The verb (Learn English)

Like the subject and object forms we talked about earlier, you can't switch these around.. "Fine," you're thinking, "but how do I know when to use 'who' or 'whom?'" You've got a 50/50 c

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The verb

A part of speech that expresses existence, action, or occurrence

Remember question one for identifying subjects? "What's going on (or being described)?" Answer that and you've found your verb And like a subject, a sentence has got to have one!

Let's look at a few more examples:

Lassie ran into the burning building

The beagle stepped on its ears

What's going on in these sentences? A couple of dogs are doing stupid things; but what they are doing

is the verb in this case, Lassie ran and the beagle stepped Both show action

Got the idea? Now let's look at verbs that are a little different Some verbs don't show action Instead, they link the subject to some other information: these are called, big surprise, linking verbs Common linking verbs are "to be" forms such as, is, am, are, was, were and the verbs appear, become, feel, look, seem Examples are:

She was fond of her animals

Pierre is a fine beast

She looks like she has been in a fight with a cat

It feels damp in the grass

In identifying the verb, you also need to look for the helpers, since they are considered part of the verb The helpers (aka auxiliaries) include: is, am, are, was, were, been, has, have, had, do, does, did, may, can, might, shall, will, should, could, would

I've marked the complete verb in the following:

I was barking before breakfast

He should have let me out of the house

I tried to wait for him to get up

He should not have stayed in bed so long

I barked and waited until

I guess you can figure out what happened at the end of this little story It's an all-too-frequent part of a dog's life But about the verbs

Notice what is not included in the verb in numbers 3 and 4: to wait and not Words with to in front of them are never a part of the verb, even though they look suspiciously like verbs Words like not, always, just, never, and only are not part of the verb

Remember how a sentence can have more than one subject? It can also have more than one verb, as you see in number 5 One other thing: no word with an "-ing" ending can ever be the verb without a helper: I barking; she running? No way!

Pronouns

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The only thing you need to know is that these forms can't be switched around If the word is a subject,

it must be a subject form; if it's an object well, you get the idea Consider the following:

o Peggy and me barked at the garbage truck

o and me fought over the bone Her

Some of you are probably thinking, "What's wrong with these?" In spoken English, you'll hear things like this every day But in written English, you need to make sure your forms aren't mixed up The correct versions are "Peggy and I" and "She and I," since the words are the subject of the sentence

Nothing in the object list can be a subject ever! You wouldn't say, "Me barked" or "me fought" unless

you were trying out for a Tarzan movie

The same goes for objects of prepositions You can't use a subject form in a prepositional phrase.

o Small Cat fetched the paper for her and I

o Peggy ran after John and she

"For I"? "After she"? These can't be right, since both are in the subject list; but, they're used as objects

of the preposition The correct versions are "for me" and "after her." You shouldn't have as much

trouble with these because you don't hear them misused quite as often in this way But watch out for

"just between you and I." That phrase gets a lot of use even though "I" can't be an object It's "just between you and me"!

With "to be" verbs

Now we get to the stuff that will sound odd to you Remember when we talked about "to be" verb

forms? Any time a pronoun comes after one of these verbs, the subject form is required.

o It is I

o It was they

o It is he

I told you this would sound funny but it's correct! So, all these years you've been saying, "It's me" and

"It's them," and you've been wrong Right or wrong, I can't bring myself to say, "It is I." "It's me" sounds more natural The best thing to do when you write yourself into a construction like this is to rethink and

rewrite in a different way (If anyone tells you otherwise, just say "it was I" who told you.)

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Another common pronoun mistake happens in sentences where you use "than" or "as" to compare people or things:

o Peggy is smaller than I

o The cat down the street is meaner than she

o Cats are as smart as they

You want to use "me," "her," and "them," don't you? You could, but that wouldn't be right The subject form of the pronoun always comes after "than" or "as." Why? There's an understood verb in the

construction

o Peggy is smaller than I (am)

o The cat down the street is meaner than she (is)

o Cats are as smart as they (are)

You can see why the object form won't work: "me am," "her is," and "them are" are just plain wrong! Even though you probably hear these kinds of sentences used incorrectly, when you're writing you can

get them right if you remember that understood verb.

Relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, that, and which

In addition to renaming another word (like all pronouns), relative pronouns often introduce added

details in your sentences They can also be used to ask questions Look at the following:

1. Small Cat is the one who is a true grammar hound

2. Peggy is the cat whom everyone loves to pet

3. Whose ball is that?

4. She is the one that I like

5. I want to know which cat trampled the flowers

These won't cause you too much trouble most of the time Just remember: when you write about

people, use "who," "whom," and "whose." When you write about things, use "which." "That" can be

used in either case

You may, however, have trouble with who and whom Who is a subject form, and whom is an object

Like the subject and object forms we talked about earlier, you can't switch these around Let's take a closer look at two of the sentences you just read:

1. Small Cat is the one who is a true grammar hound

2. Peggy is the cat whom everyone loves to pet

In number 1, "who" is the subject of the relative clause; in number two, "whom" is the object "Fine,"

you're thinking, "but how do I know when to use 'who' or 'whom?'" You've got a 50/50 chance of getting it right, but you can better the odds if you'll do the following when you find a sentence like one

of those above:

1. Mark the spot where "who" or "whom" should go

2. Look at the group of words to the right of that mark

Small Cat is the one _is a true grammar hound

Peggy is the cat _ everyone loves to pet

3. Since "who" or "whom" introduces a relative clause, there should be a subject and a verb in that group of words

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5. If there is a subject, "whom" is the right choice It is the object form

whom everyone loves to pet

Now that's not so hard, is it?

Reflexives

Reflexive pronouns are intensifiers that refer back to the doer of the action (the subject) You know

the words: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

We often say things like, I'll do it myself, "She'll fix it herself," etc There's really no problem except when you use a reflexive in place of a subject or object form Never write (or say) something like,

"Send it either to my secretary or myself." Keep that in mind, and you should be okay.

Pronouns are little words, but they're often troublesome That's why we've spent so much time on them But enough, already!

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1 - Quiz

Select the best word to complete the sentence Answers in section 8

NOTE: Study the Word Forms in section 5 It will help with this exercise

a) Al Gore has a lot of experience

b) George W Bush and Al Gore are both

c) He is not active He prefers a low profile

d) I don't follow Who is running for president?

politically political politics politicians

e) What is your to him?

f) That is a very dress

g) Did you know that honey will bears?

h) That house is decorated for Christmas

attractive attractively attraction attract

2 - New Words From The Vocab Club

Our Daily Vocab Club has learned seven new words this week Here are the seven new words:

Yammer = to talk persistently and loudly (verb)

Abloom = to be abounding with blooms (flowers) (adjective)

Blindside = to hit unexpectedly from or as if from a blind side (verb)

Cease = to bring an activity to an end (verb)

Disinfectant = a chemical that destroys harmful organisms (noun)

Elegy = a song or poem expressing sorrow, especially for one who has died (noun)Fastidious = to show or demand excessive delicacy or care (adjective)

3 - Student Essay

We would like to encourage you to begin discussions and make suggestions about student essays This first essay

was submitted by Mihai

The most embarrassing that i have had I made break wind in front of my boyfriend It was very special because that the first date But my boyfriend so nice he pretend like he didn't heard and small anything But I quite sure he

can heard that because it very lound Ok If he didn't heard that but smell can't pretend And I felt how hot on my face

That reason why I love my boyfriend very much How nice is her?

Sometime he break wind too But I don't mind because I done it before

The second essay was submitted by Catalin

-One of the most embarrassing moments in my life was during high school It

was in a Biology lab I was in front of the class talking about frogs, having one

in a container The problem is that I am scared of them Suddenly the frog jumped in my face I started to run around the class and screaming at the

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• 4 Comments • 8 Quiz Answers

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1 - Quiz

Select the best preposition to complete the sentence Answers in section 8

a) This jacket was made _ hand _ Paris

b) They saw the job advertisement _ the newspaper _ Saturday

c) I got _ the bus _ 8:45pm

d) Russia is the largest country _ the world

e) Does she live _ Maple Street or _ 525 Pine Avenue?

f) The new Italian restaurant is _ that old movie cinema

g) He usually pays for dinner _ his company credit card

h) I am traveling _ Hungary _ April

Some prepositions will be used more than once:

on, by, on, in, with, at, to

Gibe = to utter taunting words (verb)

Hive = a container for housing a colony of honeybees or a place swarming with busy occupants (noun)

