Principles of administrative law

PRINCIPLES OF LAW SERIESProfessor Paul Dobson Visiting Professor at Anglia Polytechnic University Professor Nigel Gravells Professor of English Law, Nottingham University Professor Phill

Cavendish Publishing LimitedCPLondon • Sydney

PRINCIPLES OF LAW SERIES

Professor Paul Dobson

Visiting Professor at Anglia Polytechnic University

Professor Nigel Gravells

Professor of English Law, Nottingham University

Professor Phillip Kenny

Professor and Head of the Law School, Northumbria University

Professor Richard Kidner

Professor and Head of the Law Department, University of Wales,

Aberystwyth

In order to ensure that the material presented by each title maintains thenecessary balance between thoroughness in content and accessibility inarrangement, each title in the series has been read and approved by anindependent specialist under the aegis of the Editorial Board The EditorialBoard oversees the development of the series as a whole, ensuring aconformity in all these vital aspects

Deputy Head, Anglia Law School Anglia Polytechnic University

Alexandra Felix, LLB, LLM Lecturer in Law, Anglia Law School Anglia Polytechnic University

Cavendish Publishing LimitedCPLondon • Sydney

Telephone: 0171-278 8000 Facsimile: 0171-278 8080

e-mail: info@cavendishpublishing.com

Visit our Home Page on http://www.cavendishpublishing.com

© Stott, D and Felix, A 1997

All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under theterms of the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of alicence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road,London W1P 9HE, UK, without the permission in writing of the publisher

Stott, David

Principles of administrative law

1 Administrative law – England 2 Administrative law – Wales

I Title II Felix, Alexandra

342.4’2

1 85941 370 6

Printed and bound in Great Britain

Administrative law is an exciting topic, in particular for those with an interest

in how the law seeks to control the exercise of the enormous powers of themodern state In the development of the law generally, modern administrativelaw is a recent, very largely post-Second World War, phenomenon In legal edu-cation, it has grown over the past 20 years from being a component withinestablished constitutional law courses to being a subject in its own right Itsrelationship with constitutional law, however, must not be forgotten The prin-ciples and theories received in your study of constitutional law will informyour study of administrative law Administrative law is also exciting because

of its continuous development Just as modern administrative law was verylargely a response to the development of the welfare state, so recent govern-ment initiatives such as the privatisation of the great public corporations andthe proposed adoption of the European Convention on Human Rights willdemand further judicial responses

The aim of this text is to provide a comprehensive and accessible review ofthe law as it has developed from both the national and the European perspec-tive

We would like to thank Jo Reddy and Cathy West for the patience they haveshown in the writing of this text and the Editorial Board for their valuable com-ments on the draft manuscript We also thank Russell Richardson for hisresearch

David Stott and Alexandra Felix

Anglia Law School August 1997

Preface v

1.2 DEFINITION OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW 31.3 JUDICIAL REVIEW OF ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION 4

1.5 THE PUBLIC/PRIVATE DICHOTOMY 7

1.7 THE ROLE OF THE COURTS 131.8 THE BALANCE OF POWER 15

1.11 THE PRINCIPLE OF ACCOUNTABILITY 241.11.1 Discretionary versus arbitrary power 251.12 THE DISCRETIONARY NATURE OF THE REMEDIES 27

2.3 JUDICIAL INTERVENTIONISM 39

3.5.1 Self-created rules of policy 633.6 KEEPING AN OPEN MIND 643.7 FETTERING DISCRETION BY CONTRACT 653.8 FETTERING DISCRETION BY ESTOPPEL 663.9 FETTERING DISCRETION BY LEGITIMATE EXPECTATION 683.10 PRESUMPTIONS OF STATUTORY INTERPRETATION 733.10.1 Taxation cannot be levied without

the authority of Parliament 733.10.2 In favour of the rule of law 743.10.3 Against ousting the jurisdiction of the courts 763.10.4 In favour of international law 77

4 JUDICIAL REVIEW OF ADMINISTRATIVE

ACTION II – SUBSTANTIVE ULTRA VIRES

4.4.10 Punishment motive alleged 1034.4.11 Electoral promises 1054.4.12 The manifesto argument and the

principle of reasonableness 1064.4.13 Fiduciary duty/misplaced philanthropy 106

5 JUDICIAL REVIEW OF ADMINISTRATIVE

5.2 STATUTORY PROCEDURES 1215.2.1 Nature and effect 1215.2.2 Substantial compliance 1245.3 NATURAL JUSTICE/FAIRNESS 125

5.3.2 History and development 1255.3.3 Legitimate expectation 1275.3.4 The development of fairness 1305.3.5 Flexibility of content 1315.4 THE RIGHT TO A FAIR HEARING 132

5.4.2 Disclosure of evidence 1325.4.3 Limits on disclosure 1335.4.4 Preliminary hearings/recommendations 1335.4.5 Nature of the hearing 134

5.4.8 Cross-examination 1365.4.9 Legal representation 136

5.4.11 Why are reasons for decisions needed? 1395.4.12 What kind of reasons? 1415.4.13 Can an unfair hearing be cured by a fair appeal? 1425.5 THE RULE AGAINST BIAS – NEMO IUDEX IN CAUSA SUA 142

5.5.2 Pecuniary interest 1435.5.3 Professional interest 1435.5.4 Personal interest 1445.5.5 Involvement in the decision-making process 144

5.5.7 R v Gough (1993) 1465.5.8 Discretionary nature of remedies 147

6.10 LIMITS ON THE APPLICATION FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW

– THE PUBLIC/PRIVATE LAW DICHOTOMY 1676.11 AGAINST WHOM IS THE APPLICATION FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW

6.12 STANDING – LOCUS STANDI 1796.12.1 Rationale and application 1796.12.2 Pressure groups 1846.12.3 Waiver of standing 1876.12.4 Relator actions 1876.13 DISCRETIONARY NATURE OF THE REMEDIES 188

7.1 STATUTORY REMEDIES 1957.2 EXHAUSTION OF ALTERNATIVE REMEDIES 1967.3 EXCLUSION OF ALTERNATIVE REMEDIES 1987.4 EXCLUSION OF JUDICIAL REVIEW 199

