Grammar Train (English Grammar) - Ngữ pháp tiếng anh

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Grammar Train

Jean-Louis Martine

tesolmaster.com

I Know Nouns!

Nouns are names given to any object in the real worldConcrete nounsor

any state of mind e.g Love hate etcAbstract nouns

The word Noun comes from the Latin word “numen” meaning name

We can work out if a word is a noun by asking are selves is it a name

When learning a foreign language one of the first and most useful question we can learn to ask is………

What is it called? What do you call that?

You are asking for the name of something, a place, a person, an object or a thing even an emotion is a noun

Examples of Common Nouns (Common Names)

What is it called?

It’s called a frog

Frog is the name we give to this kind of animal

What is it called?

It’s called snow

What is it called?

It’s called a city

* Be careful when deciding if you think a word is a noun or not Emotions like Love, Hate and Happiness are all nouns Activities like play, work and leisure are also nouns All the colours are also nouns

What is it called?

It’s called love

What is it called? It’s called wonder

What is it called? It’s called a thunderstorm

*Nouns come in more than one group

I Know Common and Proper Nouns

A common noun is the name given to any non-specific item object or place Common nouns start with a small letter

A proper noun is the name given to a specific object person or place

Example

What is it called? It’s called a cat (Common noun)

What is your cat called? His name is Tom.(Proper noun)

What is it called? It’s called a city (Common noun)

What is this city called? It’s called London (Proper noun)

Only names that are specific are proper nouns and all proper nouns are written with a capital letter

I Know Countable nouns and Un-countable nouns

Can you count it? Yes you can!

How many cats are there? There are five cats! (Countable noun)

How many rivers are there? There are hundreds of rivers (Countable noun)

All nouns that can be counted can be expressed in the singular or plural The most common expression of the plural is by the addition of an “s” at the end of the noun

Cat becomes cats

River becomes rivers

This is known as “the regular” form For most plural forms the addition of an

“s” to the original singular form will be sufficient to create the plural

However there are many exceptions

Here are some of the most common exceptions

I Know Regular and Irregular countable nouns

Regular Nouns Irregular Nouns

Singular Plural Singular Plural

Cat > Cats Chid > Children

Pen > Pens Man > Men

Television > Televisions Woman > Women

Hammer > Hammers Person > People

School > Schools Mouse > Mice

Job > Jobs Sheep > Sheep

Session > Sessions Series > Series

Tradition > Traditions Kiss > Kisses

Instrument > Instruments Tooth > Teeth

Can you count it? No you can’t!

Many Nouns cannot be counted by the nature of what they are that is it makes

no sense to use numbers when talking about them This applies to all abstract nouns

and some common nouns

How much do you love me? I Love you a lot Correct

Can you count it? No you can’t

How many do you love me? I love you twelve! Incorrect

Can you count it? No you can’t

You must really hate him Yes I hate him a lot Correct

Can you count it? No you can’t

You must hate him twenty-seven I hate him thirty Incorrect

Can you count it? No you can’t

Other examples of uncountable nouns are liquids and similar things like sugar, salt and butter, which are inherently difficult to count There are ways that we can get around this problem by the addition of something that is countable

e.g

1) Three spoonfuls of sugar

Instead of counting the sugar (grain by gain) we count how many spoons of

sugar we want Red = Uncountable nounBlue = Countable counter part

The same is true of liquids Like beer, wine, water or milk

2) Three glasses of wine 3) Five pints of beer

4) Four litters of milk 5) Six bags of cement

5) Two pieces of furniture

Nouns

Regular Countable Nouns Irregular Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular only

