Phân Dạng Và Phươg Pháp Giải Bài Tập Hoá Học 11 Phần Vô Cơ Phần 3

Phân Dạng Và Phươg Pháp Giải Bài Tập Hoá Học 11 Phần Vô Cơ Phần 3 tài liệu, giáo án, bài giảng , luận văn, luận án, đồ á...

hSn dgng vi phaong ph^p gii\a hpc 11 VP co - D5 Xuan Hung

;:au 13 Cho quy tim h1n lu'cJt vao tiTng mau thuT:

Mau lam quy hoa xanh la K2CO3 va NaOH

MSu lam quy hoa do la HNO3 va (NH4)2S04

Ca(N03)2 khong doi mau quy tim

Cho Ca(N03)2 vao 2 mau lam quy tim hoa xanh, mau tao kct tua la K2CO3

mau con lai la NaOH Lay NaOH cho vao 2 mau lam quy tim hoa do Man

giai phong khi c6 miii khai la (NH4)2S04, con lai la HNO3 Hoac lay K2CO3

cho vao 2 mau Ircn, mau c6 giiii phong khi la HNO3

M + 8n 4 Khi n = 2 thl M = 64

Vay muoi nilral la Cu(N03)2 => Chon C

:au 15 Goi X, y la so mol ciia KNO3 va Cu(N03)2 trong hon hdp

PhiTcfng trinh phan uTng xay ra:

x + 5y = 37,82 Giai he tim x, y tiT do chpn ke't qua dung => Chon B

'au 16 Phiin ufng nhict phan:

Pb(N03)2 — ^ PbO + 2NO2 + I/2O2

Goi X la so mol Pb(N03)2 da nhiet phan:

Khoi iMng khi thoat ra = 2x.46 + 0,5x.32 = 66,2 - 55,4 = 10,8

Hon hdp sau phan uTng gdm O2 dirO,5 lit, N2 8 lit, NO2 3 lit

The tich hon hdp lii: 11,5 lit

=> Chpn A

-Su 20 X c t cac qua irinh cho-nhan electron:

Qua trinh cho e:

A l - 3e->Ar'

39x 13x 2N^' + 8 e - > 2N*' 16x 2x

Qua trinh nhan e

N ^ ' + 3e ^ N ^ ' 3x x

2N^' + lOe^

20x 2x

N2

Pa c6: 5x = 2 mol => x = 0,4 mol mAi = 13.0,4.27 = 140,4 g => Chon C

C3u 21 Phi/dng trinh phan (Jng:

Phan djing phuBng ph^p gijii H6a hgc 11 VP co - D5 Xuan Himg

Cfiu 23 Cu -> Cu(N03)2 ^ Cu(OH)2 CuO

Ta c6: So mol dong ban dau = 3.2/64 = 0,05 mol

=> ncu = nc„c) = 0,05 mol

= > X = 0,05.80 = 4 gam => Chon A

Cfiu 24 Phifdng irinh phan uTng xiiy ra:

3Cu + 8HNO, -)• 3Cu(NO,)2 + 2NO + 4H2O

=> Vkhi = (2x/3 + 2y).22,4 = 4,48 lit => Chon C

Cau 25 PhUitiig liinh phan u^ng:

2x8Al + 30HNO., -> 8AI(NO.,).i + 3N2O + I5H2O

3xlOAl + 36HNO., ^ 10A1(NO.,)., + 3N2 + I8H2O

46A1 + 168HNO, -> 46Al(NOj)., + 6N2O + 9N2 + 84H2O

Vijy l i Ic A l : N:0 : NO = 46 : 6 : 9 => Chon B

Cau 26 So mol HNO, phan iJ-ng

= 3 X so mol A l + so mol NO + 2 x so mol N2O + 2 x so mol N2

= 3 13 0,4 + 0,4 + 2.2.0,4 + 2.2.0,4 = 19,2 mol

=> The lich axil la 38,4 lil => Chon A

Cau 27 Tinh difdc so mol = 0.1 mol

so mol NO.r = 0,04 mol va so mol Cu = 0,0375 mol

Phifdng irinh phan i?ng dang ion n i l gon:

3Cu + 8 H ^ + 2 N O r - » 3 C u ' ^ + 2 N O + 4H20 Tri/ckphanifng 0,0375 0,1 0,04

0,0375 0,1 0,04

X c l l Ic ~ —

3 8 2

Qua l i Ig lhay NO,' diT, Cu va H^phiin iJng hcl

so mol NO = 0,025 mol ^ V = 0,56 lil =^ Chon D

Cfiu 28 Ctic phu-cJng Irinh phan I'rng:

Tinh khoi Ming cac muo'i la chon diTctc kcl qua => Chon D

-fiu 31 X c l qua trinh Ca3(P04)2

90 73 1000

-' = 1203,6 kg ^ Chon C

Phan dgng va phuong ph^p giai H6a hpc 11 VP cd - D8 Xuan Hi^ig

Q £Mng3. CACBON - SnJC

A T 6 M T A T Li T H U Y E T

Khai qu^t ve nhom cacbon:

Nhom cacbon gom : cacbon (C), silic (Si), gemani (Ge), thiec (Sn)

(Pb) deu thuoc nguyen to p, cau hinh electron ngoai ciing : ns^ npl

I C A C B O N

- Cau hinh electron : ls^2s^2p^

- Cac so oxi hoa cua C : -4; 0; +2 va +4

- Cac dang thu hinh : kirn cifdng, than chi, fuleren

* Tinh chat hoa hoc :

The hien tinh khuT hoSc tinh oxi h6a nhiftig chu yeu la tinh khuT

1 Tinh khur

a) Tac dung vdi oxi: C + O2 > CO^

0 „ +2

b) Tac dung vdi hdp chat:

2 Tinh oxi hoa

a) Vdi hidro : C + 2H2 '" > CH4

0 „ -4

b) Vdi kim loai: 3 C + 4A1 — ^ AI4C3

* PhUcmfi trinh dieu che : CH4 '" ' C + 2H2

II H0P CHAT C U A C A C B O N

1 Cacbon mono oxit (CO) : C^O

* La mot oxit khong tao muoi (oxit trung tinh)

* CO the hi?n tinh khijr:

2. Cacbon dioxit (COg) : 0=C=0

- La mot oxit axit

- Tan trong niTdc dung dich axit cacbonic

CO2 + H2O ^ H2CO3

- Tac dung diTdc vdi oxit bazd, bazd -> muo'i cacbonat

CO2 + 2K0H, > K2CO3 + H2O

- Tac dung vdi chat khuf manh :

2Mg + CO2 — ^ 2MgO + C

* Dieu che :

CaCOj + 2HC1:—> CaCb + C 0 2 t + H2O

3 Axit cacbonic (H2CO3) va mu6li cacbonat

a) Axit cacbonic (H2CO3): ^ C=0

H - 0

- La axit raft yeu, kem ben

- La mot diaxit, tao ra hai loai muoi:

+ muoi cacbonat (COf") + muoi hidrocacbonat (HCOJ)

b) Muoi cacbonat:

- Tac dung vdi axit -> C 0 2 t

NaHC03 + HCl > NaCl + CO2T + H2O

Na2C03 + 2HC1 > 2NaCl + C 0 2 t + H2O

- Tac dung vdi dung dich kiem :

KOH + K H C O 3 > K 2 C O 3 + H2O

- Phan iJng nhi$t phan :

BaC03 BaO + C02t

2NaHC03 Na2C03 + COzt + H2O

III SILIC V A H0P CHAT C U A SILIC

Phan danp vS phuonfl ph^p giai H6a hgc 11 VP CO - B6 Xufln Hung

0 +4

a) Tinh khuf: Si + O2 > SiOj

Si + 2NaOH + H2O > Na^SiOj + 2H2t

b) Tinh oxi h6a :