Inducement = a motive or consideration that leads one to action or to addition or more effective actions (noun)

Junker = something of such age and condition as to be ready for scrapping, putting in the garbage (noun)

Key = to be of basic importance (adjective)

Lollygag = to do very little or work very slowly ( verb)

Menagerie = a collection of wild or foreign animals kept especially for exhibition

(noun)

This essay was submitted by Paula

I do believe in Aliens as much as I don’t believe in it

What I mean is, why or why not believe in it? I suppose it is possible to exist life in another corner of the Universe, the same way it exist here on Hearth If we see it for that point of view, we are aliens; we would be aliens for someone or something living in the outer space The Universe seems to be so vast, therefore why isn’t it possible that the miracle

of life hasn’t occur somewhere else too?

On the other hand, it’s hard to believe that something so incredible could happen twice And the biggest problem is to believe in something one never saw before I don’t believe

in people saying they saw a flying sauce or a green been There’s a lot of speculation around it and there’s always people ready to say anything to call attention I believe if they exist and could, they would appear and try to contact with the whole human kind

4 - Comments about the Essay

You make some very good points in your essay, Paula Your ideas about us also being considered aliens and the vastness of our universe really makes us think You also stated that it's difficult for us to believe in something we have never seen and question why aliens have never visited us These are great thought provoking questions Thanks for

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• 2 Vocbulary

6 Chocolate recipe

• 7 Interesting Facts

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1 - Quiz

Use a form of Say or Tell to complete the following sentences Answers are in section 8 Studying Part 5 will help with this exercise

a) The young woman _ me that she was feeling sick

b) The police officer _ that he was giving me a ticket

c) Johan _ where the movie was playing

d) The surgeon _ the patient that he had to alter his diet

e) The sun _ us if it is night or day

f) The pirate _ where the hidden treasure was

g) The boy _ his mother that he had been stung by a bee

h) Ali _ that he was going away for the weekend

Needle = to tease or to incite to action by repeated gibes (verb)

Offhand = casual or in a relaxed manner (adjective)

Paragon = a model of excellence or perfection (noun)

Quagmire = soft, miry land or a difficult predicament (noun)

Rumble = to make a low, heavy rolling sound (verb)

Scald = to burn with hot liquid or steam (verb)

Troop = a group of people, things or animals (noun)

This essay was submitted by Ionut

Some people believe that we experience wars due to the existene of soldiers, while others think we can live in peace due to the same reason In my opinion, we should have armies

or national defense groups for the following reasons

First, we couldn't maintain the freedom and staiblity of the world without them In 1950, Korean War took place because South Korea had no army to say they could prevent from breaking of war, so couldn't escape the Korean War

Second, As long as the conflicts among the countries exist and they are not resoulved by natural communication, we can't run away from a war So, most countries have their own armies to be ready for the crisis like that Without them, we can lose our country to live in peace

Finally, without the troops, no country or its people are not safe form the danger of armed revolt of guerilla There are so many conflicts in the world due to some reasons, such as political confrontation, economic issue, or nationalism

In summary, I strongly maintain that each country should have its own army or something

to maintain peace, to defense the nation from the poes, and to defeat the armed guerilla or revolts Of course, armies can cause some problems, such as rising taxes or time

consuming of young people, yet we can't exist without peace because peace can't remain witout armies

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-• 2 Vocbulary

6 Recipe

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1 - Quiz

Complete the following sentences using a correct coordinating conjunction Answers are

in section 8 Studying Part 5 will help with this exercise

a) Did you go see a horror _ an action movie?

b) I wanted to talk to her _ she wasn't home I'll call again later

c) He is able to repair wiring _ plumbing

d) I have diabetes, _ I can't eat too much sugar

e) Does she enjoy listening to jazz _ classical music?

f) Ali wanted to go shopping _ he lost his wallet

g) Bodhan likes skiing _ scuba diving

h) It is snowing very hard, _ I'm not going to work today

Use one of the following words:

but and or so

Underscore = to emphasize (verb)

Vilify = to make bad comments or abusive statements against someone (verb)

Wholesome = promoting health of body, mind and spirit (adjective)

Yowl = to cry out in grief, pain or distress (verb)

Adapt = to make fit, often by modification (verb)

