THE HUMAN DIMENSION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book

T H E H U M A N DIMENSION OF

I N T E R N A T I O N A L LAW

'The Human Dimension

A N T O N I O C A S S E S E

OXFORD

OXFORD

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You must not circulate this book in any othcr binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Catalogu~ng in Publication Data

Data available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The human dimension of international law : selected papers 1 Anton10 Cassese

p cm

Includes bibliographical references and tndex

ISBN 978-0-19-923291-8 (hardback: alk, paper) I Internattonal law

2 Cassese Antonio 3 Law teachers-Italy-Biography

I Cassese, Antonio

KZ3395.ClS.AZ 2008

Typeset byNewgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd Chennai Indla

Printed in Great Britain

on acid-free paper by CPI Antony Rowe Chippenham Wiltshire

This book is a collection ofwritings ofAntonio Cassese on international humani- tarian law, human rights law, and international criminal law It aims to shed light

on the intellectual approach to these branches of international law taken by one

of the most original and creative lawyers of his generation

As is customary in many countries all over Europe, as Professor Cassese turned seventy we, a group of pupils and friends, came to think of what we could do to 'celebrate' our beloved maestro In discussion, among the many ideas which arose was that of compiling all the articles he had written during the course of his illus- trious academic career Unfortunately, our maestro had written so much that we could easily have filled half a dozen volumes with his articles We thus thought that we could, although rather arbitrarily, try to select his 'best' articles We had scarcely started this project when we realized that we were being faced with very difficult choices Suddenly, however, it appeared obvious that there was indeed a solid and unitary underlying idea in the books, articles, and activities undertaken

by Antonio Cassese ('Nino' to all his friends): 'humanity' was at the core of his academic and professional interests, and we felt that this would indeed be an appropriate theme to tie together the selections for this book We then decided to select mainly articles which were published a long time ago, or had appeared in publications that are difficult to find today There are a few articles included here which are very well known, but we thought they would fit extremely well within the scope of the book

This book also contains a set of portraits by distinguished personalities in dif- ferent fields, who have interacted with Nino in many different roles in his and their professional lives The aim of these portraits is to offer the reader an insight into Nino's personality Readers will also find a new paper by Professor Cassese himself, in which he tries to take stock of his professional life and his approach to international law through four decades of teaching, writing, and practising law

in international settings

This selection of essays clearly show that Antonio Cassese knows that the inter- national community remains solidly based on state sovereignty, self-interest, and power politics This selection of essays, however, also shows that he firmly believes that states can come to be bound little by little to respect individuals

%at is why he likes to describe the modern state as Gulliver tied down by the Lilliputians with a multitude of little laces that make it difficult for him to move With unbeatable energy Antonio Cassese has always seen international law as this multitude of laces, as a means to force states to face the needs of the Lilliputians, and of humanity For him, law is a tool to regulate society, but it is not a neutral

Preface

tool For him, law, including international law, must have a direction There are values which are intrinsic to society that ought to be protected All his writings indicate that, consciously or unconsciously, this idea has always underpinned Nino's academic work The constant effort to couple this ideal source of inspir- ation with a parallel tension towards rigorous legal analysis and stringent reason- ing makes him a great example of a 'utopian positivist'

Working with Nino is a privilege and a fascinating experience All those who know him are aware that he never stops working; how he is full of new ideas and new projects Sometimes you think you should try to follow his rhythms, and you realize you will never make it Sometimes you feel useless and are tempted to give

up However, if you stop to reflect for one second you realize how enriching is to

be associated with him and how he gives you a sense of contributing in some way

to strengthening the common ideals of a better world Then you feel rewarded and find new energy to keep running, crying not to lose sight of the maestro, who has almost certainly already launched a new endeavour

Special thanks go to Louise Arbour, Andrew Clapham, Luigi Condorelli, Claude Jorda, and Antonio Tabucchi for agreeing to write the 'portraits' And thank you, Nino, for being our roveto ardente

The Editors*

* Paola Gaeta and Salvatore Zappala With many thanks to the members of the Edirorial Committee: Micaela Frulli, Luisa Vierucci, and Urrnila De

List ofAhnowledgements

The editors and publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce

in this book material which has previously been published elsewhere:

American Society of International Law for 'A New Approach to Human Rights: The European Convention for the Prevention of Torture', from American Journal of Znter- national Law (1989)

Editoriale Scientifica for 'Means of Warfare: the Traditional and the New Law', from

A Cassese (ed.), Zhe New Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict (Napoli: Editoriale

Scientifica, 1979)

GiuffrP for 'Current Trends in the Development of the Law of Armed Conflict', from

Rivista Trimestrale di Diritto Pubblico (1974)

GiuffrP for 'Remarks on the Present Legal Regulation of Crimes of States', from Essays

in Honour of Roberto Ago, vol 111 (Milano: Giuffrt, 1987)

