ASSESSMENT ON SITUATION OF WASTEWATER

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY TRAN THI LAN HUONG TOPIC TITLE: ASSESSMENT ON SITUATION OF WASTEWATER OF DA RIVER LEFT-BANK INDUSTRIAL ZONE, HOA BINH CITY

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY

TRAN THI LAN HUONG

TOPIC TITLE: ASSESSMENT ON SITUATION OF WASTEWATER

OF DA RIVER LEFT-BANK INDUSTRIAL ZONE, HOA BINH CITY

IN THE 2013 – 2014 PERIODS

BACHELOR THESIS

Study Mode: Full-time

Major: Environmental Sciences and Management

Faculty: International Training and Development Center

Batch: 2010 - 2015

Thai Nguyen, 17/01/2015

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and ManagementStudent name Tran Thi Lan Huong

Student ID DTN 1053180056

Thesis title Assessment of wastewater of Da River Left-bank

Industrial Zone - Hoa Binh City on the 2013-2014 periodSupervisor(s) Assoc Prof Dr Do Thi Lan

MA Truong Thi Anh TuyetAbstract:

The purpose of this study is to assess wastewater of Da River Left-bankIndustrial Zone- Hoa Binh City in the 2013-2014 periods

The main focus is in two aspects: to assess the status of wastewater treatment of

Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone and to propose solutions for decreasing the waterpollution Regarding to the state of wastewater treatment, Da River Left-bankIndustrial Zone is a place that has largest amount of wastewater discharge in Hoa BinhCity In the Industrial Zone, a number of companies discharged wastewater directlyinto Dung stream (flowing to Da River) an extremely large amount of domestic andindustrial wastewater, that seriously exceed the permissible standards Besides, manycompanies had administrative violations in the discharge of wastewater or did not haveenough legal documents following regulation in wastewater management

Currently, Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone starts to build the wastewatertreatment system in order to have effective wastewater treatment and simple dischargemanagement After assessing the situation in the Industrial Zone, the essentialsolutions are proposed In term of management, local authorities need to take coercivemeasures against companies which discharged the untreated or unsatisfactory treatedwastewater directly into environment With technological solution, the Industrial Zonehas to select appropriate production technologies, innovative technology of wastewatertreatment system

Overall, the options considered and evaluated in the thesis indicated that DaRiver Left-bank Industrial Zone can implement those options to prevent and managethe quality of wastewater in order to protect environment in a legal, logical andfinancially practical way

Keywords Industrial Zone, wastewater, treatment, pollution,

discharge, industry, domestic, etc

Number of pages: 58

Date of submission: January 15, 2015

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors, Assoc Prof Dr Do Thi Lan

and MA Truong Thi Anh Tuyet for their invaluable useful comments, remarks,

encouragement and engagement through the learning process of this graduated

thesis I sincerely thank the lecturers who enthusiastically imparted useful

knowledge on water treatment during the University program to all class attendants

I also thank the support of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, the

coordinators and program managers for their support and assistance

I am using this opportunity to express my gratitude to my classmates, who

supported me throughout this course, by their aspiring guidance, invaluably

constructive criticism and friendly advice I am sincerely grateful to them for

sharing their truthful and illuminating views on a number of issues related to my

thesis

Also, I like to thank the participants in my survey, who have willingly shared their

precious time during the process of interviewing I would like to thank my loved

ones, who have supported me throughout entire process, both by keeping me

harmonious and helping me putting pieces together

Thank you all very much!

Sincerely yours,

TABLE OF CONTENT

List of Tables 1

List of Figures 2

List of Abbreviations 3

PART I INTRODUCTION 4

1.1 Rationale 4

1.2 Definitions 5

1.3 Aims of the study 5

1.4 Research questions 5

1.5 Research significance 5

1.5.1 Practical significance 6

1.5.2 Learning and scientific research significance 6

1.6 Limitations 6

PART 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8

2.1 Theoretical background 8

2.2 Scientific background 9

2.2.1 Related definitions 9

2.2.2 Water quality assessment 10

2.3 Empirical background 14

2.3.1 Water resources and situation of water pollution in the world 14

2.3.2 Studies on water quality in Vietnam 15

2.4 Study area review 18

2.4.1 Natural and socio-economic conditions of Hoa Binh City 18

2.4.1.1 Natural conditions 18

2.4.1.2 Socio-economic conditions 21

2.5 General assessment of review 25

PART III METHODS 26

3.1 Object and scope of study 26

3.2 Location and time of study 26

3.3 Research content 26

3.3.1 Basic characteristics of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone – Hoa Binh City 26

3.3.2 Assessment of current status of water quality of the industry 26

3.3.3 Proposal of a number of solutions to reduce pollution and effects of wastewater to surrounding environment 26

3.4 Research methods 27

3.4.1 Secondary data collection method 27

3.4.2 Methods of getting, maintaining and analyzing samples 27

3.4.3 Question and Interview methods 29

3.4.4 Analyzing, synthesizing and assessing data methods 29

PART IV RESULTS 30

4.1 Overview of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone 30

4.1.1 Status of operation and implementation of environmental protection of some companies in Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone 30

