Phân dạng và phươg pháp giải bài tập hoá học 11 phần vô cơ phần 2

Phân dạng và phươg pháp giải bài tập hoá học 11 phần vô cơ phần 2 tài liệu, giáo án, bài giảng , luận văn, luận án, đồ á...

Phan djing va phumg phdp giii H6a hpc 11 V6 co - D8 Xuan Hung

2 N H 3 + 3CuO — ^ N2 + 3Cu + 3H2O

* Dieuche:

+ Trong phong thi nghiem :

2NH4CI + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2NH3T + 2H2O

+ Trong cong nghiep : long hdp tuT niW va hidro

N2 + 3H2 , ' 2 N H 3

p

2 MuG'i atnoni ( g o m cation N H 4 va anion goc axit)

* Tinh chat hoa hoc :

- Tac dung vdi dung djch kicm :

N H 4 C I + NaOH > NHjt + NaCl + H2O

NH^ + OH- > NHjt + H2O

- Phan uTng nhiet phan :

N H 4 C I , , , ^ NH3,u, + HCl,k,

NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O

III AXIT NITRIC V A M U O I NITRAT

1 Axit nitric ( H N O 3 )

CTCT: H - O - N ^ ^

* Tinh chat ho a hoc :

+ Tinh axit: Lam quy tim h6a do, tac dung vdi oxit bazcf, bazd, muoi cua axit

yeu hdn tao ra muoi nitrat

+ Tinh oxi hoa :

- Tac dung vdi kim loai (trir Au va Pt)

Cu + 4HN03j.^. > Cu(N03)2 + 2NO2 t + 2H2O

Chu y : Fe va Al bj thu dong h o a trong dung dich HNO3 dac, nguoi

- Tac dung vdi phi kim :

S + 6HN03j.^, > H2SO4 + 6NO2T + 2H2O

- Tac dung vdi hdp cha't:

3H2S + 2HN03,,,,„^ > 3S + 2NO + 4H2O

* Dieu che :

+ Trong phong thi nghiem :

NaN03 + H2SO4 HNO3 + NaHS04

+ Trong cong nghiep (qua ba giai dotin)

NH3 -> NO -> NO2 - > HNO3

2 MuS'i n i t r a t (muoi cua axit nitric)

Deu de tan trong niTdc va la chat dien li manh

+ Phan iJng nhiet phan :

h0p -> dung dich mau xanh, khi NO thoat ra bj oxi hoa trong khong khi tao

NO2 mau nau do

3Cu + 8 H ^ + 2NO3 3Cu^^ + 2N0t + 4H2O

(dung dich mau xanh)

2 N O + O2 > 2NO2 (mau nau do)

IV PHOTPHO 1s2 2s2 2 p * 3 s ^ 3 p *

* Tinh chat hoa hoc:

+ Tinh oxi hoa : 2P + 3Ca CajPj (canxi photphua) + Tinhkhuf:

- Vdi oxi: 4P+302dhii<u) — ^ 2P,03

* San xudt: Trong cong nghiep, P diTdc san xua't bling each nung hon hdp

quang photphorit, cdt va than coc d 1200"C trong 16 di?n

Ca3(P04)2 + 3Si02 + 5 C SCaSiOj + 2P + SCO

61

Phan djing phuong phip gi5i H6a hpc 11 VP cd - Do XuSn Hung

* Tinh chat hoa hoc:

+ H3PO4 la axit ba nac, c6 do manh trung binh

+ Tac dung vdti dung dich kiem (tiiy theo lu'dng chat tac dung), ma tao ra muoi

trung hoa, muoi axit hoSc hon hdp muoi

+ Dung dich H3PO4 c6 nhiirng tinh cha't chung cua axit

+ Khac vdi axit HNO3, axit H3PO4 khong c6 tinh oxi hoa

* Dieu che :

+ Trong phong thi nghiem:

P + 5HNO3 (dac) H3PO4 + 5NO2 + H2O

+ Trong cong nghiep:

- Mu6'i photphat trung hoa : Na3P04, Ca3(P04 )2,

- Mu6'i hidrophotphat: Na2HP04, CaHP04,

- Muoi dihidrophotphat: NaH2P04, Ca(H2P04 )2,

* Phan tfng thuy phan : Na3P04 + H2O -> Na2HP04 + NaOH

* Nhan biet ion photphat (PO4")

DCing bac nitrat ^ ket tua raau vang

3Ag^ + PO4" > Ag3P04i (mau vang)

V I P H A N B O N H O A H Q C

+ phan dam nitrat: NaN03

+ ure:(NH2)2CO

2 Phan ISn : + supephotphat

+ phan Ian nung chay

3 Phan kali

4 Phan hon hdp, phan phuTc hdp, phSn vi lu'dng

p, PHAN LOAI V A PHlTdNG P H A P G I A I C A C DANG B A I T A P

Qgna 1

- Xac djnh so oxi hoa cua nItcJ, photpho

- Viet phifcJng trinh dieu che cac chdt

BAI TAP M A U V A B A I TAP NANG CAO

Bai

1-a) N6u mot so hdp cha't trong do nitd va photpho c6 so oxi hoa -3, +3, +5

b) Hay diTa ra nhi^ng phan uTng da hoc c6 siT tham gia ciia ddn chat photpho, trong

d6 so oxi hoa cua photpho tang, giam

Gidi

a) MOt so' hdp cha't trong do nitd va photpho :