Bon vivant = a French term commonly used in English It means literally 'good living' (noun)

Certificate = a document containing a certified statement as to the truth of something (noun)

This essay was submitted by Maria

Nations and people are all time concerned about peace and war, nevertheless concerning about security many horrible things have been done, people die, places are devasted and

So you can't leave your house alone, you can't park your car safetely, you can't rely other countries,cause you can't even rely your neighbor

Now, in such a place, a place that you can't rely anyone, you must need something to prevent you from violence, from being stolen, cause you have RIGHTS but not

obligations

Most of at all, there's no real risk, but we are always afraid we never know what can

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• 2 Vocbulary

6 Christmas article

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1 - Quiz

Complete the following sentences using the correct correlative conjunction Answers are

in section 8 Studying Part 5 will help with this exercise

a) I like _ candy _ chocolate I hate sweet food!

b) Robert _ drinks tea _ coffee

c) They enjoy _ traveling _ spending money

d) I would like _ a sweater _ a wallet for Christmas Just one thing

e) _ cats _ dogs can speak

f) _ rock music _ folk music sound good

g) _ Christians _ other people celebrate Christmas

h) We should go to _ Brazil _ Mexico for our vacation

Complete these sentences with:

Both and Not only but also Either or Neither nor

Damp = slightly wet (adjective)

Extinguish = to cause to stop burning (verb)

Fierce = violently hostile (adjective)

Global = to involve the entire world (adjective)

Hoard = a hidden supply, to keep a hidden supply (noun/verb)

Itinerary = a route or plan (noun)

Justice = the administration of what is lawful (noun)

This essay was submitted by Silvia

Learnig by doing and learning at school are two different forms of education

To some extent it is true, but I think that they depend on each other

To learn something at school is not the most certain way that you know that

It would be better if you could use this thing in the real life Then you will realise and reveal the prise of knowege, that you have recieved

In my opinion learning at school is very useful for improving your culture and formating as

a person, but it is good to know that not everything, that is learnt there, is the same in the practice

Person could be good student and know a lot of thing of subjects, learnig at school, but he

or she couldn't know how to use them

-4 - Comments about the Essay

You really present some great ideas in this essay! As a teacher, I can honestly say that this is one point I often consider I agree that the best way to "learn" is by doing - by using what you have learned in a real and natural way This is also true with learning English!

My students sometimes ask me what the benefits are of studying in an English speaking country The most important thing is the ability to use the language in a real setting This can never be duplicated in a classroom As you point out in this essay, this is how we

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• 2 Vocbulary

6 Christmas Article

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1 - Quiz

Are the underlined words in the following sentences adjectives or adverbs? Identify each

as either adjective or adverb Answers are in section 8 Studying Part 5 will help with this exercise

a) She is a kind and understanding person

b) Paula is an interesting speaker and a hard worker

c) Tanya is a really exciting member of our team

d) Robert usually eats junk food on the weekend

e) I witnessed a horrific traffic accident near my house

f) Kumiko will probably drive to Kyoto for her vacation

g) My car is an eyesore

h) She is an incredibly beautiful woman

Knowledgeable = having knowledge or intelligence (adjective)

Lesson = an instructive example or a division of a course of study (noun)

Mechanic = a manual worker, one who repairs machines (noun)

Nuance = a small distinction or variation (noun)

Ornamental = to add beauty to something (adjective)

Petal = a leaf of a flower (noun)

Quote = to speak or write words that originated from another person (verb)

This essay was submitted by Andrei

Education has been always discussed all over the world, and learning by doing and learning at school has been considered as two different forms of education

Learning by doing allow people to learn by correcting their own mistakes or by observing what they are doing For instance, if a child is curious about Science and he can make an experiment by himself he can observe everything that is happening during that step by step, and it will gave him an opportunity to keep what he has learned in his mind easier In addition when a child tries to assemble a puzzle math , for example, and he makes some mistakes trying to figure out what piece he should use, and which one maths, he is puting his mind to work and correcting his own mistakes until get the solution for the problem

On the other hand learning at school is a good way to learn how to organize his mind in order to know the best way to resolve problems, and to follow rules, and to socialize Teachers are good instructors and they must have in mind that they are supposed to help their students to learn methodically and logically