8.3 THE MODERN APPLICATION OF PUBLIC

8.3.1 For what types of document can immunity be claimed

on the class ground? 2168.3.2 Who can make a claim for immunity? 2238.3.3 Who determines the public interest? 2238.3.4 Can a claim of immunity be made in the context of

criminal proceedings? 2248.3.5 Does a minister have a power or is he or she under

a duty to claim immunity? 2288.3.6 Can immunity be waived? 2308.4 POST MATRIX CHURCHILL 2318.4.1 Ex parte Wiley (1994) 2318.4.2 Criminal trials 2348.4.3 Sir Richard Scott’s recommendations on public interest

immunity in criminal cases 234

9.7 TRIBUNALS 2569.7.1 Nature and development 2569.7.2 The Tribunals and Inquiries Acts 257

10 EUROPEAN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW I –

PART 1 UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES OF EC LAW 269

10.2 THE SOURCES OF RIGHTS 27010.2.1 Primary legislation 27010.2.2 Secondary legislation 27010.2.3 General principles of law 27110.3 HOW INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS CAN BE ACQUIRED

AND ENFORCED IN EC LAW 27710.3.1 The creation of rights for individuals 27710.3.2 The direct effect of Treaty articles 27810.3.3 The direct effect of regulations 27910.3.4 The direct effect of decisions 28010.3.5 The direct effect of directives 28010.4 SUPREMACY OF EC LAW 28510.5 THE ENFORCEMENT OF COMMUNITY LAW 287

PART II JUDICIAL REVIEW OF COMMUNITY ACTS 290

10.6.1 The act must be of the challengeable kind 29110.6.2 When does an act produce legal effects? 292

10.6.3 The legal status of acts of the institutions 29310.6.4 Standing/locus standi 294

10.8.2 Who can make the challenge? 301

PART III EC LAW AND JUDICIAL REVIEW IN THE UK 30210.9 A NEW JUDICIAL REVIEW ROLE FOR THE COURTS

IN RELATION TO LEGISLATION? 30210.10REMEDIES FOR BREACHES OF EC LAW 30710.11 JUDICIAL REVIEW AS A MEANS OF CHALLENGING

10.12 THE IMPACT OF EC LAW ON NATIONAL JUDICIAL REVIEW 312

11 EUROPEAN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW II –

THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON

11.1 ‘RIGHTS’ IN ENGLISH LAW 32111.2 THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE ECHR 32211.3 A BILL OF RIGHTS FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM? 32411.4 THE OPERATION OF THE ECHR 32811.5 MAKING AN APPLICATION 32911.6 STATE APPLICATIONS 329

11.7 EXHAUSTION OF DOMESTIC REMEDIES 330

11.9 THE APPLICANT MUST BE A ‘VICTIM’ 33111.10 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS 33211.12 FRIENDLY SETTLEMENT OR COURT? 333

11.14 THE LIMITATIONS ON THE RIGHTS 33411.14.1 Definitions: ‘prescribed by law’/‘in accordance

11.14.2 ‘Necessary in a democratic society’ 33511.14.3 The margin of appreciation 33611.14.4 General limitations 33611.15 THE FUTURE – HUMAN RIGHTS AS A GROUND

FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW? 337

either from the imposition of a statutory duty or

from the performance of it 34912.2.5 Stovin v Wise (Norfolk County Council,

third party) (1996) 35412.2.6 Misfeasance in a public office 356

12.2.7 Can an ultra vires act give rise to an action

for damages in private law? 35712.2.8 Order 53 as a bar to a private law action 35812.3 LIABILITY IN CONTRACT 359

12.3.2 Breach of contract 36012.3.3 Effect of plea of public policy 36112.3.4 The relationship between breach of

contract and ultra vires 36212.3.5 Contracting out and privatisation 362

Administration des Douanes v Societé Anonyme Gondrand Freres

(Case 169/80) [1981] ECR 1931 76

Agricultural, Horticultural and Forestry Training Board v Aylesbury Mushrooms [1972] 1 WLR 190 123

Air Canada v Secretary of State for Trade [1983] 2 AC 394 217, 224 Alfons Lutticke v Commission (Case 33/62) [1962] ECR 501 301

Allen v Gulf Oil Refining Ltd [1981] AC 1001 349

Allingham v Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries [1948] 1 All ER 780 60

American Cyanamid v Ethicon [1975] AC 396 156

Amministrazione Delle Finanze Dello Stato v Simmenthal SPA (Case 106/77) [1978] ECR 629 287

Anisminic v Foreign Compensation Commission [1969] 2 AC 147 40, 126, 202–04, 207 Anns v Merton London Borough Council [1978] AC 728 346, 352, 359 Armand v Home Secretary and Minister of Defence of Royal Netherlands Government [1943] AC 147 225

Asher v Secretary of State for the Environment [1974] Ch 208 98, 103, 105, 195 Associated Provincial Picture Houses v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223 52, 57, 73, 82, 83, 86–91 93–95, 109, 114, 115 250, 251, 328, 351, 354 Attorney General v Crayford UDC [1962] Ch 575 84

Attorney General v De Keyser’s Royal Hotel [1920] AC 508 9

Attorney General v Fulham Corporation [1921] 1 Ch 440 84, 85 Attorney General v Guardian Newspaper (No 2) [1990] 1 AC 109 324

Attorney General v Johnathan Cape Ltd [1976] QB 752 217

Attorney General v Wilts United Dairies (1921) 37 TLR 884 73, 92 Attorney General ex rel McWhirter v Independent Broadcasting Authority [1973] QB 629 56, 181, 188 Attorney General of Hong Kong v Ng Yuen Shui [1983] 2 AC 629 128

Avon County Council v Buscott [1988] 2 QB 656 174

Ayr Harbour Trustees v Oswald (1883) 8 App Cas 623 66

Backhouse v Lambeth London Borough Council (1972) 116 SJ 802 90, 111 Baggs Case (1615) 11 Co Rep 93b; 77 ER 1271 33

Barnard v National Dock Labour Board [1953] 2 QB 18 60

Bennett v Horseferry Road Magistrates’ Court [1994] 1 AC 42 337

Blackburn v Attorney General [1971] 1 WLR 1037 11, 47, 158, 180 Blackpool Corporation v Locker [1948] 1 KB 349 62

Board of Education v Rice [1911] AC 179 130

Bourgoin SA v Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food [1986] QB 716 311, 356–58 Bowles v Bank of England [1913] 1 Ch 57 74

Bradbury v Enfield London Borough Council [1967] 1 WLR 1311 122

Brasserie du Pecheur SA v Germany (Case 46/93);

R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame Ltd and Others

(Case 48/93) [1996] All ER (EC) 301 283, 312, 358

Breen v Amalgamated Engineering Union [1971] 2 QB 175 121

British Oxygen v Board of Trade [1971] AC 610 63

British Steel Corporation v Granada Television Ltd [1982] AC 1096 219, 362 British Steel plc v Customs and Excise Commissioners [1996] 1 WLR 48 175, 362 Broome v Broome [1955] P 190 214