4.1.2 The situation of wastewater treatment of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone 38

4.2 Assessment of current situation of water in Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone and surrounding areas 40

4.2.1 Current situation of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone’s wastewater 41

4.2.1.1 Situation of wastewater of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone in 2013 41

4.2.1.2 Situation of wastewater of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone in 2014

43

4.2.2 Assessment of wastewater’s impacts of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone to local people based on survey 48

4.2.2.1 Basic information of investigated subject 49

4.2.2.2 Assessment of wastewater’s impacts of the Industrial Zone to local people 49

4.3 Recommendation of solutions to overcome and minimize water pollution of Da River Let-bank Industrial Zone 54

4.3.1 Management solutions 54

4.3.2 Technological solutions 55

PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 60

5.1 Discussion 60

5.2 Conclusion 61

REFERENCES 62

APPENDICES 65

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Diagram of wastewater treatment technology of Left Side Da River

Industrial Zone 39

Figure 2: Concentration of BOD5, COD and TSS in 2013, 2014 in wastewater at discharged point into environment of wastewater treatment plant - Huu Nghi JSC for Agricultural and Forestry Products 44

Figure 3: The concentration of Absorbable Organic Halogens, 2013 and 2014 in wastewater sample at the discharged point into environment of wastewater treatment system , Huu Nghi JSC for Agricultural and Forestry Products 45

Figure 4: The concentration of BOD5 in 2013 and 2014 in the domestic wastewater sample at the discharged point into environment, R technical research Vietnam Co, Ltd 47

Figure 5: The concentration of Total Coliform in 2013 and 2014 in domestic wastewater at the discharged point into environment, R technical research Vietnam Co, Ltd 48

Figure 6: The proportion of men and women of investigated groups 49

Figure 7: The proportion of careers of investigated groups 49

Figure 8: Diagram of wastewater treatment technology 57

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Distribution of land use in Hoa Binh City in 2014 24Table 2 Fuel and water consumption of some operating companies in Left Side Da

River Industrial Zone 31

Table 3: Result of analysis of wastewater samples at discharge point into theenvironment - Huu Nghi JSC for Agricultural and Forestry Products 41Table 4: Result of analysis of domestic wastewater sample at discharge point - Rtechnical research Vietnam Co, Ltd in 2013 42Table 5: The result of analysis of industrial wastewater at discharge point intoenvironment - Huu Nghi JSC for Agricultural and Forestry Products 43Table 6: The result of analysis of domestic wastewater sample at the dischargedpoint - R technical research Vietnam Co, Ltd in 2014 46Table 7: The impact of wastewater of the Industrial Zone to agriculture productionand the health of people living around there 51

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AOX : Absorbable Organic Halogens

BOD : Biochemical Oxygen Demand

COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand

EPA : Environmental Protection Agency

DNRE : Department of Natural Resources and Environment

JSC : Joint Stock Company

LEP : Law on Environmental Protection

MNRE : Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment

TSS : Total Suspended Solids

VEA : Vietnam Environment Administration

PART I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale

Environment is a system of natural and artificial material factors which impact on the

survival and the development of humans and animals (Environmental Protection Act,

2014) Those factors are considered as basic components of the environment; they

formed and developed under the law of nature

One of the most crucial and necessary factors for all life on earth in general and human

in particular is water It does not only affect human’s health, dietary needs, dailyactivities, but it is also a factor to ensure the prosperity of mankind Nowadays, the

development of science and technology has accelerated the pace of socio-economic

development, creating a giant volume of material goods for meeting the growing

demands of human However, the socio-economic development, especially the rapid

development of the industry in recent years has discharged a huge amount of

wastewater This is the direct cause of the environmental pollution in general and

water quality decline in particular, that makes clean water on Earth become

increasingly scarce and exhausted

As a country with a growing economy, Vietnam has become the heavily polluted water

on the world Among them, the Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone which located on

Huu Nghi Ward, Hoa Binh City is one of the hot spots of wastewater pollutants,

especially industrial wastewater

The Industrial Zone is consisted of many companies operating in different fields such

as productions of plastic sheet, insulator, plastic tube with hydrocarbon polymer,

silicone rubber; spare parts for cars and motorcycles; automobile engine, sanitary ware

products; hardware assessories, barcode printers, beer, sugar, etc

Due to the versatility of the Industrial Zone, wastewater is harmful and impacts on the

environment not only the Industry Zone but also surrounding area

Derived from the reality, through the agreement of Dean of Environmental Faculty

and International Training and Development Center - Thai Nguyen University of

Agriculture and Forestry, the study researched on subject: “Assessment of wastewater

of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone on the 2013 – 2014 periods”

1.2 Definitions

This study assesses the status of wastewater of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone on

the 2013 – 2014 periods in order to determine the impact of wastewater to the

environment Thus, a number of solutions are proposed to mitigate the effects of

wastewater to the environment surrounding the Industrial Zone

1.3 Aims of the study

- Learn the basic characteristics of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone

- Learn and assess the situation of water quality of the Industrial Zone

- Propose solutions to reduce water pollution of the Industrial Zone

1.4 Research questions

- What is an overview of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone?