~3 - 3 - 3 -3 _ CO SO oxi hoa-3 : NH3, Mg.N^, PH3, Ca^P^

- CO so oxi hoa+3: N2O3, NaNOj, P2O3, H3PO3

- c6 sooxih6a+5: N2O5, HNO3, P^O,,

H3P04-b) Phan tfng trong do so oxi hoa ciia P tang :

a) Nguyen to nitd c6 so oxi hoa la bao nhieu trong cac hdp chat sau : NO, NO2,

NH3, N2O, NH4CI, N2O3, N2O5, Mg3N2

b) Hay cho biet so oxi hoa cua N va P trong cdc ph5n t^ v^ ion sau day: NH3,

N H ; , NO2, NO3, NH4HCO3, P2O3, PBrj. PO^-, KH2PO4. Zn3(P04)2

Gidi

a) NO, NO2, "NH3, N2O NH4CI N2O3, N2O5, Mg3N2

b) NH3, N H t , NO2, NO3, NH4HCO3. P,03, PBrj T O ^ , KH2PO4, Zn3(P04)2

^ai 3 Tir khong khi, nirdc, KCl, CaCOj Hay vie't cac phi^dng trinh phan ilng

can thiet de dieu che c^c chat sau : NH4CI, KNO3, NH4NO3, Ca(N03)2

63

'han dgng va phuong phip gi5i H6a hgc 11 V6 ca - D5 Xuan Hung

• CaCOj CaO + CO2

CaO + 2HNO3 > Ca(N03)2 + H2O

hay CaC03 + 2HNO3 > Ca(N03)2 + CO2T + H2O

Bai 4 Viet phifdng trmh phan tfng dieu che cac oxit nitcf: N2O, NO, NO2, N2O3,

3Cu + 8HNO3 — ^ 3Cu(N03)2 + 2N0 + 4H2O

hoac 4NH3 + 5O2 4N0 + 6H2O

*= NO2 nitd dioxit:

C U + 4HNO3 d^c m^ng > CU(N03)2 + 2N02 + 2H2O

* N2O3 dinitd trioxit (anhidrit nitd):

N2O3 di/dc dieu che bang cich tr6n NO vdi NO2 theo ti le the tich bang nhau

roi ha thap nhiet dp xuong dirdi-100"C

* N2O5 dinitcf penta oxit (anhidrit nitric):

Trong ph6ng thi nghi^m: N2O5 tao nen khi khiSr ntfdc ciia axit nitric dac,

loang bkng P2O5 trong binh kin

2HNO3 + P2O5 — > N2O5 + 2HPO3 (axit metaphotphoric)

hoac cho clo tdc dung vdi AgNGj (60"C):

54

2AgN03 + C I 2 N2O5 + 2AgCl + i o ^ Bai 5 Hoa tan C U 2 S trong H2SO4 dac nong diTtlc dung dich A va khi B B Ikm mat

mau nxidc brom, cho NH3 tac dung vdi dung dich A tdi du" Hoi c6 hien tu'dng gi

xay ra Viet cac phiTdng trinh phan tuf va ion dc giai thich hien tUdng tren

(HVCNBCVT) Gidi

CU2S + 6H2SO4 dac nong > 2CUSO4 + 5SO2T + 6H2O

Phtfcfng trinh ion :

CU2S + 12H^ + 4S0^- > 2Cu^\ 5S02t + 6H2O

K h i B l a S 0 2 S02 + Br2 + 2H20 > H2SO4 + 2HBr

Dung dich A la CUSO4

CUSO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O > Cu(0H)2i + (NH4)2S04

p

NH3 + HCl > NH4CI (amoni clorua)

b) Sd do dieu che phan dam NH4NO3:

i Bai 7 Viet phuttng trinh phan iJng nhiet phan cac muoi sau :

(NH4)2C03, NH4NO3, (NH4)2S04, KNO3, Fe(N03)3, AgN03

65

Phan dang va phUOng phjp g\i\a hgc 11 Vfl co - B5 Xuan Hifng

a) Ngi/di la san xuat supcphotphat ddn va supepholphat kcp tijf qusing pirit va

apatit CO lhanh phan chinh la Ca3(P04)2. Viel cac phifdng trinh phan ifng xay

ra

b) Hay giai thich vi sao khi bon cac loai phan dam N H 4 N O 3 , (NH4)2S04 do chiia

cua dat tang len?