Buckley v Law Society (No 2) [1984] 1 WLR 1101 221

Bugdaycay v Secretary of State for the Home Department [1987] AC 514 109

Bulmer v Bolinger [1974] Ch 410 277

Burmah Oil v Bank of England [1980] AC 1090 217, 219 Burmah Oil v Lord Advocate [1965] AC 75; [1964] All ER 348, HL 9, 15 Burn v National Amalgamated Labourers’ Union [1920] 2 Ch 364 121

Bushell v Secretary of State for the Environment [1981] AC 75 65, 131, 136, 261 Buttes Gas & Oil v Hammer [1982] AC 888 47

CILFIT v Ministry of Health (Case 283/81) [1982] ECR 3415 289

Calvin v Carr [1980] AC 574 142

Campbell v Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council [1982] QB 1065 221, 230 Campbell v United Kingdom (1993) 15 EHRR 137 335

Campbell and Cosans v United Kingdom (1982) 4 EHRR 293 332

Campbell and Fell v United Kingdom (1984) 5 EHRR 207 138, 331 Caparo v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 353

Cardot v France A200 (1991) 13 EHRR 853 331

Carltona v Commissioner of Works [1943] 2 All ER 546 61, 62 Case of Proclamations (1611) 12 Co Rep 74; 77 ER 1352 33

Castells v Spain A236 (1992) 14 EHRR 445 331

Central Control Board (Liquor Traffic) v Canyon Brewery Co Ltd [1919] AC 744 74

Chandler v DPP [1964] AC 763 48

Chester v Bateson [1920] 1 KB 829 76

Chief Constable of North Wales v Evans [1982] 1 WLR 1155 21, 133 Cinnamond v British Airports Authority [1980] 1 WLR 582 129, 189 Cocks v Thanet District Council [1983] 2 AC 286 169–71, 175 Commission v Council (the ERTA Case) (Case 22/70) [1971] ECR 263 291

Commission v Ireland (Dundalk Water Case) (Case 45/87) [1988] ECR 4929 360

Commission v United Kingdom (Case 40/82) [1982] ECR 2793 311

Commissioner of Crown Land v Page [1960] 2 QB 274 66, 361 Commissioners of Customs and Excise v Cure & Deeley [1962] 1 QB 340 74

Coney v Choyce [1975] 1 WLR 422 123

Confederation Nationale des Producteurs de Fruits et Legumes v Council (Case 17/62) [1962] ECR 471 295

Congreve v Home Office [1976] QB 629 24, 57, 73, 91, 93 98

102, 104, 241, 248 Conway v Rimmer [1968] AC 910 40, 48, 126, 211, 212, 215

216, 223, 224, 230, 233 Cooper v Wandsworth Board of Works (1863) 14 (CB) NS 180;

143 ER 414 34, 121, 125, 132 Cooper v Wilson [1937] 2 KB 309 144, 196 Cory v London Corporation [1951] 2 KB 476 66 Costa v ENEL (Case 6/64) [1964] ECR 585 286 Cottle v Cottle [1939] 2 All ER 535 144 Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service

[1985] AC 3742, 7, 10, 12 44–47, 49, 82, 111, 127–29

131, 158, 167, 313 Credit Suisse v Allerdale Borough Council [1996] 4 All ER 129 86, 173 Credit Suisse v Waltham Forest London Borough Council [1996] 4 All ER 176 86, 173 Crompton Amusement Machines Ltd v Customs and Excise Commissioners

(No 2) [1974] AC 405 220, 230 Cutler v Wandsworth Stadium [1949] AC 398 347, 348

D v NSPCC [1978] AC 171 220 Davy v Spelthorne Borough Council [1984] 2 AC 262 170, 171 Dawkins v Antrobus (1881) 17 Ch D 615 121 Daymond v South West Water Authority [1976] AC 609 74

De Becker v Belgium (1958) 2 YBECHR 214 331

de Freitas v Benny [1976] AC 239 12 Decker KG v Hauptzollant Landau (Case 99/78) [1979] ECR 101 276 Defrenne v SABENA (No 2) (Case 43/75) [1976] ECR 455 276, 279 Derbyshire County Council v Times Newspapers [1993] AC 534 324 Dillenkofer & Others v Germany (Cases 178, 179, 188, 189, 190/94)

[1996] 1 All ER (EC) 917 284 Dimes v Grand Junction Canal (1852) 3 HL Cas 759 143 Doe d Bishop of Rochester v Bridges (1831) 1 B & Ad 847; 109 ER 1001 348 Dowty Boulton Paul v Wolverhampton Corporation [1971] 1 WLR 204 66, 361

Dr Bonham’s Case (1610) 8 Co Rep 113b; 77 ER 638 14, 33, 125 Dudgeon v United Kingdom (1981) 4 EHRR 149 111, 331 Duke v Reliance [1988] AC 618 306 Duncan v Cammell Laird & Co Ltd [1942] AC 624 39, 48, 212, 213

215, 216, 223, 224, 230 Duncan v Jones [1936] 1 KB 218 325 Durayappah v Fernando [1967] 2 AC 337 131

EC Commission v BASF AG (Case 137/92P) [1994] ECR I 2555 293

EC Commission v EC Council (Generalised Tariff Preferences Case)

(Case 45/86) [1987] ECR 1493 294

ENU v Commission (Case 107/91) [1993] ECR I 599 300 Edinburgh & Dalkeith Railway v Wauchope (1842) 8 Cl & F 710; 8 ER 279 13 Ellis v Dubowski [1921] 3 KB 621 62 Ellis v Home Office [1953] 2 QB 135 214 Enderby Town Football Club v Football Association [1971] Ch 591 137 Entick v Carrington (1765) 19 St Tri 1030; 95 ER KB 807 23, 25–27, 74, 324 Equal Opportunities Commission v Secretary of State for Employment

[1995] 1 AC 1 14, 167, 306 European Parliament v Council (the Chernobyl Case) (Case 70/88)

[1990] I ECR 2041 294 European Parliament v Council (the Comitology Case) (Case 302/87)

[1988] ECR 5615 294, 299 Extramet Industrie v EC Council (Case 358/89) [1991] I ECR 2501 294

Faccini Dori v Recreb SRL (Case 91/92) [1994] ECR I 325 281 Fairmount Investments Ltd v Secretary of State for the Environment

[1976] 1 WLR 1255 133 Fedechar v High Authority (Case 8/55) [1956] ECR 292 298 Federation European de las Sante Anim ale v Council (Case 160/88)