- What is current situation of water of the Industrial Zone?

- What can human do to reduce water pollution of the Industrial Zone and its impacts

to human and environment?

1.5 Research significance

1.5.1 Practical significance

Through the study of wastewater situation of the Industrial Zone, it is significant to

know strengths, weaknesses, challenges and shortcomings in the wastewater

management and treatment in order to find the solutions for environmental protection

in accordance with the conditions of the Industrial Zone, allowing better

environmental management

1.5.2 Learning and scientific research significance

- Help students apply theory into reality, practice the data synthesis and analysis skills.

- To be a favorable condition for acquiring and learning from practical experience At

the same time, enhance practical knowledge; add more materials for learning and

researching after graduation

- Strengthen based knowledge and specialized knowledge to serve environmental

work

- The success of this study is a basis to improve working methods scientifically and to

help students synthesizing and arranging the schedule and timeline reasonable

1.6 Limitations

- Due to limitation of time and resources, this study mainly focuses on the water

pollution in Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone

- The survey is examined is relatively small, the findings cannot be generalized to the

broader community

- The wastewater data is only taken from 02 companies in the Industrial Zone, it would

not achieve absolute accuracy for the Industrial Zone

- The measurement and sampling time is only done 2 times/ year So, the samples

cannot reflect the entire of pollution

- This study solely mentions to the wastewater of the Industrial Zone in short term of

the 2013-2014 periods

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW

- Water Resources Act, June 2012

- Decree No 120/2008 / ND - CP of the Government dated on December 01, 2008 on

the management of river basins

- Decree No 149/2004 / ND - CP of the Government dated on July 27, 2004 on

issuance of permits for water resource exploration, exploitation and use, and discharge

of wastewater into water source

- Decision No 16/2008 / QD – BTNMT dated on December 31, 2008 by the Ministry

of Natural Resources and Environment on the National technical regulations on

environment

- Decision No 104/2000 / QD - TTg dated on August 25, 2000 of the Prime Minister

on approving the national strategy on water supply and rural sanitation towards 2020

- National technical regulation QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT on surface water quality

- National technical regulation QCVN14:2008/BTNMT on domestic wastewater

- National technical regulation QCVN 12:2008/BTNMT on the effluent of pulp and

According to term 1- article 3 of the Law on environmental protection (The National

Assembly of Vietnam, 2014), environment is defined as “a system of natural and

artificial physical factors affecting the existence and development of human beings

and creatures”.

- Environmental pollution

According to term 8 – article 3 of the Law on environmental protection (The National

Assembly of Vietnam, 2014), Environmental pollution refers to “the change in the

environment components in breach of technical regulations on environment and

environmental standards, which can result in adverse impacts on human beings and

creatures”.

- Water resources

According to Jason A Hubbart and Jacqueline (2013), “Water resources are used in

various ways including direct consumption, agricultural irrigation, fisheries,

hydropower, industrial production, recreation, navigation, environmental protection,

the disposal and treatment of sewage, and industrial effluents Water has sources and

supplies, economic, social, and political characteristics which make it a unique and

challenging natural resource to manage.”

- Water pollution

“Water pollution is a worse change of physical, chemical, and biological properties in

water, with the presence of abnormal substances in liquid and solid form, making

water become toxic to humans and organisms, and reducing biodiversity in water In

terms of speed and scale of impact, water pollution needs to be concerned more than

soil contamination” (Le Van Thien, 2007).

- Environmental standards

Environmental standards are referred in term 6 – Article 3 of the Law on

Environmental protection (The National Assembly of Vietnam, 2014) as“a set of

parameters relating to the environmental quality in surrounding areas, amount of

contaminants that remain in wastes, technical and managerial requirements which are

issued by a competent regulatory authority in the form of a written document that

entities involved may choose to follow at their discretion to serve the purpose of

environmental protection”.

2.2.2 Water quality assessment

Water quality is assessed based on the following indicators:

* Physical indicators

- Temperature: Temperature impacts both the chemical and biological characteristics

of surface water It affects the dissolve oxygen level in the water, photosynthesis of

aquatic plants, metabolic rates of aquatic organisms, and the sensitivity of these

organisms to pollution, parasites and disease (Center for Educational Technologies,

n.d)

- pH: As one of the criteria to be checked for water quality and wastewater, pH value

allows determine appropriate treatment method or adjust the amount of chemicals in

wastewater treatment process using biological methods The change in the pH value of

water can lead to changes in the composition of the substance in water, or promote and

prevent chemical and biological reactions happened in the water (Advanced Chemical

Systems, n.d)

- Color: The color of water is created due to impurities in the water, such as organic

matter, inorganic ions, some aquatic species, etc and can greatly affect the value of

sense when using water (Pham Song, 2013)

- Turbidity: Turbidity of water is level of preventing light penetrate across the water