Giuffri: for 'The International Community, Terrorism and Human Rights', from Studi

in onore di Giuseppe Sperduti (Milano: Giuffrt, 1984)

Giuffrt for 'The Spanish Civil War and the Development of Customary Law Concern- ing Internal Armed Conflicts', from A Cassese (ed.), Current Problems of International Law (Milano: GiuffrP, 1975)

Giuffrt for 'Weapons Causing Unnecessary Suffering Are They Prohibited?', from Rivi sta di diritto internazionale (1975)

Koninklijke BR1LLN.V for 'Crimes against Humanity: Comments on Some Problemat- ical Aspects', from L Boisson de Chazournes and V Gowlland Deabbas (eds), Zhe Inter-

national Legal System in Quest of Equity and Universality, Liber Amicorum G Abi-Saab

(The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 2001)

Koninklijke BRILL N.V for 'Legal Considerations on the International Status of Jeru- salem', from Zhe Palestine Yedrbook of International Law (1986)

Koninklijke BRILL N.V for 'The European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment Comes of Age', from N Blokker & S Muller (eds), Towards More Effective Supervision by International Organizations (The Hague:

Martinus Nijhoff, 1994)

Koninklijke BRILL N.V for 'Wars of National Liberation and Humanitarian Law', from C Swinarski (ed.), Studies and Essays on International Humanitarian Law and Red Cross Principles (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1984)

Pedone for 'La diffusion des idkes rCvolutionnaires et 1'Cvolution du droit international', from Rivolution et droit international, SFDI, Colloque de Dijon (Paris: Pedone, 1990)

(translated from French into English and published here as 'Revolution and Internation-

al Law')

viii List ofAcknowledgementj

I'edone for 'La guerre civile et le droit international', from Revue generalP de droit inter-

nationalpublic (1986) (translated from French into English and published here as 'Civil

War and International Law')

Polity Press for 'A "Contribution" of the West to the Struggle against Hunger: the Nestle affair', from A Cassese, Human Rights in a Changing World (Oxford: Polity, 1990) Polity Press for 'Abraham and Antigone Two Conflicting Imperatives', from A Cassese,

IriolPnce and Law in the ModPrn Age (Oxford: Polity, 1988)

Springer for the 'Prohibition of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Pun- ishment', from R St J MacDonald et al (eds), 7he European Systemfor the Protection of

Human Rights (The Hague: Kluwer, 1993)

Texas International Law Journal for 'Foreign Economic Assistance and Respect for Civil

and Political Rights: Chile-A Case Study' (1979)

Wolters Kluwer Law and Business for 'The Prohibition of Indiscriminate Means of War- fare', from R.J Akkermann et al (eds), Declarations on Principb A Questfor Universal

Peace (Leyden: Sijthoff, 1977)

Contents

Tables of Cases

Tables of Legislation

List ofMain Publications ofAntonio Cassese

Portraits of Antonio Cassese

1 Current Trends in the Development of the Law of Armed Conflict

2 The Martens Clause: Half a Loaf or Simply Pie in the Sky?

3 ?he Diffusion of Revolutionary Ideas and the Evolution of

International Law

B Classes of Wars and Belligerents

4 Wars of National Liberation and Humanitarian Law

5 Civil War and International Law

6 The Spanish Civil War and the Development of Customary Law

Concerning Internal Armed Conflicts

X l l l xxi xxxvii

xlv xlvii xlix lii

Iv

lix

x Contents

7 The Status of Rebels under the 1977 Geneva Protocol on

Non-International Armed Conflicts

C Means of Warfare

8 The Prohibition of Indiscriminate Means ofwarfare

9 Weapons Causing Unnecessary Suffering: Are They Prohibited?

10 Means of Warfare: The Traditional and the New Law

D Military Occupation

11 Powers and Duties of an Occupant in Relation to

Land and Natural Resources

12 Legal Considerations on the International Status ofJerusalem

11 O U R C O M M O N R I G H T S

A Torture a n d Inhuman or Degrading Treatment

1.3 Prohibition of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading

Treatment or Punishment

14 Can the Notion of Inhuman and Degrading Treatment

be Applied to Socio-Economic Conditions?