[1988] ECR 4121 295 Felixstowe Dock v British Transport Docks Board [1976] 2 CMLR 655 303 Ferwerda v Produktschap voor Vee en Vlees (Case 265/78) [1980] ECR 617 308 Findlay, Re [1985] AC 318 72 Fletcher’s Application, Re [1970] 2 All ER 527 249 Foglia v Novello (Case 104/79) [1980] ECR 745 288 Foster v British Gas [1991] 2 AC 306, HL; (Case 188/89) [1990] ECR 3313 8, 281 Francovich and Bonifaci v Italy (Cases 6 & 9/90) [1991] ECR I 5357 283, 284, 310, 312, 357 Franklin v Minister of Town and Country Planning [1948] AC 87 38, 65, 145, 260 Fraser v Mudge [1975] 1 WLR 1132 137 Friends of the Earth, Re [1988] JPL 93 166 Fronancais SA v FORMA (Case 66/82) [1983] ECR 395 277 Fry, ex p [1954] 1 WLR 730 189 Fulbrook v Berkshire Magistrates’ Courts Committee (1970) 69 LGR 75 202

Garland v British Rail Engineering [1983] 2 AC 751 304 Gaskin v Liverpool City Council [1980] 1 WLR 1549 220 Geddis v Proprietors of the Bann Reservoir (1878) 3 App Cas 430 349 Germany v Commission (Case 24/64) [1963] ECR 63 297 Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority [1986] AC 112 172 Glasgow Corporation v Central Land Board (1956) SC 1 214 Glynn v Keele University [1971] 1 WLR 487 135, 148 Golden Chemical Products Ltd, Re [1976] Ch 300 61 Golder v United Kingdom (1975) 1 EHRR 524 330

Gouriet v Union of Post Office Workers [1978] AC 435 56, 57, 180, 188 Government of Gibraltar v Council (Case 298/89) [1994] 3 CMLR 425 295 Governors of Peabody Fund v Sir Lindsay Parkinson & Co Ltd [1985] AC 210 353 Grad (Case 9/70) [1970] ECR 825 280 Griffin v South West Water Services (unreported, 23 May 1995) 8 Grosvenor Hotel, Re (No 2) [1965] Ch 1210 214

HK, Re [1967] 2 QB 617 130 Halford v Sharples [1992] 1 WLR 736 222 Hall & Co Ltd v Shoreham-by-Sea UDC [1964] 1 WLR 240 74, 99 Handyside v United Kingdom (1976) 1 EHRR 737 335, 336 Hanks v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1963] QB 999 98 Hannam v Bradford Corporation [1970] 1 WLR 937 144 Hanratty v Lord Butler of Saffron Walden (1971) 115 SJ 386 11 Hazell v Hammersmith and Fulham Council [1990] 2 WLR 17, DC;

[1990] 2 WLR 1038, CA; [1992] 2 AC 1, HL 83, 86, 360 Hehir v Commissioner of the Police for the Metropolis [1982] 1 WLR 715 222, 232 Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire [1989] AC 53 55 Hoffman La Roche v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry [1975] AC 295 149 Holgate-Mohammed v Duke [1984] AC 437; [1984] 1 All ER 1054 56 Home Office v Dorset Yacht Club [1970] AC 1004 350, 351, 358 Howard v Secretary of State for the Environment [1975] QB 235 124

IBM v Commission [1981] ECR 2639 293 Institute of Patent Agents v Lockwood [1894] AC 347 206 International Fruit Company BV v Commission (Case 41-4/70) [1971] ECR 411 295, 296 Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr-und Vorratsstelle fur

Getreide und Futtermittel (Case 11/70) [1970] ECR 1125 272, 274, 277, 286 Ireland v United Kingdom (1978) 2 EHRR 25 330, 337 Italy v Commission (Case 32/65) [1966] ECR 389 302

John v Rees [1970] Ch 345 148 Johnston v Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary

(Case 222/84) [1986] ECR 1651 275, 315 Johnston v Ireland (1987) 9 EHRR 203 330 Jones v Swansea County Council [1990] 1 WLR 54 356 Julius v Bishop of Oxford (1880) LR 5 App Cas 214 5

Kaur v Lord Advocate (1981) SLT 322 275, 315

Kent v Metropolitan Police Commissioner (1981) The Times, 15 May 53

Kolpinghuis Nijmegen BV (Case 80/86) [1987] ECR 3969 282 Kruse v Johnson [1898] 2 QB 91 90

Laker Airways Ltd v Department of Trade [1977] QB 643 10, 11, 68, 83 Lavender v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1970] 1 WLR 1231 62 Leary v National Union of Vehicle Builders [1971] Ch 34 121, 142 Lee v Bude & Torrington Railway (1871) LR 6 CP 577 13 Lee v Showmen’s Guild [1952] QB 329 121 Leech v Deputy Governor of Parkhurst Prison [1988] AC 533 57 Lever (Finance) Ltd v Westminster Corporation [1970] 3 All ER 496 68 Lindley v Rutter [1981] 1 QB 128 55 Litster v Forth Dry Dock and Engineering Co Ltd [1990] AC 546 306 Liversidge v Anderson [1942] AC 206 24, 36, 38, 48, 50, 57, 200 Lloyd v McMahon [1987] AC 625 134 Local Government Board v Arlidge [1915] AC 120 36, 61 London & Clydeside Estates Ltd v Aberdeen District Council [1980] 1 WLR 182 122, 123 Lonrho v Shell Petroleum [1981] 3 WLR 33 348 Lonrho v Tebbit [1991] 4 All ER 973 357, 358, 359 Lutticke v Commission (Case 48/65) [1966] ECR 19 300

M v Home Office [1992] QB 270 157 Macarthys v Smith [1979] 3 All ER 325, CA; Macarthys v Smith

(Case 129/79) [1981] QB 180 14, 304 Mackprang v Commission (Case 15/71) [1971] ECR 797 300 Makanjuola v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [1992] 3 All ER 617 228, 229, 231, 232 Malloch v Aberdeen Corporation [1971] 1 WLR 1578 148 Malone v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1979] Ch 344 26, 27, 325 Malone v United Kingdom (1982) 5 EHRR 385 27 Marbury v Madison (1803) 1 Cranch 103 14 Marks v Beyfus (1890) 25 QBD 494 234 Marleasing SA v La Comercial Interacional DE Alimentacion SA

(Case 106/89) [1990] ECR 4135 282 Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire Health Authority (No 1)

(Case 152/84) [1986] ECR I 723 281, 282, 310 Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire Health Authority (No 2)

(Case 271/91) [1993] ECR I 4367 310 Matrix Churchill Case (1992) 216, 225–28, 231 McFeely v United Kingdom (1980) 20 DRE Comm HR 44 330 Mercury Communications Ltd v Director General of Fair Trading

[1996] 1 WLR 48 173, 175, 362 Merricks v Heathcote-Amery [1955] Ch 567 157 Metropolitan Properties v Lannon [1969] 1 QB 577 143, 144 Monk v Warbey [1935] 1 KB 75 348 Mortensen v Peters (1906) 8 F 93 77 Municipal Council of Sydney v Campbell [1925] AC 338 99 Murphy v Brentwood District Council [1991] 1 AC 398 352

