Divergent plate boundaries

Divergent Plate BoundariesOceanic Rifts Continental Rifts Extensional Tectonics Continental Rifts... Convergent Plate Boundary... Ocean Ocean –– Ocean Convergence Ocean Convergence Japa

Divergent Plate Boundaries

Oceanic Rifts

Continental Rifts

Extensional Tectonics

Continental Rifts

Generation of new Oceanic Crust

Decompression Melting

Permian ~ 280 Ma

Jurassic ~ 200 Ma

K-T Boundary ~ 65 Ma

Now

Continental Rifting

Passive Continental Margin

Convergent Plate Boundary

Convergent Environments

Earthquakes and Volcanoes

Ocean Ocean –– Ocean Convergence Ocean Convergence Japan

Island Arc

Ocean

Ocean –– Continental Convergence Continental Convergence

Cascades

Andes Mountains

Ocean Continent Continent

Continent

Continent Continent Continent

Tibet Plateau

Average Elevation ~15.000 ft

Fold Thrust Thrust Belts Belts

Fold Thrust Thrust Belts Belts

Suspect

Suspect Terranes Terranes

Appalachian Accreted

Appalachian Accreted Terranes Terranes

N h A i

North American Continental

Growth

Orogenic Cross

Orogenic Cross Section Section

Transform Faults

Oceanic Transform

Faults

Transform Plate Boundaries

Northern Anatolian Fault

Volcanic Abundance vs Tectonic Setting

Hot Spots

Evidence for Mantle Plumes

••Stationary activity Stationary activity –– suggesting a deep root Stationary activity Stationary activity suggesting a deep root suggesting a deep root suggesting a deep root

Oceanic Hot Spots

Mantle Plumes and Plate Tectonics

Mantle Melts Partial Melts

g

Mantle

Relative Plate Velocities

Plate Velocities from GPS data

Absolute Plate Velocities

What Drives Plate Tectonics ????

Fuel

What Drives Plate Tectonics ????

Forces

Plate Driving Forces