15 A New Approach to Human Rights: The European

Convention for the Prevention of Torture

16 The European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Comes ofAge

B Economic Assistance and H u m a n Rights

17 Foreign Economic Assistance and Respect for Civil and

Political Rights: Chile-A Case Study

18 A 'Contribution' by the West to the Struggle

against Hunger: The Nestle Affair

111 F I G H T I N G S T A T E A N D I N D I V I D U A L

C R I M I N A L I T Y

A State 'Criminality' v Individual's Criminal Liability

19 Remarks on the Present Legal Regulation of Crimes of States

20 O n the Current Trends towards Criminal Prosecution and Punishment of Breaches of International Humanitarian Law

Contents

B International Crimes of Individuals

21 The International Community, Terrorism and Human Rights

22 Terrorism is Also Disrupting Some Crucial Legal

Categories of International Law

23 Crimes Against Humanity: Comments on Some

Problematical Aspects

C Respondeat Superior v Subordinates' Liability

24 Abraham and Antigone: Two Conflicting Imperatives

D Developments in International Criminal Justice

25 The Statute of the International Criminal Court:

Some Preliminary Reflections

Index

Tables of Cases

B R I T I S H M I L I T A R Y C O U R T I N H A M B U R G

E U R O P E A N C O M M I S S I O N A N D C O U R T O F H U M A N R I G H T S

Abdel-Quader Hussein Yassin Mansi u Sweden, Rep., 9 March 1990,

Application no 15658183

Application no 4220169, Dec Adm Corn., 3 February 1971, C D 37, p 59;

Yearbook 14, p 276

Application no 6166173, Dec., 30 May 1975, YECHR, 1975, p 132ff

Applications nos 7352176,7586176 and 7587176, Dec., 8 July 1978, YECHR,

1978, p 418ff

Application no B706179, Dec Adrn Corn., 5 October 1981 (unpublished)

B v UK Com Rep., 7 October 1981, Application no 6870175, DR 32,

pp 5,29-35,41-4,175-9,181,183-5,187-202

X I V T a b b of Cases

Bonzl(Sergio) u Switzerland Dec Application no 7854177 DR 12 p 185 307

Campbelland Cosans u UK, Com Rep., 16 May 1980 Application

nos 7511176 7743176 and 7819177; Judgment of 25 February 1982

Cruz Varascase Judgment of 20 March 1991 Series A No 201 paras 69-70 302

Cyprus u Turkey case Rep Corn., 10 July 1976 Application no 6780174 and

Application no 6950175 300-1.316 335 Decision of 5 July 1979 Application no 8247178 (unreported) 335

D P Courcy (Kenneth Hugh) u UK, Dec Application no 2749166 Yearbook 10 p 382 307

Denmark Norway Sweden and 7he Netherlands u Greece Yearbook 12 pp 468-80 300-1

E u Norway Dec Adm Corn 7 March 1988 Application no 11701185 299-300.307 310

EristAfiicanAsians u UK Dec Adm Corn 10 October 1970 Yearbook 13 p 994 314

El-Makhour (Leila Sami) u FRG Rep 10 July 1989 Application no 14312188 320

Ensslin Bander Raspe u FRG Dec Adm., Application nos 7572176

7586176 and 7587176 DR 14 p 109 302

G M u FRG 14 May 1987 Application no I2437186 (unpublished) 330

Greekcaas O p Corn., 5 November 1969 YParbook 12 p 186;

Corn Rep., 18 November 1969 YParbook 12

pp 186.499-501.505 299.31 1-12.316.322 336

Greekcase (2nd) Dec Application no 4448170 C D 34 p 70 307

Guzzardi u Italy Corn Rep., 7 December 1978 Application no 7367176

Hubercase Corn Rep Application no 4517170 YECHR 1975 p 326ff 442

Irdandu UK, O p Corn., 25 January 1976 Yearbook 19 pp 388-89

748.752 758 ff., 794; Rep Corn., Application no 5310171;

ludgment of 18 January 1978 Series A No 23 pp 66-7

YParbook21 p 602; SeriesA No 25 pp 65-7 .300-2.311-12.316.324 336

Kirkwoodu UK, Dec 12 March 1984 Application No 10479183 DR 37 pp 158-91 302

Kotalla u 7he Netherlands Dec Corn., 6 May 1978 Application no

M u France Dec 13 December 1984 Application no 100'8182 DR41 p 103 302

Mc Feeleyandothers u UK, Dec Adm., 13 May 1980 Application no 8317178

DR20 pp 82.85.89.441 .302.307 315

Ml-Quiston er al u UK, Dec 4 March 1986 336

Sorringu UK, Rep., 19 January 1989 Application no 14038188; Judgment

of7 July 1989 Series A N o 161 p 39 .302.316.31 8-19

ZhreeMembersoftheA Family u 7he UK Rep 16 July 1987 Application no 10532183 315

Tomasi (Felix) u France Rep Corn., 11 December 1990

van Volsen (Francine) u Belgium Corn Dec Adm 9 May 1990

Application no 14641 189 2 Rev Uniuerselfe des Droits de I'Homme

Germany xv

Series A No 44 p 20; Rivzsta di diritto internazionale 1982 p 655ff 437-8

F R A N C E

Barbie case Court ofcassation decision of20 December 1985

Gazettedu Palais (1986) 271-274 74 ILR at 136 78 ILR

a t 125; Chambre d 'accusation Paris Court ofAppeal

Judgment of 9 July 1986 466-7.469 472 Decision of 13 March 2001 Court of Cassation Bulletin desarritde la C o w de Cassation