Nakkuda Ali v Jayaratne [1951] AC 66 37, 125 National and Local Government Officers Association v

Secretary of State for the Environment (1992) The Times, 2 December 115

Neilson v Laugharne [1981] QB 736 221, 222, 232, 233 Nelsovil v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1962] 1 WLR 404 261 Netherlands v Commission (Case 59/70) [1971] ECR 639 299 Nold (Firma J) v Commission (Case 4/73) [1974] ECR 491 15, 274 Noordwijks Cement Accord Case (Cases 8-11/66) [1967] ECR 75 292, 295 Nordgetreide v Commission (Case 42/71) [1972] ECR 105 300 Norwich Pharmacal v Commissioners of Customs and Excise [1974] AC 133 219 Nottinghamshire County Council v Secretary of State for the Environment

[1986] AC 240 24, 58, 95, 109, 251

Olsson v Sweden (1989) 11 EHRR 259 336 Oppenheimer v Cattermole [1976] AC 249 14 O’Reilly v Mackman [1983] 2 AC 237 165, 167–72, 175, 176

199, 312, 345, 358 Ottley v Morris (Inspector of Taxes) [1979] 1 All ER 65 6, 7

Padfield v Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food [1968] AC 997 5, 7, 40, 96, 97

102, 126, 138, 200 Parliament v Council (the Fourth Lome Convention Case) (Case 316/91)

[1994] I ECR 625 292 Parliament v Council and Commission (Cases 181 and 248/91) [1993] I ECR 3685 291 Parti Ecologiste ‘Les Verts’ v European Parliament (Case 294/83) [1986] ECR 1339 287, 291 Peach v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1986] QB 1064 222 Pearlberg v Varty [1972] 1 WLR 534 134 Pearlman v Keepers and Governors of Harrow School [1979] QB 56 202, 205 Pergamon Press, Re [1971] Ch 388 133, 134 Pett v Greyhound Racing Association [1969] 1 QB 125 137 Pett v Greyhound Racing Association (No 2) [1970] 1 QB 46 137 Pickin v British Railways Board [1974] AC 765 13 Pickwell v Camden London Borough Council [1983] QB 962 107 Plaumann & Co v Commission (Case 25/62) [1963] ECR 95 295 Powell and Rayner v UK (1990) 12 EHRR 355 338 Poyser and Mills’ Arbitration, Re [1964] 2 QB 467 141, 258 Prescott v Birmingham Corporation [1955] Ch 210 106, 107, 180 Pretore di Salo v X (Case 14/86) [1987] ECR 2545 288 Prohibitions del Roy (1607) 12 Co Rep 63; 77 ER 1342 33 Pubblico Ministero v Ratti (Case 148/78) [1979] ECR 1629 280 Pyx Granite v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1960] AC 260 199

R v Agar [1990] 2 All ER 442 224, 227

R v Altrincham Justices, ex p Pennington [1975] QB 256 144

R v Army Board of the Defence Council, ex p Anderson [1992] QB 169 135

R v Aston University Senate, ex p Roffey [1969] 2 QB 538 147

R v Attorney General, ex p Imperial Chemical Industries plc [1985] 1 CMLR 588;

[1987] 1 CMLR 72, CA 183

R v Avon County Council, ex p Rexworthy (1988) 58 P & CR 356 111

R v Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council, ex p Hook [1976] 1 WLR 1052 82, 112, 144

R v Board of Visitors of Hull Prison, ex p St Germain [1979] QB 425 46, 57, 331

R v Board of Visitors of Hull Prison, ex p St Germain (No 2) [1979] 1 WLR 1401 136

R v Board of Visitors of the Maze Prison, ex p Hone and McCartan [1988] AC 379 137

R v Boundary Commission for England, ex p Foot [1983] 1 QB 600 4, 57

R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex p DPP (1992) 95 Cr App R 99 94

R v Brent London Borough Council, ex p Gunning (1985) 84 LGR 168 127

R v British Coal Corporation, ex p Vardy [1993] ICR 720 129

R v Brixton Prison Governor, ex p Soblen [1963] 2 QB 243 50, 95

R v Brown (Winston) [1994] 1 WLR 1599 234, 235

R v Camborne Justices, ex p Pearce [1955] 1 QB 41 144

R v Cambridge Health Authority, ex p B [1995] 1 WLR 898 100, 351

R v Cheltenham Justices, ex p Secretary of State for Trade [1977] 1 WLR 95 221

R v Chief Constable of Devon and Cornwall, ex p CEGB [1982] 1 QB 458 54

R v Chief Constable of Merseyside Police, ex p Calveley [1986] QB 424 197

R v Chief Constable of Sussex, ex p International Trader’s Ferry Ltd

[1995] 3 WLR 802 54, 314

R v Chief Constable of the West Midlands Police, ex p Wiley;

R v Chief Constable of the Nottinghamshire Constabulary,

ex p Sutherland [1994] 3 WLR 433 212, 221–23, 231, 234, 235

R v Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of Great

Britain and the Commonwealth, ex p Wachmann [1993] 2 All ER 249 178

R v Civil Service Appeal Board, ex p Cunningham [1991] 4 All ER 310 139

R v Clowes [1992] 3 All ER 440 227, 248, 346

R v Commission for Racial Equality, ex p Cottrell and Rothon [1980] 1 WLR 1580 136

R v Commissioner for Local Administration, ex p Bradford Metropolitan

City Council [1979] QB 287 243

R v Commissioner for Local Administration, ex p Croydon London

Borough Council [1989] 1 All ER 1033 241, 250

R v Commissioner for Local Administration, ex p Eastleigh

Borough Council [1988] 1 QB 855 243, 250

R v Commissioner for Local Administration, ex p Newman

(unreported, 2 February 1987) 249

R v Cornwall County Council, ex p Huntington; R v Devon

County Council, ex p Isaac [1994] 1 All ER 694 207

R v Coventry City Council, ex p Phoenix Aviation [1995] 3 All ER 37 105

R v Criminal Injuries Compensation Board, ex p Lain [1967] 2 QB 864 9

R v Croydon London Borough Council, ex p Graham (1993) 26 HLR 286 141

R v Customs and Excise Commissioners, ex p Kay (1996) STC 1500 71

R v Customs and Excise Commissioners, ex p Littlewoods Home

Shopping Group (1997) STC 317 71

R v Dacorum Licensing Committee, ex p EMI Cinemas and

Leisure Ltd [1971] 3 All ER 666 124

R v Dairy Product Quotas Tribunal, ex p Caswell [1990] 2 AC 738 165

R v Deputy Governor of Camphill Prison, ex p King [1985] QB 735 57

R v Derby Justices, ex p Kooner [1971] 1 QB 147 6, 7

R v Derbyshire County Council, ex p The Times Supplements (1991) COD 129 104, 107