The turbidity of the water can be caused by many types of dissolve substances from

colloidal-particle-sized types to suspensions, sandy sediment particles and

micro-organisms It also contains many chemical components as inorganic, organic, etc High

level of turbidity indicates high level of water contamination (USGS, n.d)

- Solids concentration: Solids affect water quality for domestic use and production,

hinder or consume more chemicals in the process Solids in water is caused by

inorganic substances in soluble or insoluble form as emulsified soil and organic

matter, synthetic organic compounds such as micro-organisms, fertilizers and

industrial wastes (Filter and Separation, n.d)

* Chemical indicators

- Iron

Iron is essential micronutrient atom for human’s body to build hemoglobin structure.Thus, the content of 0.3mg iron / liter is defined as allowed level for drinking water

Over that limitation, iron can cause a negative impact (Hellawell, J.M, 1989)

Iron has typical smell when exposed to air It precipitates to form Fe (III) hydrate and

makes water color become red brick, creating a bad impression to the user Also for

this reason, water with iron cannot be used for a number of industries requiring high

quality as silk, textile, food, pharmaceutical, etc Precipitation of iron deposition

narrows useful saving of water pipe in distribution network (Hellawell, J.M, 1989)

- Nitrite – Nitrogen (NO2-N)

Nitrite is an intermediate stage in the nitrogen cycle due to the decomposition of the

organic protein Because of the transformation between different levels of nitrogen

forms, trace nitrite is used to evaluate the organic pollution Nitrite exists also in the

treatment system or distribution system due to microbes’ activity In addition, nitrite isalso used in water supply sector as a corrosion inhibitor In water, nitrite should not

exceed 0.1 mg / liter (NORWECO, n.d)

- Nitrate - Nitrogen (NO3-N)

Nitrate is the highest stage of oxidation in the nitrogen cycle and is the final stage in

the process of biological oxidation On the surface layer of water, nitrate is commonly

in the form of trace, but sometimes in shallow groundwater, it has high level of

content If children drink water that has too much nitrate, they can have

hemochromatosis Thus, in domestic use water, level of nitrate does not exceed 6 mg /

liter (Hellawell, J.M, 1989)

- Ammonia (N-NH4+)

Ammonia is contaminant to water The presence of ammonia in surface water or

groundwater derived from the organic decomposition by micro-organisms in anaerobic

conditions That is a substance used in the disinfection stage of water, it is used as

antibacterial chemicals to produce residual chlorine which lengthen time of

bactericidal effects when water flows in the pipeline (Le Van Khoa, Nguyen Xuan

Quynh & Nguyen Quoc Viet, 2013)

- Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Dissolved oxygen in natural water and wastewater depends on physical-chemical

conditions and biological activities of the micro-organisms The determination of

concentration of dissolved oxygen is a means to control the pollution caused by human

activities and examine the consequences of wastewater treatment (NORWECO, n.d)

- Chemical oxygen demand (COD)

Indicator of chemical oxygen demand is used to fully assess the amount of oxygen

required to oxidize organic matter in the wastewater In order to determine this

indicator, potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is used to complete oxidation of organic

matter, then quantitative methods and formulas are applied to determine the amount of

COD (Le Van Khoa, Nguyen Xuan Quynh & Nguyen Quoc Viet, 2013)

- Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)

Biochemical oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen needed for microbial oxidation

of organic matter in a defined time period, is denoted by BOD and is calculated in

mg/l BOD indicator reflects the level of organic pollution of wastewater The greater

the BOD of wastewater (or water source), the higher contaminated level and vice versa

(Hellawell, J.M, 1989)

* Microbiological indicators

- Fecal coliform

Coliform organisms group is widely used as indicator of fecal contamination,

characterized by the ability to ferment lactose in culture environment at 35-37 oC with

the formation of aldehydes acid and gases within 48 hours (Ashbolt, N., Grabow, W.,

& Snozzi, M, n.d)

- Escherichia Coli (E.Coli)

Escherichia coli, commonly known as E coli or colon bacilli, usually lives in the

intestines of human and some animals E coli always presents in feces of human,

animals and birds in large numbers The exceeded presence of E coli proves pollution

on this indicator That is considered an indicator reflecting the viability of pathogenic

microorganisms in gut such as diarrhea, dysentery, etc (Ashbolt, N., Grabow, W., &

Snozzi, M, n.d)

2.3 Empirical background

2.3.1 Water resources and situation of water pollution in the world

Water pollution is alarming problem in the world today, especially in developed

countries Therefore, the research of current state of water is carried out in many

countries, the results showed that:

In Europe Rivers, nitrate salt concentration exceeds 2.5 times over the permitted

standards (100 mg), while phosphate concentration is 2.5 times higher than the

allowed standard Every year, the river carries into the ocean 320 million tons of Fe;

2.3 million tons of Pb; 1.6 million tons of Mg; 320 million tons of Ca; Phosphate 6.5

million tons, 10 million tons of oil; and 700 tons of Hg (The National Centre for

Science and Technology Information and Materials, 2013)