Chambre criminelle March 2001 No 64 at 218-19 449

B a n d A case Supreme Court in the British Occupied Zone Judgment

of 15 February 1949 Entscheidungen des Obersten Gerichtshofs

El., Case against Supreme Court in the British Occupied Zone Judgment

of 4 May 1948 Entscheidungen des Obersten Gerichtshofs fur die

Gcase Supreme Court in the British Occupied Zone Judgment of 21 March 1950

Entscheidungen des Obersten Gerichtshofs fur die Britische Zone in Strafiachen

Hcase Supreme Court in the British Occupied Zone Judgment of 18 October 1949

Entscheidungen des Obersten Gerichtshofesfilr die Britische Zone in Strafsachen

21 March 1950 Entscheidungen des Obersten Gerichtshofs fur die

Ncase Supreme Court in the British Occupied Zone Judgment of 12 July 1949

Entscheidungen des Obersten Gerichtshofesfilr die Britische Zone in Strafsachen

Berlin1950.Vol2 at335 460

xvi T a b h of Cases

Pcase, Supreme Court in the British Occupied Zone, Judgment of 20 May 1948,

Entscheidungen des Obrrsten Grrichtshofrsfir die Britische Zonr in Strafachm,

Berlin 1950, Vol 1, at 12-14 503

P t t al case, Entscheidungen des Obersten Gerichtshofrsf;r die Britische Zonr in Strafjachrn Berlin 1950, Vol 1, at 220 .468-9

R case, Decision of 27 July 1948, Ent~cheidun~en drs Oberstcn Gerichtshofrsfirrdie

BritischeZonein Strafachen, Berlin 1950, Vol 1, at 45-9 468 Supreme Court in the British Occupied Zone, Judgment of 11 September 1950,

Entscheidungen des Obersten Gerichtshofcsfr die Britische Zone in Strafachcn,

Berlin 1950,Vol 3, at 135 460 Wellercase, judgment of the Landgerichtof December 1945; decision of the

Landgericht of Monchengladbach of 16 June 1948 (unpublished); decision

of the Oberlandesgericht of Diisseldorf of 21 October 1948 (unpublished);

decision ofthe German Supreme Court in the British Occupied Zone

of 21 December 1948; decision of the Schwurgericht of Monchengladbach

of 20 April 1949 (unpublished); decision of the German Supreme

Court in the British Occupied Zone of 10 October 1949 (unpublished);

decision of the Schwurgericht of Monchengladbach of 21 June 1950 (unpublished) 463-5 Brussels case 481

I N T E R N A T I O N A L A R B I T R A T I O N S Cession of vessels a n d tugsfor navigation on the Danube, U N Reports of International

ArbitralAwards, I, 107 (1921) 252 Clzpperton Islandcase, UNReportsofInternationalArbrtralAwards, 11, 1108-11 285 IsfundofPalmascase, UNReportsofIntrrnationalArbirralAwards, 11,838-56 285

I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O U R T O F J U S T I C E Barcelona Traction case, ICJ Reports (1970) 32 434 Corfi Channelcase, 1CJ Reports (1949), 22 42,61,65-6

InternationalStatusofSouthAfiica,Advisory Opinion of 11 July 1950, [I9501 ICJ 128 278 Iranian case, Judgment of 24 May 1980, ICJ Reports (1980), 42 434,439 Legal Consequencesfor States of the Continued Prrxnce in South Africa in Namibia

('South WestAfrica), ICJ Reports (1971), 31-2; Advisory Opinion,

ICJ,Reports(1971),57 255,434 Legality of the P r e a t or Use ofNuclear Wrapons case,

ICJ Reports (1996), 260-69 .43,58-9,61,63,65-7,473 Military a n d Paramilitaty Activities in and against Nicaragua (Merits),

ICJ Reports (1986) paras 191-5,205,210-11, 218 .61,65,78,451

US Diplomatic a n d Consular S t a s ICJ Reports (1980), 36 454

for Review ofthe Decision ofTrial Chamber I1 of 18 July 1997.29 October 1997 520-2

BlaikiC (Tihomir) Reply of the Government of the Republic of

Croatia to Subpoena Duces Tecum 10 February 1997

Judgment on the Request of the Republic of Croatia for Review of the

Decision ofTrial Chamber I 1 of 18 July 1997 29 October 1997 427-8 Dokmanovic (Zlatko) Decision on the Motion for Release by the

Tadic' Appeals Chamber Decision on the Defence Motions for Interlocutory

Jurisprudentie 1950, No 681, at 1210-1 1

(Special Court of Cassarion)