R v Disciplinary Committee of the Jockey Club, ex p The Aga Khan

[1993] 1 WLR 909 8, 177, 312, 359

R v East Berkshire Health Authority, ex p Walsh [1985] QB 152 174

R v Electricity Commissioners [1924] 1 KB 171 127, 180

R v English Nursing Board, ex p Roberts (unreported, 15 October 1993) 140

R v Felixstowe Justices, ex p Leigh [1987] QB 582 184

R v Frankland Prison Visitors, ex p Lewis [1986] 1 WLR 130 145

R v Gaming Board of Great Britain, ex p Benaim and Khaida [1970] 2 QB 417 130, 131, 133, 138

R v Gatwick Airport Immigration Officer, ex p Kharrazi [1980] 1 WLR 1396 197

R v General Medical Council, ex p Colman [1990] 1 All ER 489 112

R v Gloucestershire County Council, ex p Barry [1997] 2 All ER 1, HL 101

R v Gloucestershire County Council, ex p Barry;

R v Lancashire County Council, ex p Royal Association for

Disability and Rehabilitation [1996] 4 All ER 421 100

R v Gough [1993] AC 646 143, 146, 147

R v Governor of Brixton Prison ex parte Oladehinde [1991] 1 AC 254 62

R v Governor of Brixton Prison, ex p Osman [1991] 1 WLR 281 225, 227, 234

R v Governor of Pentonville Prison, ex p Azam [1974] AC 18 188, 196

R v Governors of Haberdashers Askes’ Hatcham College Trust,

ex p Tyrell (1994) The Times, 19 October 71

R v Greater London Council, ex p Blackburn [1976] 1 WLR 550 181

R v Greater London Council, ex p Bromley London Borough Council (1984)

The Times, 27 March 85, 105, 107, 124

R v Hallstrom, ex p W [1986] QB 1090 74

R v Hallstrom, ex p Waldron [1986] QB 824 198

R v Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council, ex p Beddowes

[1987] QB 1050 66

R v Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council,

ex p People Before Profit Ltd (1983) 45 P & CR 364 163

R v Hendon Rural District Council, ex p Chorley [1933] 2 KB 696 143

R v Hillingdon London Borough Council, ex p Royco Homes [1974] QB 720 99, 197

R v HM Treasury, ex p BT (Case 392/93) [1996] All ER (EC) 411 284

R v HM Treasury, ex p Smedley [1985] QB 657 24, 60, 184

R v Home Secretary, ex p Asif Mahmood Khan [1984] 1 WLR 1337 69, 129

R v Home Secretary and Criminal Injuries Compensation Board,

ex p P [1995] 1 WLR 845 9, 12

R v Horseferry Road Magistrates, ex p Bennett [1994] AC 42 109

R v Immigration Appeal Tribunal, ex p Mehmet [1977] 1 WLR 795 134

R v Independent Television Commission, ex p TNVI; R v ITC,

ex p TVS Television Ltd (1991) The Times, 30 December 166

R v Inland Revenue Commissioners, ex p Matrix Securities Ltd [1994] 1 WLR 334 68

R v Inland Revenue Commissioners, ex p MFK Underwriting Agents Ltd

[1990] 1 WLR 1545 70, 71

R v Inland Revenue Commissioners, ex p National Federation

of Self Employed and Small Businesses [1980] QB 407,

CA; [1982] AC 617, HL 164, 181, 184, 185

R v Inland Revenue Commissioners, ex p Preston [1985] 2 All ER 327, HL 197

R v Inland Revenue Commissioners, ex p Rossminster [1979] 3 All ER 385, CA;

[1980] AC 952, HL 24, 26

R v Inland Revenue Commissioners, ex p Unilever (1996) STC 681 71

R v Inner London Education Authority, ex p Westminster City Council

[1986] 1 WLR 28 103, 107

R v Inner West London Coroner, ex p Dallaglio [1994] 4 All ER 139 146

R v Inspectorate of Pollution, ex p Greenpeace (No 2) [1994] 1 WLR 570 187

R v Insurance Ombudsman Bureau, ex p Aegon Life Assurance Ltd (1994) COD 426 178, 253

R v Intervention Board, ex p Man (Sugar) Ltd (Case 181/84) [1985] ECR 2889 277

R v Keane [1994] 1 WLR 746 234, 235

R v Kensington and Chelsea Borough Council, ex p Grillo (1996) 94 LGR 144 141

R v Kent Police Authority, ex p Godden [1971] 2 QB 482 145

R v Lambeth London Borough Council, ex p N (1996) The Times, 11 June 123

R v Lambeth London Borough Council, ex p Sharp (1988) 55 P & CR 232 122

R v Lambeth London Borough Council, ex p Walters (1993) 26 HLR 170 140

R v LAUTRO, ex p Ross [1993] QB 17 178

R v Lewes Justices, ex p Home Secretary [1973] AC 388 215, 217, 223

R v Lewisham London Borough Council, ex p Shell UK [1988] 1 All ER 938 104

R v Liverpool Corporation, ex p Liverpool Taxi Fleet Operators’ Association

[1975] 2 QB 299 69, 128

R v Lloyds of London, ex p Briggs [1993] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 176 178

R v London Transport Executive, ex p Greater London Council [1983] QB 484 105

R v Lord Chancellor, ex p Witham [1997] 2 All ER 779 76, 339

R v Manchester Metropolitan University, ex p Nolan

(1993) The Independent, 15 July 145

R v Medical Appeal Tribunal, ex p Gilmore [1957] 1 QB 574 199, 201

R v Metropolitan Police Commissioner, ex p Blackburn (No 1) [1968] 2 QB 118 52, 54, 181

R v Metropolitan Police Commissioner, ex p Blackburn (No 3) [1973] QB 241 53

R v Metropollitan Police Commissioner, ex p Parker [1953] 1 WLR 1150 37, 38, 126

R v Minister of Health, ex p Yaffe [1931] AC 494 206

R v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex p First City Trading

(1996) The Times, 20 December 313

R v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex p Hamble Fisheries

(Offshore) Ltd [1995] 2 All ER 608 71, 73, 313

R v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex p Hedley Lomas

(Case 5/94) [1996] All ER (EC) 493 284

R v Ministry of Defence, ex p Smith; R v Admiralty Board

of the Defence Council, ex p Lustig-Prean [1995]