Cat > Cats Chid > Children Milk

Pen > Pens Man > Men Love

Television > Televisions Woman > Women Money

Hammer > Hammers Person > People Furniture

School > Schools

I know Possessive forms The simplest way to explain this is that a possessive from of noun is used to indicate ownership over something from the word “possession”, meaning to belong

to, or to be owned by

The simplest way to spot a possessive noun is to look for ’s

It is John’s book The book belongs to John

That is Mary’s leg It is part of her body

That is Louis’ picture Louis painted it

Beijing is China’s capital city Beijing belongs to China

The Mississippi is America’s most famous river The Mississippi belongs to

America

I Know Compound Nouns and Noun Combinations

Nouns are often put together or combined to express one thing, this is

knownas a noun combination When noun combinations are a regular occurrence

the two nouns are often joined by a hyphen – or can even be written as one word

When nouns are combined they act as one The first noun in a noun combination often tells us more about the second “main” noun acting in some way like an adjective

Examples: of Compound nouns and noun combinations

homework

I Know Collective Nouns

Collective nouns are used to refer to groups of people Although a group contains more than one individual, collective nouns can be used in the singular, depending on weather you want to emphasise, the group as a unified body or the individuals within the group

Everyone is happy

The Staff are happy

The Army is moving into position

The Army are moving into position

I know Pronouns

Pronouns are used to replace nouns or noun phrases when the noun is known

to avoid repetition of the noun in a sentence group of sentences

e.g

Bob was very happy Bob had just won the lottery

Bob was very happy he had just won the lottery

Bob = Noun he = Pronoun = Bob

There are eight types of pronoun:

Personal Pronouns have two types Subject and Object they are used to

stand in place of a noun

Subject Pronouns: I, You, He, She, It, We, They, Who, Whoever,

Object Pronouns: Me, You, Him, Her, It, Us, Them, Whom, Whomever,

They are also divided to express The Plural and The Singular of

The First Person: Singular I, me, Plural we, us

The Second Person: Singular and Plural you

The Third Person: Singular he, him, she, her, it, Plural they, them

This determines whether am / is / or are, is used and whether or not s or es, is added to end of the verb in the formation of past tenses

Reflexive Pronouns have one type and are used to refer backwards or inwards on the subject or object Think of the word refection

Possessive pronouns have two types Possessive pronouns and Possessive determiners the difference being Possessive pronouns stand alone in a sentence e.g

Think of the word possession

It is mine

And Possessive determiners always come before a noun e.g

It is my book

PRONOUN CHART

Personal Reflexives Possessive Possessive

Subject Object pronoun determiner

I me myself mine my

you you yourself yours your

he him himself his his

she her herself hers her

it it itself its its

we us ourselves ours our

you you yourselves yours your

they them themselves theirs their

Demonstrative Pronounshelp us to demonstrate something or point it out

When these words stand alone they are considered to be pronouns because they replace or stand in for a noun When they are used before a noun they are considered to be determiners because the determine which noun we are referring to

e,g, this ball or that

this, that, these, those,

He is a teacher (pronoun) This book (determiner)

Interrogative Pronouns are used in the formation of questions and are normally followed by a question mark They can also be used in indirect questions that do not require a question mark Think of the word interrogation meaning to question

who, whom, whose, what, which,

He said “What is it your name?” He asked the man’s name

(direct question) (indirect question)

Relative Pronounsare used to introduce relative clauses that come after a

noun or noun phrase e.g

He is the man that came in yesterday Look at the boy with the blue hat

Relative pronouns act rather like conjunctions and join two parts of a sentence together to give more information about the noun subject or object i.e The clause is

related to the noun

that, which, who, whom, whose, what, whatever whomever

There are only two Reciprocal Pronouns: One another (more than two or in general) and each other (between two people or things) They are called such as they are used to demonstrate a reciprocal relation between people or things

The two boys played with each other We should love one another

I Know Determiners

Determiners are a class of word that are used to help define or identify a noun and are placed before it You may have noticed that some of them can act as Pronouns this is when they are used instead of the noun and replace it completely

The two most commonly used determiners are:

“A, An,” which are known as The indefinite article as they signify a noun which is non-specific e.g

A cat Referring to no cat in particular

The definite article “The” which is used to signify a specific noun e.g

The cat Referring to one cat in particular

Possessive determiners

my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their, indicate who or what the noun belongs to

e.g My cat Your cat His cat etc This reflects ownership or possession

Demonstrative determiners help us to demonstrate something or point it out in exactly the same way as demonstrative pronouns except the do not replace the noun but precede it adding the information e.g