Tac dung vdi kirn loai -> silixua kim loai

0 -4

2Mg + Si > Mg2Si (magie sihxua)

* Dieu che:

- Trong phong thi nghiem : Si02 + 2Mg 2MgO + Si

- Trong cong nghiep : Si02 + 2C Si + 2CO

2 H^p chS't cua silic

+4

a) Silic dioxit (SiOg)

- La oxit axit: SiOz + 2NaOH NajSiOj + HjO

SiOz + NazCOj NajSiOs + CO2

- Si02 tan trong axit flohidric (dCing kh^c thiiy tinh)

Si02 + 4 H F ).SiF4 + 2H20

b) Axit silixic muoi sihcat:

- Axit silixic (HzSiOs) : chS't dang keo, khong tan trong ntfdc, de ma't niTdc khi

dun n6ng

HzSiOj -A SiOa + H2O

- Muoi silicat : trong dung dich, silicat cua kim loai kiem bi thuy phan manh

tao ra moi trtfdng kiem

Na2Si03 + 2 H 2 O 2 N a O H + H2Si03

B P H A N L O A I V A PHiTdNG P H A P G I A I C A C D A N G B A I T A P

Dang 1 - L^p phi/cfng trihh h6a hoc

- Viet chudi phan CTng

- Di4u ch§' c6c chfi't

BAI TAP M A U VA BAI TAP AP D U N G

Bai 1 Lap phtfdng trinh h6a hoc cua cic phan tfng sau dSy :

(3) (4)

(5) (6) (7) (8)

CaO + CO2 > CaCOs

Ca(HC03)2 CaCOj + CO2 + H2O

CaC03 + CO2 + H2O > Ca(HC03)2

CaCOj + 2HC1 > CaClz + C02t + H2O

3CaC03 + 2H,P04 > Ca3(P04)2 + SCOjT + 3H2O

3CaO + 2H3P04 > Ca3(P04)2 + SHjO Ca(HC03)2 + 2HC1 > CaCb + 2CO2 + 2H2O (10) CaC03 + H2S04 > CaS04 + CO2 + H2O

NaHC03 + NaOH > Na2C03 + H2O

* D l chuyen Ca(HC03)2 thanh CaC03 ta dem muoi Ca(HC03)2 khan nung

Phan dgng phJong ph^p giSi H6a hgc 11 va cO - D8 Xufln Hung

* NgiTdc lai : chuyen NajCOj thanh NaHCOj va CaCOj th^nh Ca(HC03)2 ta

cho hai muoi Na2C03 va CaCOs Ian liTcJt vao dung dich CO2 bao hoa

Na2C03 + CO2 + H2O > 2NaHC03

CaCOa + C O 2 + H2O > Ca(HC03)2

0 2 4 M n O ; + 5QH ,206 + 72H*•

2P + 3CaSi03+ 5 CO 24Mn^++ 3OCO2 + 66H2O

ai 5 Bo tuc chuSi phan ufiig, viet cdc phtfdng trinh phan uTng (m6i mui ten 1^ mot

phan tfng) Cho biet B Ik khi dting nap cho c^c binh chi?a lufa (dap t^t luTa) A Ik khodng san phd bien thUcJng dilng 6i san xuS't voi song

NaHC03 + NaOH > Na2C03 + H2O

Na2C03 + HCl > NaHC03 + NaCl

NaHC03 + Ca(0H)2 > NaOH + CaCOj + H2O

NasCOj + CaCla > CaCOj + 2NaCl

Bai 6 Tur nguyen lieu chinh Ih muoi an, dd voi, ntfdc, khong khi va cha't xuc tic

c6 du Viet cac phiTdng trinh dieu che cac cha't sau:

b) N H 4 H C O 3 + NH3 > (NH4 )2C03 c) (NH4 )2C03 + 2NaOH > NazCOj + 2NH3 + 2H2O

hoac C02 + 2NaOH >Na2C03 + H20

Bai 7 Cho cic cha't CaC03, dung dich NaOH, dung dich NaHCOj, dung dich HCl Vid't cdc phiTdng trmh phan tfng hoa hoc xay ra khi cho cic chS't tac

dung vdi nhau tilfng d6i mot

(TNTHPT)