4 All ER 427, DC; [1996] 1 All ER 257, CA 2, 51, 109, 338

R v Monopolies and Mergers Commission, ex p Argyll Group plc

[1986] 1 WLR 763 188

R v Mulvihill [1990] 1 WLR 438 143

R v Northumberland Compensation Appeal Tribunal, ex p Shaw [1952] 1 KB 338 39, 258

R v Paddington and St Marylebone Rent Tribunal, ex p Bell

London & Provincial Properties Ltd [1949] 1 KB 666 64

R v Paddington Valuation Officer, ex p Peachey Property Co Ltd [1966] 1 QB 380 199

R v Panel on Takeovers and Mergers, ex p Datafin [1987] QB 815 176 –78, 312

R v Panel on Takeovers and Mergers, ex p Guinness [1990] 1 QB 146 135, 177

R v Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration, ex p Balchin

(unreported, 25 October 1996) 2, 252

R v Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration, ex p Dyer

[1994] 1 All ER 375 250, 251

R v Poole Borough Council, ex p Beebee (1991) 2 PLR 27 187

R v Port of London Authority, ex p Kynoch [1919] 1 KB 176 63

R v Secretary of State for the Environment, ex p Brent London Borough Council

[1982] QB 593 64, 145

R v Secretary of State for the Environment, ex p Hammersmith and Fulham

London Borough Council [1991] 1 AC 521 59, 200

R v Secretary of State for the Environment, ex p Hillingdon

London Borough Council [1986] 1 WLR 807 62

R v Secretary of State for the Environment, ex p Kirkstall Valley Campaign Ltd

[1996] 3 All ER 304, DC; (1996) The Times, 23 August, CA 147

R v Secretary of State for the Environment, ex p Lancashire County Council

[1994] 4 All ER 165 84, 98

R v Secretary of State for the Environment, ex p Ostler [1977] QB 122 207

R v Secretary of State for the Environment, ex p Rose Theatre Trust Co

R v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs,

ex p World Development Movement Ltd [1995] 1 WLR 386 102, 187

R v Secretary of State for Health, ex p Furneaux [1994] 2 All ER 652 166

R v Secretary of State for Health, ex p United States Tobacco International Inc

[1992] 1 QB 353 72, 123

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Al-Mehdawi

[1990] 1 AC 876 148

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Bentley [1994] QB 349 11–13, 47

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Brind

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Gallagher

(1994) The Times, 16 February 140

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Hargreaves

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Moon

(1995) The Times, 8 December 2, 140

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Northumbria

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Venables

and Thompson [1997] 2 WLR 67, CA; [1997] 3 WLR 23, HL 2, 16

R v Secretary of State for Social Security, ex p Joint Council

for the Welfare of Immigrants; R v Secretary of State for Social Security,

ex p B [1997] 1 WLR 275 110, 339

R v Secretary of State for Social Services, ex p Association

of Metropolitan Authorities [1986] 1 WLR 1 123, 188, 189, 198

R v Secretary of State for Social Services, ex p Child Poverty Action Group

[1990] 2 QB 540 184, 187

R v Secretary of State for Social Services, ex p Stitt (1991) COD 68 25, 26

R v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, ex p Lonrho [1989] 1 WLR 525 59, 138

R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame (Case 213/89) [1990]

R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Richmond upon Thames London

Borough Council (No 4) [1996] 1 WLR 1460 338

R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Rothschild [1989] 1 All ER 933 74

R v Sefton Borough Council, ex p Help the Aged (1997) The Times, 17 April 101

R v Skinner [1968] 2 QB 700 61

R v Somerset County Council, ex p Fewings [1994] COD 338 99

R v Stratford upon Avon District Council, ex p Jackson [1985] 1 WLR 1319 166

R v Sussex Justices, ex p McCarthy [1924] 1 KB 256 142, 143

R v Swale Borough Council, ex p RSPB [1991] JPL 39 166

R v Thames Magistrates’ Court, ex p Greenbaum (1957) 55 LGR 129 181

R v Thames Magistrates’ Court, ex p Polemis [1974] 1 WLR 1371 135

R v Tower Hamlets Health Authority, ex p Tower Hamlets

Combined Traders Association (unreported, 19 July 1993) 122

R v Tower Hamlets London Borough Council, ex p Khalique (1994) 26 HLR 517 62

R v Universities Funding Council, ex p Institute of Dental Surgery [1994] 1 All ER 651 140

R v University of Cambridge (1723) 1 Str 557 132

R v Waltham Forest London Borough Council, ex p Baxter [1988] QB 419 65, 106

Racal Communications, Re [1981] AC 374 202, 204 Racecourse Betting Control Board v Secretary of State for Air [1944] Ch 114 37 Ras Behari Lal v King-Emporor (1933) 60 IA 354 201 Raymond v Honey [1983] AC 1 75 Reckley v Minister of Public Safety and Immigration (No 2) [1996] 1 All ER 562 12 Rederiaktiebolaget ‘Amphitrite’ v The King [1921] 3 KB 500 66 Rewe Zentralfinanz eG & Rewe Zentral AG v Landwirtschaftskammer fur

das Saarland (Case 33/76) [1976] ECR 1989 307, 361 Rhyl UDC v Rhyl Amusements Ltd [1959] 1 WLR 465 66

Ridge v Baldwin [1964] AC 40 24, 35, 40, 48, 122

126, 130, 207 Ringeisen v Austria (1986) 1 EHRR 455 331 Ringer, ex p (1909) 73 JP 436 206 Roberts v Hopwood [1925] AC 578 89, 91, 106, 107, 200 Robertson v Minister of Pensions [1949] 1 KB 227 67 Robinson v Minister of Town and Country Planning [1947] KB 702 38 Roncarelli v Duplessis (1959) 16 DLR 689 62, 99, 107, 356 Rookes v Withers (1598) 5 Co Rep 99b; 77 ER 209 33, 88 Roquette Freres SA v Council (Case 138/79) [1980] ECR 3333 297 Rowling v Takaro [1988] 1 All ER 163 352, 357 Roy v Kensington and Chelsea and Westminster Family Practitioner Committee

[1992] 1 AC 624 167, 173, 175 Russell v Duke of Norfolk [1949] 1 All ER 109 131

Sagulo, Brenca & Bakhouche (Case 8/77) [1977] ECR 1495 308 Salomon v Commissioners of Customs and Excise [1967] 2 QB 116 323 Save Britain’s Heritage v Secretary of State for the Environment;

No 1 Poultry & City Index Property Investment Trust [1991] 1 WLR 153 142, 263 Schmidt v Secretary of State for Home Affairs [1969] 2 Ch 149 127 Secretary of State for Education and Science v Tameside Metropolitan

