Originally ships were constructed with single bottoms, liquid fuels and fresh water being stored in separately constructed tanks. The double bottom structure which provides increased safety in the event of bottom shell damage, and also provides liquid tank space low down in the ship, evolved in early twentieth century. Today only ships less than 500 grt will be having the single bottom construction and large ocean going vessels are fitted with some form of double bottom.
Trang 1Ship Structure
Trang 2Bottom Structure
Originally ships were constructed with
single bottoms, liquid fuels and fresh water being
stored in separately constructed tanks. The double bottom structure which provides increased safety in the event of bottom shell damage, and also provides liquid tank space low down in the ship, evolved in early twentieth century. Today only ships less than
500 grt will be having the single bottom
construction and large ocean going vessels are fitted with some form of double bottom.
Trang 3Single Bottom Construction
Trang 6Flat Plate Keel
Flat Plate Keel – this type of keel are fitted in majority of the ocean going vessels.
Trang 7Bar Keel
Bar Keel – Found in smaller vessels like trawlers, tugs, smaller ferries etc.
Where grounding is a possibility this type of keel is suitable with its massive scantlings, but with additional draft with out additional cargo capacity.
Trang 9Duct Keel
This runs from the forward engine room bulk head
to the collision bulkhead and are utilized to carry the double bottom piping and makes the piping
accessible even when the cargo is loaded.
The entrance to the duct is provided at the aft from the forward end of the engine room.
A width of not more than 2mtrs is allowed for the
duct, and strengthening is provided at the tank top
and keel plate to maintain continuity of strength of the transverse floors
Trang 10Inner Bottom Plating
flange of the centerline line docking girder.
If the grabs are used the plate thickness will be
increased or double ceiling will be fitted.
Trang 11 Man holes for access and lightening holes are provided for the solid floors.
Small air holes and drain holes may be drilled at the top and bottom respectively for solid floors inside the tanks.
Plate floors are can be made water or oil tight as required by closing the openings.
Trang 12 The floors run transversely from the center girder to
the margin plate on each side of the ship.
The spacing of the solid plate floors depend on the load to be supported and the local stresses
experienced.
Under the engine room, boilers, bulkhead and in the pounding region plate floors are provided at every frame space.
In other places a distance of 3.05mtrs maintained
between the floors, with bracket floors at
intermediate frame spaces.
Trang 13Solid Plate Floor
Trang 14Bracket Floors
These are skeleton floors, in which the middle part of the floor plate is omitted and replaced with a frame bar and a reverse bar with a bracket at either end.
The brackets are to be flanged at their free ands and depth should be at least ¾ th depth of the center girder.
Trang 16Steel Sections Used for Ship
Construction
A range of steel sections are rolled from ingot
It is preferable to limit the sections required for ship building to those readily available that is the
standard types
If special sections are used, steel mill will have to be set up for exclusively for these sections and will not
be economical
Trang 17Steel Sections Used for Ship
Construction
Trang 20Beams
Functions: transverse beams have two main
functions: to tie the sides of the ship together and to support the deck against water pressure and weight
of the cargo.Longitudinal beams also contribute to longitudinal strength of the vessel
Sections: flat bars, bulb bars and inverted angles are used generally
T bars and T bulbs may be used under wood decks
H sections or other built sections are used as strong beams
Trang 21Beams
Transverse beams: the size of the transverse beam is
governed by their unsupported span, the breadth of the ship, and in some cases, by the load which the deck has to carry.
Longitudinal beams: longitudinal beams or deck
longitudinals are required under the strength deck in all
ships of over 120mtrs long.
They are supported at intervals by heavy transverse beams, which must be not more than 2.5mtrs apart for the forward 7.5% of the ship’s length or 4.0mtrs apart elsewhere.
The longitudinals are connected to the transverse beams by direct welding or by flat bars similar to those used in double bottoms.
Trang 24Beams
At bulk heads the longitudinals may be cut and bracketed to the bulk head if the ship is less than 215mtrs.
If the length is more than 215mtrs the longitudinals must be continuous.
At hatch ways the longitudinals are cut and attached to the hatch end beams by brackets.
Strong beams: A strong beam is a specially heavy beam
which is fitted where great local strength is required.
These are often fitted in engine room and boiler rooms to support deck longitudinals.
Half beam: transverse beams which are cut at hatch side
coamings are termed as ‘half beams’. When coamings are not form the part of the deck girder, the half beams are
directly welded to the hatch side coamings.