S I N G A P O R E

N Y De Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij u Zhe War Damage Commzssion case

.4JIL 51 (1957), 808

SPAIN Supreme Tribunal, Judgment of 10 May 1985, Repertorio de Jurisprudencia (1985)

US Military Tribunal at Nuremberg

Rrandt (Karl), Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals

Einsatzgruppen case, Annual Digest and Reports ofPublic International Law Cases 15 (1948), pp.656-68 486

Highcommand 486 Hildebrandt 467 Krauch 260

C A N A D A Criminal Code

para 7 (3.76)

C H I L E Legislative Decree No 198

C R O A T I A Constitutional Act on the Co-operation between the Republic of Croatia and the

International Criminal Tribunal 1996

D E N M A R K Act on Criminal Proceedings before the International Tribunal for the Prosecution

of Persons Responsible for War Crimes Committed in the Territory

of the Former Yugoslavia

Art.2

C O U N C I L O F E U R O P E Council of Europe Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or

Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1987 ,328,338-9,342-5,

347,350-2,355-7,360-3,

365,369,372-3 Annex 359

A r t l 339,364 Art.2 339,349-51,354,372

Art.4 356 Art.4(1)-(4) 355 Arr.5(1)-(3) 356

xxii Tables ofLegisLation

Arr.6 35' Art.6(1)-(2) 357 Art.7(1) 339.349

Art.8 351.354-5 Art.8(1) 357 372 Arr.8(2) 351 Art.8(2)(b) 349 Arr.8(2)(d) 351 Art.8(3) 360 Art.9 350.352.354.363 Art10 354 Art.lO(1) 359 Art lO(2) 353.360.366 373 Art.ll(1) 359 Arr.ll(2)-(3) 360 Art.12 360 Arr.13 359 Art.14(2) 359 Art.14(3) 359 372 Arr.16 359 Art.17(1) 347 Art.17(2) 345 Art 17(3) 345 362

351.43' Art.5(1) 351 Art.5(3) 442 Art.6 295 Art.8 295.334

France xxiii

Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners

(European Prison Rules) 308.325,330.344 369

F R A N C E

Abbe Grkgoire's Declaration du droit des gens 74 87 Arts3-4 8 7 Arts16-17 79 Civil Code

Art.2119 261

TitleVI 78 Constitution 1793

Art.118 80 Art.119 7 7 Art.120 8 4

Constitution 1795

Arts326-334 84 Constitution1799 8 4 Art.50 84

Ch IV s I1

Artsl-3 84

xxiv Tables of Legislation

Constitution 1958

Art 53(3) 76 Criminal Code

Art.212-1 471 Declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen 1789 80 8 8 Decree of 19 November 1792 8 0 Decree of 4 February 1794 82 Decree of 1 October 1966 on military law

Art.34(2) 203 Law N o 92-1336 of 16 December 1992 471 Law N o 93-913 of 19 July 1993 471

Art.47 487 Military Penal Code 1872

Art.47 481 Order for the summary execution of sabotage commandoes and so on 1942 487

P r ~ s o n Rules for Prisoners on Remand 1976 330

I N T E R N A T I O N A L African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 1981 343 Art.5 347 American Convention on Human Rights 1969 349 361 Art.5(2) 347 Art.44 339 Antarctic Treaty 1959

Art.7 362 Armistice Agreement - IsraelIJordan 1949 274

Brussels Declaration 1874 45.50 52 179 195 204

4 r t 7 259 4rts11-12 219 4rt.l3(e) 201 Camp David Agreement 1978 292 Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States 1974 256 4rt.2 256 Control Council Law No 10 503 4r t II(l)(c) 468-9 503 Convention on the Elimination ofAll Forms of Racial Discrimination 1966 338 9rt.9 361 Convention on the Establishment of a Security Control in the Field of Nuclear Energy 1957 4rt.5(a) 362

Convention on the prohibition of the development production and stockpiling

of bacteriological (biological) and toxin weapons and on their

Convention on prohibitions or restrictions on the use ofcertain conventional

weapons which may he deemed to be excessively injurious or to

Development Co-operation Agreement between the Governmenr of Sweden and the

Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Conditions of the Wounded

Sick and Shipwrecked Members ofArmed Forces at Sea 1949

xxvi Tables ofLegislation

Art.23 9 Art.132 32 Art.139 101 Art.142(4) 61 Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection ofcivilian Persons in Time

of War 1949 (Geneva Convention IV) 15 124.251.253.263.26 5-'

Art.9 416

A r t l l 340 Art.ll(3) 27 Art.33(3) 416 Art.46 416 Art.49 242 265 Art.49(6) 261.26 5-6 Art.149 31