Ca3(P04)2 + 4H3PO4 > 3Ca(H2P04)2

(supepholphat kep) b) Cac muoi NH4NO3, (NH4)2S04 deu de bi thiiy phan, c6 ion NHj c6 tinh axit

NH4NO3 > NH+ +

NO3-(NH4)2S04 > 2 N H ; + S O ^

NH^ + H 2 O - > NH3 + H3O*

hay NH+ > NH3 + H*

Vay khi bon phan dam NH4NO3 hay (NH4)2S04 lam tang H"" trong dat (nghia

la lam giam pH) do do do chua cua dat tSng len

66

D a n g 2

- Viet sd d o p l i a n (ing

- Bo tCic v a h o d n tlianii pini/oing trinh

BAI TAP IVlAU

IJai 1 Hoiin thiinh stJ do chuycn hoa sau va viet cac phu'dng trinh hoa hoc

a) Khi A dungdich A B khi A C

(5) J ; "

D + H2O

Biet rcHng A la hdp chat cua nild

b) NO2 H N O 3 Cu(N03)2 Cu(0H)2 Cu(N03)2 CuO

(5) NH4NO3 -A N2O + 2H2O

b) (1) 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O > 4HNO3

(2) 2 H N O 3 + CuO > Cu(N03)2 + H2O

(3) Cu(N03)2 + 2NaOH > Cu(0H)2 + 2NaN03

(4) Cu(OH): + 2 H N O 3 — > Cu(N03)2 + 2H2O

(5) Cu(N03)2 CuO + 2NO2 + - O 2

2 (6) CuO + Hj ^ > Cu + H2O

Phan d?ng va phuang phap giai H6a hqc 11 VP ca - 05 Xuan Hung

B a i 3 Cho quang cancopirit (CuFeS2) tac dung v d i dung dich H N O 3 vuTa du, thu

du'dc k h i A khong mau, sau do k h i nay bien thanh mau nau trong khong k h i

va dung dich B Chia dung dich B l a m hai phan :

- Phan I tac dung v d i khi NH3 dir

- Phan I I tac dung v d i dung dich BaClj cho ket tua mau trang Xac dinh k h i A

va cac cha't trong B

Vie't cac phufdng trinh hda hoc xay ra

Gidi

3CuFeS2 + 32HNO3 - » 3Cu(N03)2 + 3Fe(N03)3 + 1 7 N 0 + 6 H 2 S O 4 + IOH2O

* K h i A : N O

2 N 0 + O2 > 2NO2

* Dung-dich B : Cu(N03)2 Fe(N03)3, H 2 S O 4

- Phan I : Cu(N03)2 + 4NH3 > [Cu(NH3)4](N03)2 (tan)

Fe(N03)3 + 3NH3 + 3H20- > Fe(OH)34 + 3NH4NO3

H 2 S O 4 + 2NH3 > (NH4)2S04

- Phan I I : H2SO4 + BaClj > B a S 0 4 i + 2HC1

B a i 4 L a p cac phUdng trinh hoa hoc :

a) A g + HNO3 dac > N O j t + ? + ?

b) A g + HNO3 K.a„g > N O T + ? + ?

c) A l + HNO3 > N2OT + ? + ?

d) Z n + HNO3 > NH4NO3 + ? + ?

e) FeO + HNO3 > NOT + Fe(N03)3 +?

g) Fe304 + HNO3 > NOT + Fe(N03)3 + ?

g) 3Fe304 + 28HNO3 > 9Fe(N03)3 + NOT + M H j O

h) H2PO4 + O H - > H P O ^ + H2O i) HPO4" + > H2PO4

Bai 5 V i e t phiTdng Irinh phan uTng thifc hicn day bien hoa sau : a) Quang photphorit -> P(,r,ing) Ca3P2 PH3 P2O5 H3PO4 —

Phan supephotphat kep

2H3PO4 + Ca(OH)2 > Ca(H2p04)2 + 2H2O

b) A : P; B : Ca3P2; C : PH3; D : H3PO4 Ca3(P04)2 + 5C + 3Si02 ) 3CaSi03 + 2P + 5 C 0

(A) • 2P + 3Ca Ca3P2 (B)

Ca3P2 + 6HC1 > 3CaCl2 + 2PH3T (C)

PH3 + 2O2 H3PO4 (D)

c) Quang apatit: 3Ca3(P04)2.CaF2

3Ca3(P04)2.CaF2 + IOH2SO4 > l ( ) C a S 0 4 i + 6H3PO4 + 2HF H3PO4 + Ca(0H)2 > CaHP04 + 2H2O

2CaHP04 + Ca(OH)2 > Ca3(P04)2 + 2H2O Ca3(P04)2 + 3Si02 + 5C > 3CaSi03 + SCO + 2P

69

PhSn d^ng phuang ph^p giai Hoa hqc 11 Vfl CO - D 5 Xuan Hang

Fe304 ^ FC2O3 Gahi, (^"f^""" H - ^ ^ § 2 " ^ K,,HO

B i c l rang phan tii^ D gom C, H , O, N vdi ti Ic khoi lifting lu'cing u'ng la 3

: 7 vii trong phan tiV chi c6 hai ngiiycn li'r nit(J

Dat CTTQ cua D : C,H>0,N, Ta c6 :

x : y : z : l = — — : — = 0,25:1:0,25:0,5 = 1 : 4 : 1 : 2

12 1 16 14

: : > C T T Q : ( C H 4 0 N 2 ) „

V i D chi CO hai nguyen tuT niki ncn n = 1

=^CTPT cua D la CH4ON2 hay (NH2)2CO (iirc)