This cat, or that cat

When these words stand alone they are considered to be pronouns However when they are used before a noun they are considered to be determiners

this, that, these, those,

This is mine (pronoun)

This book is mine (determiner)

I Know Quantifiers

Quantifiers are very specific class of determiner and they are used to

signify number or quantity Like all determiners quantifiers are place before a noun or noun phrase

The most easy to remember and use are the Cardinal numbers 1 2 3 4 5 ….etc

and the Ordinal numbers First Second Third Forth Fifth……… Etc

They can precede any concrete noun

However with other Quantifiers there use is limited to either countable or

uncountable nouns and or to refer to only to two items e.g both

I Know Adjectives

Adjectives are words that give more information about a noun or pronoun They are often known as describingwords Adjectives are often related to Nouns or Verbs i.e they have a Noun or a Verb as their root Many of these are followed by

“suffixes” (word endings): -able -al -ate -an -ant -ent -ful -ist -ive -ory -ous -some -wise -y Sometimes the adjective has long out lived the usage of it’s verb or noun root, as in the case of impeccable that originate from the Latin

“impeccabilis” meaning not liable to sin

Suffixes are not always used when a Noun acts as an Adjective e.g

The cat The black cat

What makes a word an adjective is the way it is used i.e the “job” it is doing

Adjectives give more information about a noun and tell us what kind of a thing it is,

that is they describe it

Look at the sentence part The cat

Adding Adjectives tells us more about the particular cat we are talking about

What kind of cat is it?

It’s a big black cat

It’s a funny cat It’s a big black and friendly cat

Noun > Adjective Verb > Adjective

beauty > beautiful drink > drinkable

truth > truthful work > workable

courage > courageous like > likeable

danger > dangerous talk > talkative

obligation > obligatory communicate > communicative

street > streetwise hurt > hurtful

parent > parental

lone > lonesome

lone > lonely

I Know Verbs

Verbs are typically referred to as Action (dynamic) words however this is only one of their many functions Verbs are also used to express a state of mind, condition or a relationship between one thing and another One of the chief differences that can be drawn between verb types is Lexical that is, one based upon the words meaning Verbs that refer to States tend not to be used with Continuous forms, (ing) because states of mind and relationships are not processes that move but are rather static by nature

A second and equally important distinction that can be made between Verb types is that between Main Verbs, verbs that function by themselves and convey the key meaning in any group of verbs e.g to love to hit, to sing, and Auxiliary (meaning to help) verbs that add or help to give extra meaning to the main verb

Auxiliary verbs cannot be used by them selves and must accompany a main verb e.g had (had breakfast), can (can swim), is (is sick) etc

State and dynamic Verbs

This distinction is drawn between different kinds of Main Verbs

State verbs express a state of mind, to love, to hate, to know or

a relationship, to be, to belong, to have, to resemble because state are not actions we tend not uses them with continuous from e.g

I like ice-cream Not I am liking ice-cream

Dynamic Verbs describe actions acts activities and processes: to hit, to run,

to jump, to change, to flow, to walk, to crawl,

By the very nature of the kinds of things Dynamic Verbs describe

continuous can be used

I run (Present simple) I am running (Present continuous)

I hit him (Present simple) I am hitting him (Present continuous)

List of State Verbs

State of mind Relationships

When makingthe continuousform or regular verbs the simple

addition of ing is used e.g Cast > Casting Read > Reading

For words ending in a single consonant with a short vowel sound it is

necessary to double the last consonant to keep the vowel sound short e.g

Cut > Cu tt ing Fit > Fi tt ing Set > Se tt ing

Irregular VerbsThere are approximately 300 irregular verbs in the English language, and there are no rules or easy way to tell whether or not a verb is regular or irregular However irregular verbs can be grouped in accordance with the pattern in which they change form to make learning easier

Changes in the past

Changes in the past and past participle

Irregular verbs be and go different to all other in so much as their forms have no relation to each other in terms of spelling