Borough Council [1977] AC 1014 89, 93, 106 Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v Langridge [1991] Ch 402 124 Short v Poole Corporation [1926] Ch 66 83, 88 Silver v UK (1983) 5 EHRR 347 334 Simmenthal v Commission (Case 92/78) [1979] ECR 777 301, 303 Smith v East Elloe Rural District Council [1956] AC 736 39, 108, 206, 262

Smith v Pyewell (1959) The Times, 29 April 207

Societa ‘Eridania’ Zuccherifici Nazionali v Commission (Cases 10 and 18/68)

[1969] ECR 459 299 Society for the Protection of the Unborn Child v Grogan (Case 159/90)

[1991] I ECR 4685 275 South East Asia Fire Bricks Sdn Bhd v Non-Metallic Mineral Products

Manufacturing Employees Union [1981] AC 363 205 South Lakeland District Council v Secretary of State for the Environment

[1992] 2 AC 141 263 Southend-on-Sea Corporation v Hodgson (Wickford) Ltd [1962] 1 QB 416 67 Stepney Corporation v John Walker & Sons [1934] AC 365 199 Stovin v Wise (Norfolk County Council, third party) [1996] AC 923 354, 355 Stringer v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1970] 1 WLR 1281 64, 66 Sunday Times, The v United Kingdom (1979) 2 EHRR 245 111, 334

TWD Textile Werke Deggendorf GmbH v Germany (Case 188/92) [1994] ECR I 833 301 Taylor v Munrow [1960] 1 WLR 151 111 Tehrani v Rostron [1972] 1 QB 182 202 Toepfer v Commission (Cases 106-7/63) [1965] ECR 405 296 Transocean Marine Paints Association v Commission (Case 17/74)

[1974] ECR 1063 132, 273, 297 Trendtex Trading Corp v Central Bank of Nigeria [1977] QB 529 77

Van Duyn v Home Office (Case 41/74) [1974] ECR 1337 280 Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (Case 26/62)

[1963] ECR 1 269, 278, 279, 286 Variola v Amministrazione Delle Finanze (Case 34/73) [1973] ECR 981 270 Vine v National Dock Labour Board [1957] AC 488 60 Von Colson and Kamann v Land Nordrhein Westfalen (Case 14/83)

[1984] ECR 1891 281, 282, 306, 309, 310

Wachauf v Germany (Case 5/88) [1989] ECR 2609 275 Waddington v Miah [1974] 1 WLR 683 75, 323 Wagner Case 8/82 [1983] ECR 271 272 Waldron, ex p [1986] 1 QB 824 205 Wandsworth London Borough Council v Winder [1985] AC 461 170, 171, 173–75, 199 Ward v Bradford Corporation (1971) 70 LGR 27 27, 189 Wednesbury Corporation v Ministry of Housing and Local Government

[1965] 1 WLR 261 215 Wells v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1967] 1 WLR 1000 68 West Glamorgan County Council v Rafferty [1987] 1 WLR 457 110, 111 Western Fish Products v Penwith DC [1981] 2 All ER 204 67 Westminster Corporation v London & North Western Railway [1905] AC 426 102 Westminster Council, Re [1986] AC 668 85 Wheeler v Leicester City Council [1985] AC 1054 103 Williams v Giddy [1911] AC 381 90 Williams v Home Office [1981] 1 All ER 1151 218 Wiseman v Borneman [1971] AC 308 124, 134 Wohrmann v Commission (Cases 31 &33/62) [1962] ECR 501 301 Woolwich Building Society v Inland Revenue Commissioner (No 2) [1993] AC 70 316

X (Minors) v Bedfordshire County Council [1995] 2 AC 633 346, 349–51, 353, 355

Zamora, The [1916] 2 AC 77 48

Access to Health Records Act 1990 254

Access to Personal Files Act 1987 254

Acquisition of Land (Authorisation Procedure)

Baths and Wash-houses Acts 1846–78 84

Betting and Lotteries Act 1934

Caravan Sites Act 1968 110, 111, 174

Children and Young Persons Act 1933

s 44 18

s 53 17

Chronically Sick and

Disabled Persons Act 1970

Compensation (Defence) Act 1939 37

Competition and Service

(Public Utilities) Act 1992 255

Consumer Protection Act 1987 72

County Courts Act 1959

s 35 16 Criminal Law Act 1967

s 2(4) 56 Crown Proceedings Act 1947 211, 359

s 184 123 Education (No 2) Act 1986

s 38 107 Employment Protection

(Consolidation) Act 1978 306 Equal Pay Act 1970 304 European Communities

Fair Trading Act 1973 59 Financial Services Act 1986 178, 253 Foreign Compensation Act 1950 204

s 4(4) 203, 204

Gaming Act 1968 Sched 2 133 Gas Act 1986

s 39(2) 8

Health Service Commissioners Act 1993 255

Housing Finance Act 1972 90, 91, 98

Housing (Homeless Persons)

Interception of Communications Act 1985 27

Local Government Act 1888

Superannuation Act 1937

s 35 202

Mental Health Act 1983 205

s 139(2) 205 Merchant Shipping Act 1988 156, 305 Municipal Corporations Act 1835 7 Municipal Corporations Act 1882

s 191 126

National Health Service Act 1946 7, 39 National Health Service (Amendment) Act 1986 7 National Health Service

Reorganisation Act 1973 195, 242, 255 National Insurance

(Industrial Injuries) Act 1946

s 36(3) 201 New Towns Act 1946 38, 65, 145 Northern Ireland

(Emergency Provisions) Act 1978 323

Obscene Publications Act 1959 335 Obscene Publications Act 1964 335 Official Secrets Act 1911

s 1 48 Overseas Development and

Prevention of Terrorism Act 1974 325

Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary

Provisions) Act 1989 51, 113, 323

Prison Act 1952

s 47 75, 76

Provisional Collection of Taxes Act 1913 74

Public Order Act 1936

s 3 53

s 9(3) 54

Public Order Act 1986 4

Purchase Tax Act 1963 220

Race Relations Act 1976 104, 136, 188

s 71 104

Road Safety Act 1967 61

Sex Discrimination Act 1975 188, 304,

310, 321 Single European Act 1986 270, 297

Social Security Act 1975

s 98 184 Social Security Contributions and

Benefits Act 1992 110, 339 Southern Rhodesia Act 1965 348 Sunday Entertainments Act 1932

s 1(1) 86 Supreme Court Act 1981 188

Act 1971 67, 260

s 29 68

s 281(2) 54 Transport (London) Act 1969 105

s 1 105 Tribunals and Inquiries

Act 1958 257, 258, 260

s 12 205

s 12(1) 207 Sched 1 257 Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1971 257, 258 Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1972

s 12(1) 207 Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1992 257

HA 1980 Highways Act 1980

and Fundamental Freedoms