(1) : 3Na2C03 + 2FCCI3 + 3H2O > 2Fc(OH)3 + 6NaCl + 3CO2T

(A) (B) (G) (2) : 2Fc(OH)3 Fe203 + 3H2O

(3) : 2Fe203 + CO 2FC3O4 + CO2

B a i 7 Lap cac phiTiIng trinh hoa hoc sau :

a) H3PO4 + K2HPO4 > b) H3PO4 + Ca(0H)2 >

1 mol 1 mol 2 niol 3 mol

c) NH3 j>f + CI2 > NH4CI + d) (NH4)3P04 — > H3PO4 + e) H3PO4 + Ca(OH)2 > g) NH3 + C I > N , +

b) Cho hon help gom FcS, CU2S vc'li ti Ic mol 1 : 1 lac dung vi'fi U N O , tiia dift^c

dung djch A va khi B A lao lhanh k c l liia Hang V('li BaCI;, dc lu)ng khoivj

7 i

Phan d?ng va phuang ph^p giai H6a hqc 11 VP co - D5 Xuan Hang

khi, B chuyen thanh khi mau niiu B, Cho dung djch A tac dung vdi dung

dich NH3 tao ra dung djch A, va kcl tiia A2 Nung A2 d nhict do cao difOc

chat ran A3 Vie't cac phifdng trinh phan iJng dang phiin ttir va dang ion

Gidi

a) * Vdi dung dich NH3: chl tao ket liia Fc(0H)2 Vix A1(0H)3

FeCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O > Fe(0H)2^ + 2NH4CI

AICI3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O > Al(0H)3i + 3NH4CI

Cac hidroxit con lai deu tan trong NH3 diT vi tao thiinh hcfp chat phuTc tan

CuCb + 2NH3 + 2H2O > Cu(0H)2i + 2NH4CI

Cu(0H)2 + 4NH3 > lCu(NH3)4l(OH)2 phiJc tan

ZnCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O > Zn(0H)2i + 2NH4CI

Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3 > [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 philc tan

* Vdi dung dich NaOH : c6 the dung NaOH de dieu che bon hidroxit tren,

rieng Zn(0H)2 va A1(0H)3 can dung NaOH vifa du

b) 3FeS + 3CU2S + 2 8 H N O 3 — > 3Fe(N03)3 + 6CUSO4 + 1 9 N 0 + I4H2O

Phufcfng trinh ion rut gon :

3FeS + 3CU2S + 28H^ + 19NO3 —^ 3Fc'" + 6Cu'^ + 19N0 + I4H2O

Ba'* + SOf > BaS04i

Bai 10 Sd do phan iJng sau day cho lhay ro vai tro ciia thien nhien va con ngifdi

trong viec chuyen nitd lit khi quyen vao trong dal, cung cap nguon phan dam

cho cay co'i

(7) 2NO + O2 > 2NO2

(8) 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O > 4HNO3

(9) HNO3 + NH3 > NH4NO3

BAI TAP AP DgNG

Bai 1 Viet sO do phan i?ng tht/c hicn chuoi bien hoa sau :

Ag3P04 < ^ Na3P04 ^ H3PO4

Ca3(P04)2 ^ (NH4)3P04 ^ (NH4)2HP04 ^ NH4H2PO4

Gidi

(1) 4HNO3 + Cu > Cu(N03)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O (2) 2NO2 + 2NaOH > NaN03 + NaNOj + H2O (3) 2NaN03 2NaN02 + O

(4) 5O2 + 4P 2P2O5 (5) P2O5 + 3H2O > 2H3PO4

(6) H3PO4 + 3NaOH > Na3P04 + SH.Q

(7) Na3P04 + 3AgN03 > Ag3P04i + 3NaN03

(8) NH3 + H3PO4 > NH4H2PO4

(9) NH4H2PO4 + NH3 > (NH4)2HP04

(10) (NH4)2HP04 + NH3 > (NH4)3P04

(11) 2(NH4)3P04 + 3Ca (OH)2 > Ca3(P04)2 + 6NH3 + 6H2O

^^ai 2 Lap phiTOng trinh hoa hoc cua cac phan iJng oxi hoa khu" sau :

a) K N O 2 + Kl + H2SO4 > I2 + NO + K2SO4 + H2O

b) FeSj + HNO3 + HCl > FeCl3 + H2SO4 + NO + H2O

; c) Zn + HNO3 > Zn(N03)2 + N2O + NO + NH4NO3 + H.O

I d) AS2S3 + HNO3 + H2O > H3ASO4 + H2SO4 + NO

e) P + NH4CIO4 > H3PO4 + N2 + CI2 + H2O

Phan dgng va phuong phAp giSi H6a hoc 11 V6 ca - D 5 Xuan Hang

B a i 3 Cho NO2 lac dung vdi dung djch K O H dir Sau do lay dung djch ihu di/dc

cho tac dung \6i Zn sinh ra hon hdp khi N H , va H2 V i c l cac phifdng trinh philn

iJng xay ra

„ N H , ^ A,„,„ N H , C - - i ^ D ^ E

+ N a O H H„^,„ ^ G

I 2H3PO4 + 3Ba(OH)2 > Ba3(P04)2 + 6H2O

g NH4NO2 N2 + 2H2O

AI2O3 + 2 N a O H > 2NaA102 + H.O

Itai 5 Cho sd do chuyen hoa sau :