129

Phan d?ng va phuong ph&p giai H6a hpc 11 V6 cd - D8 XuSn Hung

Gidi

CaCOj + 2HC1 > CaCb + COzt + H2O

NaOH + NaHCOj > NaiCOj + H2O

NaOH + HCl > NaCl + H2O

NaHCOj + HCl > NaCl + COst + HjO

Bai 8 Co cac chat sau : CO2, Na2C03, C, NaOH, NazSiOj, HjSiOj Hay lap

thanh mot day chuyen hoa gifl"a cac chat va vie't cac phiTcJng trinh hoa hpc

Gidi

Day sd do bien hoa :

C CO2 N&iCOi NaOH NazSiOj HiSiOj

t <5>

(1) C + 0 2 - ^ C 0 2

(2) CO2 + 2Na0H > NaiCOj + H2O

(3) Na2C03 + Ba(0H)2 > BaCOj + 2NaOH

(4) 2NaOH + Si02 > NazSiOj + H2O

(5) NazSiOj + 2HC1 > 2NaCl + H2Si03

(6) Na2Si03 + CO2 + H2O > NazCOj + H2Si03

Bai 9 Nhiet phan mot lirpng CaC03, sau mot th6i gian di/cJc chS't r^n A khi

B Cho khi B hap thu hoan toan vao dung dich KOH, thu difdc dung dich D

Dung dich tic dung dU'dc vdi dung dich BaCl2 va vdi dung dich NaOH Cho

r^n A tac dung vdi dung dich HCl di/, diTdc khi B va dung dich E Co can

dung dich E difdc muoi khan F Dipn phan muoi F nong chay, di/dc kim loai

M Viet phiTdng trinh hoa hoc cua cac phan tfng xay ra

Giai

KHCO,

A : CaO; CaC03 duf B : CO2 Dung dich D

[K2CO3

Muoi khan F : CaClj Dung dich E : CaCl2 M : Ca

CaCOj CaO + CO2

CO2 + KOH )-KHC03

CO2 + 2K0H — y K2CO3 + H2O

Ca0 + 2HC1 >CaCl2 + H20

CaC03 + 2HCl > CaClz + COzt + H2O

K2CO3 + BaClz > BaCOjJ- + 2KC1

2KHGO3 + 2 N a O H > K2CO3 + Na2C03 + 2H2O

CaClj -^2SL> Ca + C b t

'Bai 10 Viet cdc phiTcfng trinh h6a hoc theo cdc set do sau : a) Silic dioxit > natri silica^—-+^aA^^ dioxit

magie silixua < silic

b) CO2 > CaC03 > Ca(HC03)2 > CO2 > C > CO >• CO2

Gidi

a) Si02 >-Na2Si03 • HzSiOs >• Si02

Mg2Si < Si

Si02 + 2NaOH > NazSiOj + H2O

Na2Si03 + CO2 + H2O > Na2C03 + H2Si03

H2Si03 -A Si02 + H2O

Si02 + 2C Si + 2C0

Si + O2 SiOz

Si + 2Mg Mg2Si

Si + 2NaOH + H2O > Na2Si03 + 2H2t

b) CO2 + Ca(OH)2 > CaC03 + H2O

CaC03 + CO2 + H2O >Ca(HC03)2 Ca(HC03)2 CaC03 + CO2 + H2O

CO2 + 2Mg 2MgO + C

CO + O2 CO2

Bai 11

a) Vie't phuTdng trinh hoa hoc cua phan iJng m6 ta thuy tinh bi axit H F an m6n

Biet r!ing thanh phan chu yeu cua thiiy tinh Ik NaiSiOj (Na20.Si02)