Protocol Additional to Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and

Relating to the Protection of Victims of International

Armed Conflicts (Protocol I) 1977 3.6-7.9-10.14-16.20.24

28.31-2.58.62.64 101-2 105-6

108-9 121 124 149 152-3 172 186 189.228-31.240-4.247.340.345 409,411-14,416-18.432-3,

438.473.49 4-6 Art.1 6-7.10-15 58 Art.1(2) 62 124 Art.1(4) 103-9 149 Art.5 416

Art.7 30

A r t l l 241 Art.33 20.234-5.24 2-3 Art.33(2) 234 Art 33(3) .187 243 Art.34 189.23 3-4 Art.35 233-4 Art.35(1) 222 228

International xxvii

xxviii Tables of Legislation

Art.89 412-13 473 Art 96(3) .10 9 152.340 PtsIII-IV 241 Additional Protocol I1 3.15.20.35-6.60.62.64 121-5 148-72

186.189-90.229.244-7.340.345.438.445 494 Art 1 .35 122 150 154 157 162-3 190 340 Art.1(1) 151.156 Art.1(2) 122 150 Arr.3 153.16 0-1 Art.4 166.340 435 Art.4(1) 122 151 I54 166 Art.4(2) 166-7 Art 4(2)(c)-(d) 151 Art.4(2)(g) 151 Art.4(3) 169 Art.4(10) 151 Art.5 153.166-7 169 Art.5(1) 166 Art.5(l)(c)-(e) 167 Art.6 159 169 Art.6(1) 159 Art.6(2) 159 Art 6(2)(a)-(0 159 Art 6(3)-(5) 159 Art.7 166 Arts8-9 169 Arc.10 152.16 6-8 Arr.lO(1) 166 Arr.lO(2) 169 Art.lO(3) 35 169

Art.11 151 166 Art.12 166 Art.13 122.151 166

Art 18(1)-(2) 123 Arr.20 35.160.24 4-6

Art.21 35 160 Arr.22 35.154 160 Art.23 35 Art.24 35 160 Art.25 35 163 Art.25(1)-(2) 163 Art.26 35.160.167.189 Art.26(3) 244 246 Art.26(3)(a)-(b) 244 Art.27 167 247 Art.27(2) 160

Art.28 3 5 167.246

Geneva Protocol prohibiting the use in war of asphyxiating poisonous

or other gases and of bacteriological methods of

67-9 124 457 Artsl-2 39 Hague Convention on the Laws and Customs ofWar on

Land IV (1907) .9.16.19.39.41.43.63.185.202 233 Artsl-2 48-9

Hague Regulations on Land Warfare 1907 9.41-3.55-7.59.201.219

251-2.254-7.259.261.263-7 466 Art.22 218-19 233

A r t 4 6 56.59.252 280 Art.46(2) 252

Hague Convention on the Protection of Cultural Propertv

Art.19

Hague Declaration 1899

Hague Declaration on asphyxiating and deleterious gases

Hague Declaration on the discharge of projectiles from balloons 1899

Hague Declaration on the discharge of projectiles from balloons 1907

Hague Declaration on expanding (so-called dum-durn) bullets 1899

Hague Draft Rules on Air Warfare 1923

HagueRules1907

Helsinki Declaration 1975

1I.C Convention on State Responsibility 1996

Art.19 403-4 Art.19(3) 404 406 I1.C Statute for a permanent International criminal court (Draft) 425 429 Art.12 415 Arts20-26 429 Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture 1985 343 International Atomic Energy Agency Statute 1956

Art XII(A)(G) 362 International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime

ofApartheid1973 421 Art.IV 418 Art.V 418 420 International Convention against Torture and other Cruel Inhuman

or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1984 Ixxix 340-1.346.348 472-3

A r t l 311 Art.1(2) 347 Art.14(2) 34-

Art.16(2) 34- Arts19-22 346 Art.28 346 Optional Protocol 340-1.343 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966 .33-4.36.76.89.25 6

338.348.434.436-8.44 3-5 Art.1(2) 256 Art.2 436 Art.2(1)-(2) 436

A r t 4 33.44 4-5

A r t 6 438.444 Art.6(2) 526 Art 6(4)-(5) 526

A r t 7 347.419.438 444

OptionalProtocol 339 International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights 1966 76.89.256 338 Art.1(2) 256 Art.25 256

xxxii TabLes ofLegislation

Art.3l(l)(c) 509 Art.32(2) 509-11 Art.33 509.51 1-12 Art 36(3)(a) 518 Arr.36(9)(a) 518 Art.41 518 Art.43(6) 523 Arts46-47 518 Art.51 518 Art.51(3) 519 Art.53(2) 517 Art 54(l)(a) 524 Art.64(5)(d) 525 Art.65(4) 523 Art 67(l)(h) 525 Art.68(3) 522

Art.75(1) 523 Art.75(3) 523 Art.87(7) 521 Art.90(4)-(5) 515 Art.90(6) 51j, 521 Art.90(7) 521 Art.93(4) 522