+ d d H N 0 , ( l ) A t° A - " N H g t " ^ A + d d H C U 0 2 , A - ^ d d N a O H A ->-ddNH;,

+ d d H 2 S ( 2 ) ( 4 ) + A , , t "

A 3 A 5

V i e t phUdng Irinh hoa hoc cua cac phan iJng xay ra thco sd do chuyen hoa

tren Biet cac cha't tiT A | d e n A x la dong va cac hdp cha't cua dong

(TSDH, ct0 II - 2006) Giai

A , : Cu A 2 : Cu(N03)2 A3 : CuS A 4 : CuO

As : CU2O A f t : C u C b A 7 : CuCOH), A x : |Cu(NH3)4](OH)2

(1) 3 C u + 8 H N O 3 loang > 3Cu(N03)2 + 2 N O + 4H2O

h) K M n O ^ + PH3 + H2SO4 > K2SO4 + MnSO^ + H3PO4 + H2O

8 K M n 0 4 + 5PH3 + I2H2SO4 > 4K2SO4 + 8MnS04 + 5H3PO4 + I 2 H 2 O

B a i 7 a) V i e t hai phiTdng trinh phan tfng chiJng minh muoi nitrat dong vai trd oxi hoa trong m o i tri/cfng axit va moi trufcfng bazd

b) Vie't day du bay phiTdng trinh phan xing theo scf do sau :

* Trong moi IriTcJng bazd :

(7) F e C l 2 + 2AgN03 > Fe(N03)2 + 2AgCl4

Bai 8 Viet cac phiTdng trinh theo sd do sau (moi chiJ cai la mot chat):

Cu(N03)2 CuO + 2NO2 +

Ca(0H)2 + 2 H N O 3 > Ca(N03)2 + 2H2O

* Khi NH3 : dung quy tim am -> hoa xanh

* Ion NH4 : diJng dung djch kicm -> khi NH3 miii khai

* Ion N O 3 " : dijng vun dong va dung dich H 2 S O 4 loang -> khi NO khong mau hoa nau ngoai khong khi

* Ion PO4" : dung dung dich AgN03 ket tua mau vang Ag3P04

Bai 1 Trinh bay phiTdng trinh hoa hoc de nhan biet cac dung dich: NH3, Na2S04, N H 4 C I va (NH4)2S04 Viet phu-dng Irinh hoa hoc cua cac phan iJng

da diing

Giai

* Cho dung dich Ba(0H)2 Ian lU'tft vao bo'n mau ihuf tren

- Mau Na2S04 CO ket tua trang xuat hien

Na2S04 + Ba(0H)2 > BaS04i + 2NaOH

- Mau con lai la N H 3

Bai 2 Cho mot it chat chi thi phenolphetalein vao dung dich NH3 loang ta thu diTdc dung djch A Hoi dung dich A c6 mau gi? Mau cua dung dich A bien

ddi nh\i the' nao trong cac thi nghiem sau :

a) Dun nong dung dich hoi lau

b) Them mot so moi HCi b^ng so moi NH3 c6 trong dung dich A

c) Them mot it NajCOj

d) Them A I C I 3 tdi dif

Gidi

Dung dich NH3 c6 tinh bazrf yeu nen khi cho mot it cha't chi thi

phenolphetalein vao thi dung dich A c6 mau hong,

a) Khi dun nong dung dich A hoi lau thi mau hong nhat dan den khi mat hin

Phan d^fig va phuong ph&p giai H6a hgc 11 V6 cd - Pg XuSn Himg

b) NHj + HCl > NH4CI

Vi dung djch thu di/dc la NH4CI c6 tinh axit nen dung djch khong mau (pH < 7)

c) Them mot it NajCO., thi m^u hong dam dan len vi NajCOj c6 tinh bazd (pH > 7)

d) Them AICI3 tdi diT thi mau hong bien mat do phan iJng :

AICI3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O > Al(OH)3i + 3NH4CI

(dung dich c6 tinh axit pH < 7)

Bai 3 Hay chpn mot hoa cha't thich hdp de phan biet cdc dung dich muoi :

NH4CI, (NH4)2S04, NaN03, MgCb FeCb, FeCl3 A1(N03)3

Gidi

Dung Ba(0H)2 Ian iMl v^o tCfng mau thuf:

- Mauthurcokhimiiikhaim NH4CI

2NH4CI + Ba(0H)2 > BaClz + 2NH3T + 2H2O

- Mau thur c6 khi miii khai va ket tija tr^ng la (NH4 )2S04

(NH4 )2S04 + Ba(OH)2 > BaS04^ + 2NH3T + 2H2O

(tr^ng)