According to announcement of Ston, hundreds of miles of rivers flow through New

York City have no life within; because of the wastes of some plants in many years

remain unresolved (UDNA) Estimation shows that the food industry, paper, chemicals

nationwide annually discharge to rivers an amounts of 94.5 billion m3 of liquid

contaminants with different indicators (The Encyclopedia of earth, 2013)

According to (WHO, 2013), in 2013, the river near Baria Mare (Northeastern of

Romania) is infected with heavy metals and xyanua kali, damaging flora and polluted

drinking water of millions of people In 2012, groundwater in Bhopal (India) was

poisoned by pesticides discharged from Union Carbida India factory

China's Huai river is considered the most polluted area by wastes of the industry,

animals and agriculture River system in Manila (Philippines) is contaminated from

waste of skin tanning, metal reining, lead casting areas, causing health problems for

humans Pollution also occurs in Malaysia, while 10 major rivers are heavily polluted

by industrial wastewater, mainly by the oil refinery and processing industry (United

Nations, 2012)

2.3.2 Studies on water quality in Viet Nam

Although Vietnam has only entered entrance to industrialization for a few decades,

pollution has appeared in many places Along with the increase in population and

urbanization rate, wastewater from the production of agricultural, mining and

industrial production increased The untreated amount of wastewater flows directly

into pond, lakes, rivers, etc., and alters the ecosystems of receiving rivers, pollutes the

area of urban and large industrial areas such as Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Dong Nai,

Binh Duong, Thai Nguyen, Hoa Binh, etc

The total amount of wastewater of Hanoi City is up to 300,000 to 400,000 m3/ day At

present, only 5/31 hospital have wastewater treatment systems, accounting for 25% of

hospital’s wastewater; 36/400 production base treat wastewater; the amount ofuncollected household waste of approximately 1,200 m3 / day is discharged into the

nearby-lake-land and canals within the City (Pham Tuyen, 2012) All of the BOD,

dissolved oxygen, NH4, NO2, NO3 in rivers, lakes, and ditches exceed the allowed

regulations For example, according to the survey results of many scientific studies

show that currently, Kim Nguu river, To Lich river, Nhue river, Bay Mau Lake, Cau

Bay river and even the West Lake and Hoan Kiem Lake are contaminated from

moderate to serious levels Concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) is low, BOD5 is

higher than 30 mg /l; NH4+> 10 mg / l; NO2 also soars Currently, in accordance with

the standard of Ministry of Science and Technology, the levels of pollution

(particularly BOD5 and suspended solids) in the large lakes are 5 to 20 times higher

than allowed levels (VOV, 2013)

In Ho Chi Minh City, water pollution also occurs The total amount of untreated

pollutants in wastewater is more than 2 times in Hanoi and flows into the canals and

pours into Saigon River to Dong Nai At Saigon River, pollution levels are in organic

(DO = 1.5-5.5 mg /l; BOD5 = 10-30 mg / l), grease and micro-organisms (Pham

Tuyen, 2012) There is no indicator reaches environmental standard for source A The

severely acidified by alum in Hoc Mon - Cu Chi section According to the analysis and

evaluation, the monitoring parameters exceed standards in the dry season: high organic

matter and low dissolved oxygen cause anaerobic process and create characteristic

stench of H2S and NH3 In Tham Luong industrial block, water is contaminated by

industrial wastewater with the estimated total of 500,000 m3 / day from paper mills,

pulp washing, dyeing and weaving factories Wastewater from Tham Luong channel is

black, smelly and contains high levels of mercury (VOV, 2013)

In Thai Nguyen City, industrial wastewater discharged from paper, iron and steel,

non-ferrous metallurgy production bases and coal mining bases are quite large In dry

season, total wastewater of Thai Nguyen City area is account for about 15% of Cau

River’s capacity Wastewater from paper production has pH range from 8.4 to 9,NH4concentration of 4 mg / liter, low dissolved oxygen (0.4 - 0.5); and has the highest

values of BOD5 and COD (> 1000 ml) Wastewater there is brown and has unpleasant

odor (Phan Thi Anh Đao, Do Thi Thanh Binh, Phan Văn Mach, Tran Thi Thanh Binh,

Le Xuan Tuan, 2013)

Viet Tri and Lam Thao Chemical Industrial Parks discharge to Red River about 35

million km3 of wastewater annually, of which there are 4,000 tons of acids, 1,300 tons

of caustic soda, 300 tons of benzene, 25 tons of organic materials and other substances

that contaminated river water in tens of kilometers of Viet Tri to the river downstream

(VOV, 2013)

In Da Nang, at the mined river sections, especially illegal mined sections, nitrate

concentration exceeds 1.4 - 2.6 times, cyanide concentration exceeds 1.6- 2 times At

Phu Ninh Lake in the rainy season, Hg concentration exceeds 3 times over the

standard Particularly, Hg concentration exceeds 5 times over the standard in water of

Tranh River - Tra My District (VOV, 2013)

All of activities as logging and mining directly or indirectly affect water quality The

contamination that caused by mud, sand and sediment metals affects aquatic life,

sedimentation and loss of flow, i.e Ky Cung River - Lang Son in Na Duong coal mine

section

Water quality in Vietnam’s rivers is in a state of alarm, many indicators such as BOD,COD, NH4, total N, total P are multiple times higher than the standard

Water in Dong Nai River is contaminated by industrial effluents from paper mills,

detergents, dyes, textiles factories (Pham Tuyen, 2012).