CaSi03 (CaO.Si02)

b) Tilf Si02 vk c&c hda cha't can thiet khac hay v i ^ t phifdng trinh hda hpc c i a cic phan urng dieu c h ^ axit silixic

Gidi

a) Na2Si03 + 6HF - - -> SiF4t + 2NaF + 3H2O

CaSiOa + 6HF > SiF^ + CaF2 + SH.O b) Si02 + 2NaOH > NajSiOj + H2O

Na2Si03 + CO2 + H2O )-Na2C0, + H2Si03

Bai 12 Bo tuc va hoan thanh cac phan iJng sau :

Cacbon + HNO3 jsc > A + NO2 + HjO

D : Na2Si03 E : H2Si03 Photgen : COCI2

C + 4HNO3 JSC > CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O

CO2 + C - A 2 C O

CO + CI2 ^ COCI2

HCOOH "a^Q^dac^ CO + H2O

2C0 + 0 2 - ^ 2CO2

C02 + 2NaOH )• Na2C03 + H2O

Na2C03 + Si02 Na2Si03 + CO2

Na2Si03 + CO2 + H2O >Na2C03 + H2Si03

H2Si03 Si02 + H2O

Dang 2 Nhcjn bi§'t, tach rdi, tinh chd' c 6 c chd't: CO, CO2, SiOa,

muoi cacbonat

BAI TAP MAU VA BAI T^P AP DyNG

Bai 1 C6 ba khi gom CO, HCl va SO2 difng trong ba binh rieng bi$t Trlnh bay

phUdng phdp hoa hoc de phan bi$t tiTng khi Viet c^c phiTdng trinh h6a hoc

Giai

- Dan ba khi trdn Ian lifdt vao dung dich ntfdc voi trong dir khi n^o tao kd't tua

tr^ng la SO2, con lai la CO va HCl

SO2 + Ca(0H)2 > CaS03i + H2O

- Cho quy tim am Ian liTcJt vao hai khi con lai, khi n^o lam cho quy tim am h6a

do la HCl Con lai la CO

Cho hon hdp ba oxit AI2O3, Si02 va MgO v^o dung dich axit HCl duf ta t^ch

diidc SiOz khong tan c6n lai dung dich gom AICI3, MgCh va HCl dU

AI2O3 + 6HC1 > 2AICI3 + 3H2O

MgO + 2HC1 > MgClj + H2O _ Cho dung djch NaOH diT vao dung dich thu diTdc ta tach diTcJc Mg(0H)2 va dung dich g6m NaA102, NaCl, NaOH duf, sau do lay Mg(OH)2 dem nung ta diTdc MgO

AlCl3 + 3NaOH > 3NaCl + Al(0H)3i

Al(OH)3 + NaOH > NaAIO2 + 2H2O

MgCl2 + 2NaOH > 2NaCl + Mg(OH)24'

Mg(OH)2 MgO + H2O

- Thdi CO2 v^o dung dich thu dmc ta difdc ket tua A1(0H)3 sau do dem nung

ra thu diTdc AI2O3

CO2 + NaA102 + 2H2O > NaHCOj + Al(OH)34' 2Al(OH)3 AI2O3 + 3H2O

a) Dan hon hdp khi qua nuTdc v6i trong thi khi CO2 bi giff lai

CO2 + Ca(0H)2 > CaC03>l + H2O

Tiep tuc cho hon hdp khi con lai di qua H2SO4 dam dSc thi H2O bi giff lai c5n

CO thi khong, do do thu dffdc CO tinh khiet

b) Cho hai khi Ian Iffdt dem dot chay, sau do dan san pham di qua nffdc voi trong dir, thay nifdc voi trong hoa due thi khi ban dau la CO, con lai la khi hidro