- Mau thur xua'l hien ket tua tr^ng la MgCl2

Ba(0H)2 + MgCl2 > Mg(OH)24 + BaCh

(tdng)

- Mau thijr CO ket tda tr^ng xanh h6a nau ngoai khong khi l£l FeCl2

Ba(0H)2 + FeCl2 > Fe(0H)2>l' + BaCl2

4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + H2O > 4Fe(OH)3i

- Mau thur CO ket tua nau do Ih FeCb

3Ba(OH)2 + 2FeCl3 > 2Fe(OH)3^ + 3BaCl2

- Mau thur CO ket tiia keo tr^ng tan trong Ba(0H)2 diT Ih A1(N03)3

3Ba(OH)2 + 2A1(N03)3 > 2Al(OH)3i + 3Ba(N03)2

2Al(OH)3 + Ba(0H)2 > Ba(A102)2 + 41^20

- Mau thur con laiiaNaNOj

Bal 4 Bkng thi nghiem nao c6 the biet duTdc nitd c6 Ian mot trong nhijrng tap

chaft clo, hidro clorua, hidro sunfua? Vie't phu'dng trinh hoa hoc ciaa cac phan

iJng xay ra

Gidi

* Cho khi nitd c6 Ian tap chaft clo di qua dung dich kiem NaOH Dung dich thu

du"dc la nurdc Javen c6 tinh tay mau chuTng to c6 khi clo

CI2 + 2NaOH > NaCl + NaClO + H2O

* Cho khi nitd c6 Ian tap cha't hidro clorua v^o niTdc cat thu duTdt dung dich c6

tinh axit, sau 66 cho dung dich AgN03 \ko thay xua't hien ket tua tr^ng

Gidi

a) Cho quy lim am Ian lurdt vao nam binh diTng nam khi tren, binh nao lam cho

quy tim am chuyen sang mau xanh thi do la binh diTng khi NH3

b) Nhan biet (NH4)2S04, NH4CI, NaN03:

Cho dung dich Ba(0H)2 Ian lufdt vao ba mau thu":

- Mau vura tao ket tua trifng, vira co khi mui khai la (NH4)2S04

(NH4)2S04 + Ba(0H)2 > BaS04>l' + 2NH3t + 2H2O

- Mau CO khi miii khai la NH4CI 2NH4CI + Ba(0H)2 > BaCl2 + 2NH3t + 2H2O

- Mau con lai la NaNOs

Bai 6. Chi diTdc diJng kim loai, hay nhan biet cac dung dich sau day: HCl, HNO3

dSc, AgNOj, KCl va KOH

(TSDHYHaNoi) Gidi

* Cho Cu vho n3m ong nghiem diTng nam dung dich tren

- Ong nao c6 khi mau nau do bay ra la HNO3 dac

Cu + 4HNO3 dac > Cu(N03)2 + 2N02t + 2H2O

- Ong nao CO dung djch mau xanh lam tao ra la ong diTng AgNOs

Cu + 2AgN03 > Cu(N03)2 + 2Ag

- Con lai la HCl, KCl, KOH

* Cho Mg Ian liTdt vho ba ong nghi?m c6n lai

- Ong nao c6 hien tiTdng sui bot khi la HCl

Phan djng va phuong phAp giai H6a hpc 11 VP ca ^ D 6 Xuan Hang

-Bai 7 K i m loai Cu thtfdng c6 Ian mot It Ag iiim loai Hay tnnh bay hai phufcJng

phap dieu chd' CuCNOs): tinh khiet tif loai Cu noi tren Viet cac phu-dng tnnh

phan tfng

(TSDH N}ioa i thumf^)

Gidi

PhiTdngphap 1:

Cho dung dich HNO3 dam dSc vao hon help Cu c6 Ian Ag tha'y c6 khi mau

nau bay ra

Cu + 4 H N O 3 > Cu(N03)2 + 2N02t + 2H2O

A g + 2HNO3 > AgN03 + NOjt + H2O

Cho Cu vao dung djch thu diTdc gom Cu(N03)2 va AgNOj c6 phiin vfng xay ra

Cu + 2AgN03 > Cu(N03)2 + 2 A g i

Loc ket tua thu diTcJc Cu(N03)2 tinh khiet

* PhiTdng ph^p 2 : Dem hon hdp Cu c6 Ian Ag dot chay thi chi c6 Cu chay

2Cu + 0 2 - ^ 2CuO

Hon hdp sau khi chay gom Ag va CuO, cho dung dich HCl vao thi CuO tan

trong H C l c6n lai A g khong tan

CuO + 2HC1 > CuCh + H2O

LOG bo ket tua A g sau 66 cho dung dich AgNOs vao thu du^dc dung dich

Cu(N03)2 va ket tua trang AgCl

CuCl2 + 2AgN03 > Cu(N03)2 + 2 A g C l l

Loc bo AgCl thi thu du'cJc Cu(N03)2 tinh khiet

Bai 8 Chi dilng them Cu va mot muoi tiiy chpn hay nhan bie't cac dung dich

axit sau: H2SO4 dSc, HCl, H3PO4 va HNO3

Gidi

Cho Cu vao tijrng mau thuf:

- Mau c6 khi thoat ra hoa nau ngoai khong khi la dung djch HNO3

3Cu + 8HNO3 > 3Cu (N03)2 + 2 N 0 + 4H2O

2 N 0 + O2 > 2NO2

- M a u CO khi mui h^c thoit ra, c6 dung dich xanh lam tao ra la dung djch

H2SO4 dac

Cu + 2H2S04dr.c CUSO4 + S O i t + 2H2O

Con lai la HCl va H3PO4

* Cho dung dich AgNOs vao hai hi thuf con lai

- M a u nao co ket tiia trang / ' Mat Men la HCl

HCl + A g N O j >AgCl-! 03

82

Mau CO kc't tua vang Ag3P04 la H3PO4

H3PO4 + 3AgN03 — ^ Ag3P04>l + 3HNO3

p ^ l 9 Chi diing mot axit thong dung va mot bazd thong dung hay phan bict ba hcJp kim sau :

Viet cac phu'dng trinh phan iJng xay ra

(DHQGTP.HCM) Gidi

* Dilng axit la dung dich HCl, bazd lii dung dich-NH3

_ Cho dung dich HCl Ian lu^dt vao ba hdp kim tren, mau hdp kim nao khong tan

la Cu - A g , hai mau hdp kim con lai tan mot phan va siii bot khi

2A1 + 6HC1 > 2AICI3 + 3H2t

Zn + 2HC1 > ZnCl2 + Hjt

- Sau do cho tiep dung dich NH3 Ian lu'dt den du" vao hai dung dich thu du'dc : Dung dich nao cho ket tua va khong tan trong dung dich NH3 diT la mau Cu - AI

AICI3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O > Al(0H)3i + 3NH4CI

Dung dich nao cho ke't tua va tan dan trong dung dich NH3 dtfla mau Cu - Zn

ZnCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O > Zn(0H)2i + 2NH4CI Zn(0H)2 + 4NH3 > [Zn(NH3)4]^^ + 20H-

Bai 10 Hay trinh bay sd do tach N2 va CO2 ra khoi hon hdp gom cac khi CO,,

N2, O2, CO va hdi n\idc Viet cdc phifdng trinh (neu c6)

Bai 11. C o bo'n goi hot m a u Ir^ng : B a O , K 2 O , Si02, P2OS. Chi dung niTdc hay

nhan bicl bon goi bot Iren

Gidi

* Cho bo'n goi bot vao bo'n co'c

* SaudochonU'dclaniirmvaoboncoc

Coc nao khong tan lii Si02

Ba coc con isii tan tao thanh ba dung dich Ba(0H)2, KOH, H3PO4

BaO+ H2O >Ba(OH)2

K 2 O + H2O >2K0H

P2O5 + 3H2O > 2H3PO4

* Tron cac dung djch thu diTdc vdi nhau tuTng d6i mot

Mau nao c6 ke'l tua thi m a u axit la H2PO4, m?iu dung dich bazd la Ba(0H)2,

c6n lai Ih KOH

Vay mau axit H3PO4 ihi m a u ban dau la P2O5, m a u bazd Ba(0H)2 thl mau

ban dau m BaO, m a u con lai la KOH thi m a u ban dau lii K2O

2H3PO4 + 3Ba(OH)2 > Ba3(P04)2i + 6H2O

H3PO4 + 3K0H — > K3PO4 + 3H2O

Bai 12 Lam the n^o de nhan biet cac ion sau : CP, NO3, Ap"^ va NH4 trong mpi

dung dich

Gidi

* Cho dung djch NaOH vao dung djch chiJa bo'n ion tren

- Thay c6 khi miii khai bay ra thi do la ion NH4

N H ; + OH" > NH3t + H2O

- Tha'y tao thtlnh ket lua keo trang tan trong OH' dxX thi do la ion Al^""

Al'* + 30H- > Al(0H)3l

A1(0H)3 + O H " > AlO" + 2H2O

Hai ion c6n lai la NO J v^ CI"

* Cho dung dich H2SO4 loang v^o dung dich, sau do cho them mot it vun dong

v^o tha'y c6 khi NO bay ra khong mau hoa nau ngoai khong khi 1^ ion NO3

3Cu + 8H* + 2NO3- > Cu^* + 2N0t + 4H2O

iki 1 Cho 0,448 lit khi NH3 (dktc) di qua ong sif difng 16 gam CuO nung nong,

I thu du^cJc cha't ran X (gia phan iJng xiiy ra hoan toiin) Tinh phan triim khoi

Itfdng cua cac chat trong hon hdp X

Gidi

Ta c6: n|^„^ = 0,02 mol; ncuo = 0,2 mol

PiJ: 3CuO + 2NH3 ^ 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O

^ 0,2 0,02

Ta thay: — > ncuOd.r = 0,2-0,03 = 0,17mol

3 2 Vay hh ran X gdm: CuO diT: 0,17 mol va Cu: 0,03 mol

0,03.64

%Cu = 0,17.80 + 0,03.64 -.100% = 12,37%

%CuOd„= 100% - 12,37% = 87,63%

Bai 2 Can la'y bao nhieu lit khi nittt va khi hidro dc dieu chc difdc 67,2 lil khi

amoniac Biet rang the tich cua cac khi deu du'dc do trong ciing dieu kicMi nhi^t do, ap sua't va hieu suat cua phan uTng la 25%