Portion of Cau River which flows through Thai Nguyen City is heavily polluted by

industrial wastewater from the paper production facilities, iron and steel, non-ferrous

metallurgy, coal, etc (Phan Thi Anh Đao, Do Thi Thanh Binh, Phan Văn Mach, Tran

Thi Thanh Binh, Le Xuan Tuan, 2013)

The domestic research shows that pollution of river water flowing through urban areas

is most clearly seen in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City Domestic wastewater does not

have concentrated treatment system, but directly discharge into the receiving water

(rivers and lakes) (Pham Tuyen, 2012)

2.4 Study area review

2.4.1 The natural and socio-economic conditions of Hoa Binh City

2.4.1.1 The natural conditions of Hoa Binh City

* Natural conditions

Hoa Binh City is situated at a valley surrounded by hills and rocky mountains At the

moment, Hoa Binh City has 15 administration units with 8 Wards: Dong Tien, Phuong

Lam, Cham Mat, Thai Binh, Tan Hoa, Huu Nghi, Tan Thinh, Thinh Lang and 7

communes: Su Ngoi, Dan Chu, Thong Nhat, Yen Mong, Hoa Binh, Thai Thinh The

office is built at Ram village, Thong Nhat commune, Hoa Binh City (Hoa Binh

DNRE, 2012)

Song Da flows through the City and divides it into 2 main parts Four Wards, Dong

Tien, Phuong Lam, Cham mat, Thai Binh and 4 communes, Su Ngoi, Dan Chu, Thong

Nhat, Trung Minh, are on the right bank of the river and On the other bank, 4

Wards,Tan Thinh, Tan Hoa, Huu Nghi, Thinh Lang and 3 communes, Yen Mong, Hoa

Binh, Thai Thinh are located (Da River – Thang Long Joint Stock Company, Hoa

Binh Branch, 2013)

* Geographical features

The rocky mountains, which are distributed and surround the City center, dominates

the landscape in Hoa Binh City (75% of natural area) The next typical geographical

feature is hill, with the average height of 100 - 150 meters (Hoa Binh DNRE, 2012)

The City center has relatively plain geographical conditions offering opportunities for

the development of the City and the investment of small and medium-sized companies

* Climate conditions

Hoa Binh has tropical monsoon with 2 typical seasons Winter starts in December and

lasts till the beginning of April while summer is from May to October Rainy season is

normally from July to September The rainfall in the rainy season accounts for 85%

annual total rainfall, whereas it is 15% in dry season Besides, there are northeast

monsoon together with extreme cold and sometimes smog in dry season There are

high temperature sunny days when season changes (up to 350C in day time) (Hoa

Binh Statistic Office, 2012)

Typical meteoric values/ year:

+ Total rainfall: 1858mm

+ Average temperature: 23,0oC

+ Average humidity: 78%

+ Average wind speed: 2m/s

+ Prominent wind direction: From North to northeast

+ Average total sunny hour: 160

* Hydrologic features

Da River flows 23 kilometers through the City The river current is plentiful The

average water flow is about 54.2km3with the average capacity of 1.72 m3/s and annual

current module is 33.2 l/skm2 (Hoa Binh Statistic Office, 2012)

The shallow flow is quite extreme Because of lack of rain, the shallow flow in this

river has the least value compared to other rivers in the North The minimum average

monthly flow has the flow module of 6.72 l/skm2with the average monthly capacity of

346 m3/s The minimum monthly flow is in March accounting for 2% total yearly

capacity (DaRiver – Thang Long Joint Stock Company, Hoa Binh Branch, 2013)

The amount of sand and mud flowing through Hoa Binh is 63.5 tons, turbidity =

1,180g/m3; capacity of sand and mud Ro = 2,010 kg/s The amount of sand and mud

in 5 months of the rainy season takes up 91.3% the yearly amount The amount of sand

and mud reaches the peak in August, 2,106 ton (35% of the total yearly number) and

falls bottom in March taking up 0.04% total annual number (Hoa Binh DNRE, 2012)

Generally speaking, since the operation of Hoa Binh damp, Da River in Hoa Binh is

not natural anymore but dependent on the operation of Hoa Binh hydroelectric power

station as well as the opening and closing of the flood discharge outlet

Da River amount of sand and mud in the area just downstream of power station has

enormous change Most mud falls onto the bottom of the basin after its establishment

The total amount of sand and mud measured before the building of the damp by Ben

Ngoc hydrologic station is 63.5 tons/year, and 11.7 tons/year after the construction of a

damp Therefore, the annual turbidity value at Ben Ngoc hydrologic station, Trung

Minh commune is from 800-2,700 g/m3 from 1958-1985 and 100-160 g/m3 from

1986-2009 (Hoa Binh DNRE, 2012)

Beside Da River, there are many City streams flowing into Da River, especially Cau