Trang 25Beams
Beam knees: beam knees are used for connecting the beams to the frames. Plate type bracket knees are normally used in ship construction
Large knees must have flange of at least 50mm at their free edge
When longitudinal beams are fitted , the knees at those frames where there is no transverse beam, must extend to the first longitudinal.
Trang 27Water Tight Bulk Heads
Bulk heads are an important element of transverse
strength, particularly against racking stress
By dividing the ship into longitudinal
subdivisions, they also give protection against fire and flooding
Minimum number of bulk heads: all ships must
have at least :
1. A collision bulkhead, not less than 5%, nor more
than 8% of the ship’s length abaft the stem at the load water line
2. An aft peak bulk head, to enclose the shaft tube in
a water tight compartment
3. One bulk head at each end of the machinery space
Trang 28Water Tight Bulk Heads
5 Ships over 90mtrs long must have additional bulkheads
spaced at reasonably uniform intervals. The number of bulkheads to be fitted depends on the length of the ship and on whether the engines are placed amidships or aft.
Collision bulk head must extend up to the upper deck.
The after peak bulk head need only extend up to the first
deck above the load water line, if it forms a water tight flat.
All other bulk heads must extend to the bulkhead deck
which is usually the free board deck.
Bulk heads are fitted in place of frames. They are
intercostal between decks; I.E. The decks are continuous and the bulk heads are fitted in panels in between them.
Trang 30Water Tight Bulk Heads
The after peak bulk head plate thickness around the stern tube must be doubled or thickened to resist
vibration
Trang 31Water Tight Bulk Heads
Stiffeners may be angles, bulb angles, channels or
equivalent welded sections
Stiffeners are usually fitted vertically
They are usually spaced about 75cms apart in all
areas other than collision bulkheads and deep tank bulkheads, where the spacing is reduced to 60cms
Stiffeners in the way of deck girders are often made heavier and are attached to the girder by deep
flanged brackets
Trang 32Water Tight Bulk Heads
Corrugated bulk heads: these are often fitted in oil
tankers and are occasionally found in dry cargo
ships
The corrugations give stiffness to the plating and ordinary stiffeners are not required and slight
reduction in weight is obtained in this method
But to make a certain width of corrugated sheet
more length of sheet is required compared to plane sheet and hence the actual gain in weight reduction
is offset
In some constructions widely spaced web stiffeners
at right angles to the corrugations are used
Trang 33Collision Bulkhead
Trang 34Corrugated Bulkhead Section
Trang 35Corrugated Transverse Bulk Head
Trang 36Water Tight Bulk Heads
In transverse bulkheads , the corrugations may run either
vertically or horizontally.
In longitudinal bulkheads only horizontal corrugations are allowed to give longitudinal strength.
The thickness of the plate depends on the width of the ‘flats’ and height of the bulkhead.
Trang 37Pipe Passing Through the Bulkhead
Trang 38Testing of Water Tight Bulkheads
Water tight bulkheads forming the boundary of a tank may be tested by testing the tank
Other watertight bulkheads with in the tank may be tested by filling water up to the load water line
Other watertight bulkheads are hose tested
Trang 39 The main function of pillars is to carry the load of the decks and weights upon the decks vertically down to the ship’s bottom structure
Another function of pillars is to tie together the
ship’s structure in vertical direction
The pillar connecting ends may be of bracketed or non bracketed type, according to the indented
function of the pillars
Trang 40Pillar Arrangements
Trang 41Pillar Arrangements
Bracketed Pillar
Tension Pillar
Trang 42 In a cargo ship the pillars inside the holds are to transmit the down load effectively to the bottom structure, where the
pillars need not be bracketed.
Inside the engine room the main function pillars is to tie the structure in vertical direction, where the pillar at times may
be tension, and these pillars are to be heavily bracketed.
In side tanks also the pillar can be under tension when the tank crowns are under pressure and hence heavily bracketed joints are used.
Since the location of pillars can interfere with stowage
arrangements in a cargo ship, widely spaced pillars of large sections are used instead of closely spaced small solid
pillars.
Trang 43 The above arrangement is termed as ‘massed pillaring’.
The hold pillars have to take compressive stress and hence the construction should be to avoid buckling, and this
depends on the length and the load carried.
Normally rectangular or octagonal tubular construction is adopted and for economic reasons these may be fabricated from steel plates or suitable steel sections.
The pillar ends should be connected to doubling plates with continuous weld to distribute the load effectively.
In place of pillars non water tight pillar bulkheads may be fitted on the ship’s centreline.
Pillar bulkheads when fitted normally extends from
transverse bulkhead to hatch coaming.
