhvh flufxpvwdqfhv1 Iru ixuwkhu glvfxvvlrq vhhFkdpehuodlq +B ,1 Qrwh khuh wkdw wklv sureohp pd| jr dzd| li wkh wlph glphqvlrq lv orqj hqrxjk1
Sureohp 8 Hxohu htxdwlrqv uhtxluh wkdw zh kdyh wkh wlplqj dvvxpswlrqv mxvw uljkw1 Zh riwhq
?qg wkdw wkh lpsolfdwlrqv ri wkh Hxohu htxdwlrq vhw xs duh qrw vdwlv?hg lq hpslulfdo sureohpv dqgrqh srvvleoh fxosulw pd| eh vhqvlwlylw| wr wkh wlplqj frqyhqwlrqv +zh duh hvwlpdwlqj r> ri gl>huhqfhv
Trang 234; FKDSWHU 4 LQJUHGLHQWV RI WKH EDVLF SDUDPHWULF SUREOHP
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