100

VN = 3 3 , 6 — = 134,4 (lit); = 100,8.—= 403,2 (lit)

Bai 3 Tron 200ml dung djch natri nitrit 3M vdi 200ml dung djch amoni clorua

2M roi dun nong cho den khi phan uTng thiTc hien xong Xac djnh the tich ciia

khi nitd sinh ra (cl dktc) va nong do mol cua cac muoi trong dung djch sau phiin

iJng Gia thie't the tich cua dung djch thay ddi khong dang ke

Gidi

NaN02 + NH4CI NaCl + N + 2H2O

0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4

Ta CO : n^^NOj = 0-2.3 = 0,6 (mol); n^H^ci = 0-2.2 = 0,4 (mol)

n NaNOj dif = 0,6-0,4 = 0,2 (mol)

Phan dang va phucng phap giai Hoa hgc 11 Va co - D5 Xuan Hung

The tich dung dich : V = 0,2 + 0,2 = 0,4 (h't)

Nong do mol cac muo'i Irong dung djch sau phiin ifng :

CM , ,C>, - = = K M ) ; ^ = £ = M ^ 0,5 (M)

Vj,^ =0,4.22,4 = 8,96 (lit)

15ai 4 Hon hdp khi X gom Ni vii H2 c6 ti khoi so vcJi He bang 1,8 Dun nong X

mot tluti gian trong binh kin (c6 hot Fe lam xuc tac), thu dUdc hon hdp khi Y

CO ti khoi so vdi He bang 2 Tinh hieu suii't cua phan iJng tdng hdp NH3

A 50% B .169; C.40% D 25%

Gidi

Chon so'mol ciia hon hdp la 1

Goi so mol ciia Nn la x, tlii ciia Hi la 1 - x, so mol N2 phan I'rng la a

N2 + 3H: , '" • 2NH:, Ban dau: a 1 - a

vi'fi nong do tiTcJng iTng la 0,3 M va 0,7 M Sau khi phiin i'rng tdng hdp N H ,

dat trang thai can bang d t''C, H2chiem 50% the tich hon hdp thu du-dc Tinh

hiliig so can biuig Kc d t"C ciia phiin ling

Bai 6 Cho 3 mol N2 va 8 mol H2 vao mot binh kin c6 the tich khong ddi chu";

san chat xiic lac (the tich khong dang kc) Bat tia Wa dien cho phiin i'rng xiiy

ra, sau do diTa ve nhiet do ban dau thi thay ap suii't giam 10% so vdi ap suat

ban dau Tinh % ve the tich cua Nj sau phan i^ng

Sau phiin iJng 3 - x 8 - 3x 2x "

So mol khi triTdc phiin iing Ui = 3 + 8 = 11

Sd^ mol khi sau phiin iJng n2 = 11 - 2x

Do binh kin nen tip suii't ti Ic vdi so mol, ta c6:

Dang 5 - Bai tap ve axit HNO3, H3PO4

- Bai tap tong hdp

B A I T A P M A U

Bai 1 Khi tron Ian 150ml dung djch NaOH 0,25M vdi 25()ml dung dich H.,iH)4 0,06M thu dirdc dung dich A

a) Tinh nong do mol ciia ctic chat tan va cac ion trong dung dich A?

b) Them 0,42g KOH vao dung djch A thu diTdc dung dich B Tinh nong do m^i cua cac ion Irong dung djch B, bicl rang khi hoa tan them KOH thi the tu:

dung djch lhay ddi khong diing kc

lan d;ng va phiiOng ph^p giSi H6a hpc 11 VP co - D5 Xuan Hung

=>Tao ra hai muoi NajHPOa va Na^POa

2NaOH + H3PO4 )• Na2HP04 + 2H2O

0,0225

C = 2 = 0,01875 (M) 'M (Na,P04)

0,15 + 0,25 0,015

K3PO4

0,0025

Na3P04 : 0,005+ 0,0075 = 0,0125 (mol)

KjPO^ : 0,0025 (mol) 3Na* + PO .1-

0,0375 0,0125

3K^ +

POj-0.0075 0.0025 N6ng dp mol cac ion trong dung djch B :

Bai 2 Cho 13,5g nhom tac dung viTa du voti 2,2 lit dung djch HNO3, phan tJng tao

ra muoi nhom va mot hon hpp khi gom NO va N2O Tinh nong dp mol ctia

dung dich HNO3 Bict rang li khoi cua hon hdp khi doi v6i hidro bang 19,2