Den and Dung Stream The hydrologic features depend on the rainfall and the

headwater

2.4.1.2 Socio-economic conditions

* Status of economic development

Hoa Binh City has low rate of economic growth Major economic sectors are

agriculture and service Economic structure focuses on decreasing the density of

agriculture and forestry and increasing the role of industry - service

- For industry

Focusing on industry, primarily small or medium-sized, to provide for the area is

common goal of mountainous provinces Many medium-sized industrial zones such as

Luong Son Industrial Zone, Da River Left-bank Industrial Zones, South Luong Son

Industrial Zone, Lac Thinh Industrial Zone has been being built

Today, many big projects invested by domestic investors are being implemented such

as cement production, minerals exploitation, cassava starch production, fruit

processing, processing agri-forestry product, pulp production, eco-tourism and

entertainment area

Industrial and handicraft industry has brought about certain economic effectiveness,

but it also affects the environment and people’s health The mass media from theprovince and local community has popularized the policies of the Communist party

and the laws of the government about environment protection

Projects receiving foreign investment are exported fruit processing, lens production,

assembling, accumulator production, garment, etc

- Commerce and service

Up till now, provincial tourism has received the investment in infrastructure and

capital from Tourism General Directorate, which results in the increasing number of

tourists, especially foreigners, better quality and varied tourism packages The most

popular tourism destinations include Da River damp, Hoa Binh lake tour with many

natural relics and sites, Kim Boi mineral water, Lac village with unique Thai ethnic

group culture, Dong Tien – Lac Thuy (Hoa Binh DNRE, 2012)

- Agriculture and forestry

This sector plays an important role in provincial economics, greatly contributes to the

development stability of the province The forest area of the City has reached 46%

* Cultural and Social factors

- Population

The growth of population and urbanization has led to the unequal distribution of

population between City and rural area The need for infrastructure (road, traffic, clean

water, irrigation, etc.) hasn’t been met, which leads to headache environmentalproblems: air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, natural disasters like drought,

flood, landslide, etc.) Disposed water from living and industry which is not strictly

processed has affected the local socio-economic development

In order to calculate precisely all the status of implementing the plan for Natural

resources – Environment and sustainable development, it is vital to proceed the

process of making annual report on the factors of natural resources and environment of

Hoa Binh City to prepare for making plan for socio-economic development in the

following years

- Human resource

Human resource for laboring takes up to 71% of the total population The high number

of labor is the most important resource for implementing the plan for socio-economic

development of the City in the following years (Hoa Binh DNRE, 2013A)

The rate of labor in the business sector accounts for 98% of the total labour resource in

the City in the period from 2010-2014 (Hoa Binh DNRE, 2013A) Basically, Hoa Binh

has effectively used the labor resource in the production activities

- The fact of land use in Hoa Binh City

Table 1: Distribution of land use in Hoa Binh City in 2014

(hectares)

(%)

1.1 Agriculture production SXN 9,601.92 49.751.1.1 Annual tree plantation CHN 8,874.05 48.72

1.1.1.2 Growing grass for rearing COC -

-1.1.1.3 Other annual tree plantation HNK 918.80 5.041.1.2 Long-time plantation land CLN 187.87 1.03

-1.3 Breeding aquatic product NTS 549.42 3.02

2.2 Specialized purposes CDG 3,867.34 21.232.2.1 Administration office CTS 244.67 1.342.2.2 National defense and military CQA 94.53 0.522.2.3 Business, non-agriculture CSK 861.18 4.73

(Source: Da River – Thang Long JSC, Hoa Binh Branch, 2013)

At present, about 53% of the land of Hoa Binh City is for agriculture, mainly for rice

and other products like corn, cassava, pea, pea-nut (48.7% of the total City land) The

agricultural area for planting long-term tree accounts for 1% and that for breeding

aquatic product accounts for 3% of the total land of the City, in which most is for

living (11.6%) and specialized purposes (21.2%) The available land is 370 ha, about

2% of the total land of the City Therefore, it is obvious that the land capacity of the

City is still big (Da River – Thang Long JSC, Hoa Binh Branch, 2013)

In the upcoming period of development toward urbanization, the available land and

more than 9,000 ha agricultural land use, which is able to transformed into

non-agricultural use, offer the City a great opportunity for implementing sustainable

socio-economic development of the City

2.5 General assessment of review

Through scientific, theoretical and empirical background of research results on water

quality in the world and Vietnam, the implementation of the study “Assessment of

wastewater of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone in the 2013 – 2014 periods” is

necessary

PART 3 METHODS

3.1 Object and scope of study

- Research object: Wastewater of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone

- Research scope: Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone, Huu Nghi Ward, Hoa Binh City

3.2 Location and time of study

- Location: Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone, Huu Nghi Ward, Hoa Binh

City-Time: August 15, 2014 to December 15, 2014

3.3 Research content

3.3.1 Basic characteristics of Da River Left-bank Industrial zone – Hoa Binh City

- Overview of the Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone – Hoa Binh City.