Trang 44Hatch Ways
For the ship having wide openings for cargo operations, the resistance to longitudinal stress is very much reduced.
Stress concentrations cause a tendency for the decks to
fracture at the hatch corners.
Also there is a loss of transverse strength due to cutting of beams at the hatch coamings.
To compensate for this loss of strength the deck plating
should be sufficiently strengthened at hatch ways.
Coamings and their connections must be sufficiently strong and rigid.
For deck openings square corners are not allowed but to be rounded off.
Trang 45Hatch Ways
The radius of the round should be 1/24 th of the breadth of the opening but in any case it should not be less than 300mm.
length from the stem.
Aft of the quarter length from the stem the coamings should have a minimum height of 450mm.
In rest of the places the openings are to be suitably framed.
Trang 47
Hatch Ways
Welded hatch coamings may have rounded corners but due to practical difficulties for fitting hatch
covers, the square cornered hatch coamings are
normally fitted
The ends of the hatch coamings must be extended beyond the hatch ends to form tapered brackets
The deck plating must be extended inside the
coaming so that it can be rounded off with a smooth edge with out any welding
Horizontal gussets are fitted to strengthen the
connection between the side coaming and hatch end beams.
Trang 52Shell and Deck Plating
Seams or ‘edge laps’ are joints which run fore and aft that is longer edges of the plates
Butts or ‘end laps’ are joints which run in the
athwartships or vertically that is along the shorter edges of the plates
Garboard strakes are the strakes of shell plating
next to the keel on either side
Sheer strakes are the upper strakes of shell plating
on either side, next to the upper deck
Trang 53Shell and Deck Plating
In long ships it is necessary to strengthen the shell plating against shearing stresses at about half depth of the ship, in the region of about one quarter of the ship’s length from
either end.
Shell expansion plans are plans which show all plating on the hull drawn to the scale.
Trang 54Shell and Deck Plating
Trang 56 They also show many other details, including
frames, floors, deck edges, stringers etc
Strakes of shell plating are distinguished by the letters from the keel onwards
Garboard strake is the first strake “A”
The plates in each strake is numbered from aft to forward
Trang 57Shell and Deck Plating
So D5 strake is the fifth strake from the aft and
fourth strake from the keel
Strakes on deck plating are lettered from centre line outward whilst deck plates are numbered from aft to forward
Stealer plates: the girth of the ship decreases toward
the ends and so width of the plates must be
decreased in these parts
To save making plates too narrow at the edges of the ship, it is usual to run a number of pairs of adjacent strakes into one
This is done by means of a stealer plate
Trang 58Shell and Deck Plating
Please note the lettering and numbering of the
stealer plate that the letter is of the lower strake that runs into it and the number is one before the lower strake running into it
Special plates:
Trang 59Shell and Deck Plating
Shoe plates are plates that connect the stem to the flat plate
weight.
Welded plating is more liable to crack than riveted plating, particularly in the region of sheer strake and bilge.
The cracks are more liable to occur if the openings are near
to the upper edge or if there are notches.
Trang 60Shell and Deck Plating
For this openings in the region of upper edge should be well rounded off and should be kept away from the upper edge.
Connection of the sheer strake to upper deck stringer should form a ‘T’ joint with a full penetration weld.
Alternate method used in modern shipbuilding is to have a rounded sheer strake.
Trang 61Shell and Deck Plating
The radius of the rounded section should not be less than 15 times the thickness of the plate
Any opening in the shell plating must have special arrangements to preserve the strength and their
corners must be rounded
When large openings are cut they are usually
framed- in by a face bar and web frames are fitted
on either side of the opening, also insert plates are fitted above and below the opening or right around the opening
Trang 62Shell and Deck Plating
Classification societies have clear rules regarding the width of the keel plates, sheer strakes, garboard strakes and deck stringers, where as for other areas
of shell plating the any reasonable width
Plating thickness vary at different areas of the shell plating
Keel plates, sheer strakes and upper deck stringers are thicker than other strakes.
Trang 63Shell Expansion Plan
Trang 64Shell Plate Arrangements
Trang 65Shell and Deck Plating
In the pounding region the plate thickness is increased.
Trang 66Bilge Keels
Bilge keels are provided to resist rolling
The effect of direct resistance of the bilge keel with water is less
They slightly increase the period of roll
They upset the transverse streamlines of the ship’s hull and thus set up eddy currents and increase the
‘wave making resistance’
They increase water pressure over a large area of the ship’s hull and this pressure acts in such a direction
to damp the rolling
For their protection bilge keels are arranged in line with hull and bottom floors