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia Rules

of Procedure and Evidence .424.519 525

Rules of Land Warfare

Supplementary Convention on rhe Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade and Institutions and

Practices Similar to Slavery 1956

Arr.VIII 77 'l'reaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and

Use of Ourer Space Including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies 1967

Art.7(3) 95

xxxiv Tables of Legislation

Art.10 2'4

Art.35(2) 15- Art.42 450 Art 51 79.81 180.279.786.45 1-2

C h VII 180.404.424-5.42' 429.454.5I8.520-1 ChsXI-XI11 2-5

C N Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order 1974 256

U N Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly

Relations and Cooperation among States in Accordance with

the Charter ofthe United Nations 1970 6 , 8 12-13.74 ": 8' 103

280.405-6, 452

Principle I, para 10 280

C N Partition Plan 274-6.278.287 Pr.111 274

A r t 5 451 WHO Code on international marketing of substitutes for mother's milk 1981 398-9

I S R A E L Basic Law: Jerusalem Capital of Israel (1980) 284 Law and Administrative Ordinance (Amendment No 11) Law (1967) 284 Municipalities Ordinance (Amendment No 6 ) Law (1967) 284 Protection of Holy Places Law (1967) 284

United States ofAmerica xxxv

N O R W A Y Act Relating to the Incorporation into Norwegian Law of the UN Security Council

Resolution on the Establishment of an International Tribunal for

Crimes Committed in the Former Yugoslavia

Art.2 427 Constitution

Arc.97 55 CriminalCode1902 54

$ll5b(6d) 427

xxxvi Tables of Legislation

U S S R

List o f Muin Pu blicutions ofAntonio Cussese

T E X T B O O K S

International Law and Politics in a Divided World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984) International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001)

International CriminalLaw (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003)

International Law, 2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005)

International Criminal Law, 2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008)

B O O K S A N D ESSAYS

Ildiritto interno nelprocesso internazionale (Padova: Cedam, 1962)

Ilcontrollo internazionale (Milano: Giuffrh, 1972)

I1 diritto internazionale bellico moderno %ti e documenti (Pisa: Libreria Sc Giordano Pellegrini,

1973)

'Modern Constitutions and International Law', in 192 Recueildes cours de 12cadPmiede droit inter-

Violence and Law in the Modern Age (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1988)

riuniti, 1989)

Human Rights in a Changing World (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990)

Self-determination ofl'eoples A Legal Reappraisal (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) Inhuman States Imprisonment, Detention and Torture in Europe Today (Cambridge: Polity Press,

1996)

Idiritti umani oggi (Bari-Roma: Laterza, 2005)

C O L L E C T I V E W O R K S E D I T E D BY A C A S S E S E

Current Problems ofInternationa1 Law (Milano: Giuffrk, 1975)

Pour un droitdespeoples-Essais sur la Declaration d2lger (co-ed.) (Paris: Berger et Levrault, 1978) United Nations Peace-Keeping Operations-Legan Essays (Leiden: Sijthoff, 1978)

F~ndamentalRi~hts-UnitedNations Law: Two Topicsin InternationalLaw (Alpheen aan den Rijn:

Sijthoff and Noordhoff, 1979)

Parliamentary Control Over Foreign Policy (Alpheen aan den Rijn: Sijthoff and Noorhoff, 1980)

Affairs Committees, 3 vols (Padua, New York: Cedam and Oceana Pub., 1982)

Change and Stability in International Law Making (co-ed.) (New York, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter,

1989)

International Crimes of States (co-ed.) (New York, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1989)

xxxviii List of Main Publications ofAntonio Cassese

irransfrontalier Television in Europe: the Human Righrs Dimension l La telivirion transfrontaliere en Europe duns laperspective des droits de l'homme (co-ed.) (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag Ges., 1990) Ifurnan Rights and the European Community: Methods of Protection (co-ed.) (Baden-Baden: Nomos

l'erlag Ges., 1991)

Human Rrghts and the European Community the Substantive Law (co-ed.) (Baden-Baden: Nomos

\ i t l a g Ges., 1991)

7he International Fight Against TortureILa lutte internationale contre la torture (Baden-Baden:

Nomos Verlag Ges., 1991)

7he Rome Statute ofthe International Criminal Court: A Commentary (co-ed.) (Oxford: Oxford

'Wars Forbidden and Wars Allowed by the Italian Constitution', in Studi rn onore di Balladore

'Recent Trends in the Attitude of Superpowers Towards Peace-keeping', in A Cassese (ed.), United hations Peace-Keeping Operations-LegalEssays (Leiden: Sijthoff, 1978) 223

'How Could Nongovernmental Organisarions Use U.N Bodies More Effectively?', in 4 Universal Human Rights (1979) 73