- Demand for water and raw materials of some companies in the industrial zone

- The process of treating wastewater of the industrial zone

3.3.2 Assessment of current status of the water environmental quality of the industry

zone

- Evaluate the quality of wastewater through samples;

- Assess the impact of industrial zone’s wastewater to local people through

questionnaires

3.3.3 Proposal of a number of solutions to reduce pollution and effects of industrial

wastewater to surrounding environment

- Solutions on management

- Solutions on technology

3.4 Research methods

Secondary data are collected through official documents of Hoa Binh City People’s

Committee, Huu Nghi Ward People’s Committee, EPA, management board of Hoa

Binh industrial zones, management board of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone, etc

on natural, socio-economic conditions of the area, results of previous analysis on

wastewater samples in 2013, 2014, etc

Additionally, data in scientific reports, conferences, books, newspapers, on the internet

and other materials are also exploited

3.4.2 Methods of getting, maintaining and analyzing samples

* Tools for getting samples

Polyethylene plastic bottles of 500 ml capacity and dark brown glass bottles of 1000

ml capacity are used to get samples All bottles for sampling and preservation should

be washed with soapy water, then washed thoroughly with clean water and rinsed with

distilled water

* Sample getting methods

- Place: Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone

- Time: October, 2014

- Ways of getting samples:

+ For wastewater from production and surface water: drop clean bottle deep down 20

cm from the water surface, orient orifice toward the most turbulent flow, and avoid

junk floating into the bottle

+ For groundwater: get well’s water well at the moment after running water pump forabout 10 minutes

- The sample bottle must fully complete following information:

+ Name of water source

+ Time of getting sample.

+ Location and sampling sites

+ Meteorological conditions

+ Research purposes

+ Position and signature of sampler

* Preserving and analyzing samples methods

- The indicators as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, electrical

conductivity, etc are measured directly in the sampling sites by the mobile

measurement device or water quality’s instrumentation system in the large area toavoid errors in the preservation process

- The indicators as COD, BOD5, phosphorus, nitrogen and some other biochemical

indicators are collected, preserved and analyzed at laboratory of the Quality Assurance

and Testing Centre 1 according to the standard method (TCVN) If those indicators are

not analyzed immediately, they should be stored in refrigerated conditions at 50oC

Bottles containing BOD5sample need to be dried for sterilization at 1500oC

- Metals (Cu, Fe, Pb, Cr, Zn) were analyzed by means of polaro-graphic method and

atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)

- The remaining indicators were analyzed by a colorimetric method, titration,

quantitative method, etc according to allowed standards

3.4.3 Questionnaire and Interview methods

Using questionnaires (60 sheets) and interviews to collect opinions of workers

employed in the industrial zone and people nearby People in following groups: group

1, group 3, group 7, group 12, group 17, and group 23 – Huu Nghi Ward – Hoa Binh

City are chosen as subjects of the survey

3.4.4 Analyzing, synthesizing and assessing data methods

Regulations of the State legal documents as QCVN 40:2011, QCVN 14:2008, QCVN

12:2008 are considered as criteria for assess the industrial zone’s wastewater quality

- Synthetic methods: To compare results of analysis of water samples with QCVN 40:

2011 and QCVN 14: 2008 to assess the levels of pollutants’ contents and their impact

on the quality of surrounding water

- Collected documents, data would are analyzed, processed by computer software such

as Word, Excel, etc

PART 4

RESULTS

4.1 Overview of Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone

4.1.1 Status of operation and implementation of environmental protection of

some companies in Da River Left-bank Industrial Zone

Currently, the Industrial Zone has 18 projects including 02 foreign investment

projects and 16 domestic investment projects, with total registered capital of 100

billion VND (Hoa Binh DNRE, 2014B) There are 14 projects which have already

runned, 03 projects are in construction and 01 project has not implemented Leased

land area is 28.61 ha, accounting for approximately 53.6% of total salable land area of

the Industrial Zone (Hoa Binh statistic office, 2012) The main sectors located in the

Industrial zone are: machinery and manufacturing industry, material and construction

industry and different light industry Among them, 6 companies are likely to cause the

highest pollution due to their usage of huge amount of water and high level of

pollutants This is clearly shown in table 2:

Table 2 Fuel and water consumption of some operating companies in Da River

Left-bank Industrial Zone

chemical, waste treatmentliquid, maintaining material

- Electric, diesel, petrol, gas

280

2

Huu Nghi ISC for

Agricultural and Forestry

- Turpentine oil, detergentgasoline, diesel

70

4

Sugar Hoa Binh JSC - Sugar cane

- Lime, sulfur, phosphoric acid,soda 96%

- Bagasse, FO

3.500

5 Beer factory - Hoang Gia

6 Construction and Trade

Investment Lam Binh JSC

Sand, gravel, cement, stone,lined mold oil, steel 730

(Source: Chairman of Hoa Binh Provincial People’s Committee, 2013)

 R technical research Vietnam Co, Ltd

R technical research Vietnam Co, Ltd has 100% foreign investment, located at Huu

Nghi Ward, Hoa Binh City The company started to operation in 2003 Production