I personally disagree that one kind of learning is better than other In my opinion learning

by doing is as important as learning at school For me children need to learn at school because its good for them to have someone who can help them when they have doubts, and showing them the directions; and at the same time the school should give them chances to learn by doing always as possible by doing experiments, observations and working with real situation

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• 2 Vocbulary

6 New Year Traditions

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1 - Quiz

Complete the following sentences using Few, A Few, Little or A Little Answers are in section 8 Studying Part 5 will help with this exercise

a) She has money in the bank She is very poor

b) There are countries in the world smaller than Andorra

c) I'm hungry Could I have chocolate?

d) She bought books at the bookstore

e) This coffee is bitter It needs sugar

f) Are you finished the test? No, I need more minutes

g) I'm going to the library I need information for my report

h) I traveled to Brazil months ago

reasonable = not extreme or excessive (adjective)

sink = to go to the bottom (verb)

thirsty = deficient in moisture (adjective)

unite = to form a single unit (verb)

virus = an infective agent (noun)

wink = to shut one eye briefly (verb/noun)

authentic = conforming to fact or reality (adjective)

This essay was submitted by Anca

That is a interesting question Now I am a mother of a ten years boy According to my experience a child should become independent

at age eighteen Firstly at age eighteen it is a important for

a child transfering into a teengeras well as they finish high school edcation Most people will entrance college for farther education They may choose a college near their home

So they still can stay with their family But many

people choose a college far away their home So they have to be apart from their family Secondly they must keep their budget That is very important thing for them to manage their daily expense If they spend money as water

their parents will be worried about their affording In my opinion the earlier a child is independent the more benifets for both of them A child will

understand to know how it is hard to make a live

This is a good essay In this writing we can read a mother's perspective on a child's independence The writer expresses some personal ideas and important arguments for

us to consider on the topic such as the child's

moving away, understanding finances, and learning about the difficulties life presents us with This essay is well done and contains many important

points on this topic that we can relate to and appreciate

There are some points which we should consider in order to improve the structure of this writing In the beginning you should say "I am the mother

of a ten year old boy " This is how we usually express age You use

a great English idiom in this essay You should say "If they spend money

like water " or something like this "Money as water" is a little different

Also, be careful of spelling: transferring, teenagers, education, and benefits Apart from these points, this essay is well done and an interesting read

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fortress with two towers.The prince and the princess had twins.The boys were alike;only their faces were,not their nature.They were fighting to blood from nothing.The boys grew.One day the prince went

to a battle and didn't return.The princess sent messengers to find her husband.The truth was that the prince was dead ,but the princess didn't know this thing."What am i going to do with my boys?"she said."They are fighting and fighting allover again.I built for them two different towers.In the northern one leaves

Mures,and in the southest leaves Olt.Soon they will have to marry,but still don't understand each other

"Olt,my brother ,Mures said.Mother is still crying after our dad.What are we going to do?"

"Mures,my brother,let's forget our argues and let's go to find the prince.Maybe he's somewhere into some prison and he needs our help to rescue him."

The twins went totheir mother,the princess,and spoke to her about their decision.When she heard ,she burst into tears.She was weeping because her sons became wiser,but she was afraid not to lose them

"OK,my boys,the princess said.Go and find your dad.I advise you to stay together as horses on carriage And the

boys left But as soon as they came out the fortress they were already argueing which way to go

"Let's go to the north,Mures said."

"No,let's go to the south,Olt said.And ,like in their childhood,they started to fight"

"Because i grew into the northern tower,i will go in this direction",Mures said "And i will go to the south, Olt said ,cause i grew into the southest one."

Like this,they separated each other.After a whileMures was thinking: "With all our argues,we are still loving each other.Also our mother asked us not to separate.Can i find again my brother?" On a valley

he turned to the south,but Olt wasn't anywhere.Mures was lost and went to the west through plains which were so beautiful that he forgot his brother.The princess found out what was happened ,and angry ran to return his sons,but never caught up them cause they were running as fast as their legs carried them.She was praying then: "Dear Lord, please take care of my sons Make them immortals."

God heard and transformed then the sons to immortals rivers.And rivers they are even today

mentaining their names: MURES and OLT.Nowadays,in our places wanderred by the Mures

river,every children must know the tale of Mures and Olt rivers ,beeing proud to leave such a

wonderful place

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