'Commentaires aux Articles 1, alinia 2 , et 51 de la Charte des Nations Unles', in J.-P Cot, A Pellet

(eds), Cornmentaire de la Charte des Nations Unies (Paris: Econornica, 1985) 769

'<:ommentaire i I'article 51', in J.-P Cot, A Pellet (eds), La Chartedes Nations Unies, Commenrairc

' I h e General Assembly: Historical Perspective, 1945-1989', in P AIston (ed.), 7he United Nations andHuman Rights (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992) 25

'Ex Iniuria Ius Oritur: Are We Moving Towards International Legitimation of Forcible Humanitarian Countermeasures in the World Community?', in 10 European Journal of International Law (1 999) 23

'A Follow-up: Forcible Humanitarian Countermeasures and Opinio Necessitatis', in 10 European Journal oflnternational Law (1999) 791

'L na modesta proposta sulla legittima difesa preventiva', in M Spinedi et al (eds), La codrfirazr- one della responsabilita internazionale degli Stati alla prova dei fatti: problemi e spunti di r~J7essrone

'L'efficacia delle norme italiane d i adattamento alla Convenzione europea dei dirirti dell'uomo', in

'The Admissibility of Communications to the U.N on Human Righrs Violations', in 5 Human Rrghts Journal(l972) 375

'Le droit de recours individuel devant la Commission europeenne des droits de l'homme', in Les clausesfacultatives de la Convention europtenne des droirs de l'homme (Bari: Levante, 1974) 45

List of Main Publications ofAntonio Cassese xxxix

'The New U.N Procedure for Handling Gross Violations of Human Rights', in 30 La Comunita internazionale (1975) 49

'International Protection of the Right to Leave and to Return', in Studi in onore di Manlio Udina,

vol I (Milano: Giuffrk, 1975) 219

"Ihe Helsinki Declararion and Self-determination', in T Buergenthal (ed.), Human Rights,

'Progressive Transnational Promotion of Human Rights', in B Ramcharan (ed.), Human Rights: 7hirty Years after the Universal Declaration (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1979) 249

'Foreign Economic Assistance and Respect for Civil and Political Rights-A Case Study', in 14

Texas International Lawjournal (l979), 251

'Foreign Economic Assistance and Human Rights: Two Different Approaches', in 4 Human Rights Review (1979) 41

'Political Self-determination-Old Concepts and New Developments', in A Cassese (ed.),

Fundamental Rights- United Nations Law: Two Topics in International Law (Alpheen aan den Rijn:

Sijthoffand Noordhoff, 1979) 73

'The Approach of the Helsinki Declaration to Human Rights', in L Henkin (ed.), 7heInternational

Press, 1981) 92

'Enquires into the Impact of Foreign Economic Assistance on Human Rights Some Problems

of Method', in Gedachtnisschrift fur Ch Sasse, vol I1 (Kehl am Rhein, Strasbourg: Engel Verlag,

1981) 611

'Le droit des peuples i I'autodttermination: de la Charte de I'Onu i la Declaration d'Alger de 1976',

'A New Approach to Human Rights: the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture', in

droits de I'homme: la Convention europienne pour la prevention de la torture', in 9 3 Revuegin& rule de droit internationalpublic (1989) 6)

'Les individus', in M Bedjaoui (ed.), Droit international, vol I (Paris: Pedone, 1991) 119

'The Israel-PLO Agreement and Self-determination', in 3 European Journal of International Law

(1993) 564

'ProhibitionofTortureand I n h ~ m a n a n d D e ~ r a d i n ~ T r e a t m e n t or Punishment', in R St J Macdonald

et al (eds), 7he European Systemfor the Protection ofHuman Rights (Dordrecht, Boston, London:

M Nijhoff, 1993) 225

'The European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment

or Punishment Comes of Age', in N Blokker et al (eds), Towards More Effective Supervision by International Organizations Essays in Honour ofHenry G Schermers (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff,

1994) 115

(ed.), Essays in Honour of Wang Tieya (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1994) 131

'Self-determination Revisited', in M Rama Montaldo (ed.), El derecho international en un mundo

en tranZformacidn (Montevideo: FCU, 1994) 229

'The International Court of Justice and the Right of Peoples to Self-determination', in V Lowe

et al (eds) F$ty Years of the International Court of/ustice: Essays in Honour of Sir Robert Jennings

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) 351

'Are H u m a n Rights Truly Universal?', in 0 Savic (ed.), 7he Politics ofHuman Rights (London and

New York: Verso, 1999) 149

' h e Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights on the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia', in Protection des droits de l'homme: la perspective europienne: milanges a la mimoire de Rolv Ryssdal/Protecting human rights: the european perspective: studies in memory ofRolv Ryssdal (Cologne: Carl Heymanns Verlag KG, 2000) 213