2CO + 0 2 - ^ 2CO2 2H2 + 0 2 - ^ 2H2O

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 > CaCOji + H2O

Bai 4 Co mpt hon hdp khi gom cacbon dioxit va Iffu huj'nh dioxit Trinh bay

phifdng phdp hoa hoc de chffng minh sif c6 mat cua moi khi trong hon hdp

133

Phan dgng va phuong ph^p giSi H6a hpc 11 VP co - D5 Xuan Hung

Gidi

Dan h§n hcJp hai khi CO2 SO2 di qua dung dich brom c6 m i u da cam, thS'y

khi nao l ^ m cho dung dich brom mat mau d6 la SO2

SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O > H2SO4 + 2HBr

Dan khi c6n lai qua dung djch midc voi trong dif thay xua't hien ket tua thi do

la CO2

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 > CaCOji + H2O

Bai 5 L ^ m the nSo de tach rieng tCfng khi CO va CO2 ra khoi hon hcJp cfia

chung :

a) B i n g phiTdng phdp v$t li b) B^ng phiTdng phdp hoa hoc

Gidi

a) B^ng phiTdng phap vat l i :

Ncn hon hcfp hai khi di/di dp suat cao, khi CO2 se hoa long diTcJc iich ra ta

thu dtfcfc CO2, khi con lai 1^ CO

b) B^ng phiTdng phdp h6a hoc :

- Dan hon hdp hai khi di qua dung djch Ca(0H)2 AM, khi CO2 bi gii? lai vl tao

kct tiia, c6n lai la khi CO

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 > CaCOji + H2O

- Loc lay ket tua cho tdc dung vdi dung dich HCl thu dufdc khi CO2 bay ra

CaCOj + 2HC1 > CaClj + CO2T + H2O

Bai 6, B^ng phtfdng phap nao c6 the nhan ra cdc cha't tin sau day : Na2C03,

MgCOj, BaCOj

(Trich TSDH Y Dmc TP.HCM)

Giai

* Cho niTdc Ian liTdt vao ba mau cha't r^n

- Mau nao tan la Na2C03

- Hai mau con lai khong tan la MgCOs va BaCOa

* Cho dung dich H2SO4 loang Ian liTdt v^o hai mau c6n lai BaCOs va MgCOj

- Mau nao tao ket tua tr^ng v^ c6 khi bay len 1^ BaCOa

BaCO, + H2SO4 > BaS04i + COjt + H.O

- Mau CO khi bay len la MgCOj

MgCOj + H2SO4 > MgS04 + CO2T + H2O

B^i 7

a) PhSn biet cdc khi H2S, SO2 CO2 bkng phiTdng phdp hoa hoc Vieft cdc phifdng

trinh phan drng tifdng thig

b) Tinh che CO2 c6 Ian mOt it SO2 v^ H2 Vid't cdc phifdng trlnh phan uTng xay ra

(Trich DHMii TP.HCM)

134

Giai

) Dan ba khi l l n Itfdt v^o dung djch Pb(N03)2

Khi nko tao ket tua den la H2S Con lai la CO2 va SO2

H2S + Pb(N03)2 > PbSi + 2HNO3

Dan hai khi con lai Ian Itfdt qua dung dich brom, khi nao lam ma't mau dung dich brom ^ SO2, c6n lai 1^ CO2

SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O > H2SO4 + 2HBr

b) Cho hon hdp khi v^o dung djch niTdc brom diT loai di/dc SO2, sau do dan hon

hdp khi con lai di qua dung dich ni/dc voi trong ta thu difdc kct tua, cho kct tun

tac dung vdi dung dich HCl thu diTdc CO2 tinh khiet

SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O > H2SO4 + 2HBr

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 > CaC03i + H2O CaC03 + 2HC1 > CaCl2 + C02t + H2O

Bai 8 Chi c6 nufdc va khi cacbonic c6 the phan biet difdc nam chat bot trang sau day hay khong : Na2S04, BaC03, NaCl, Na2C03, BaS04 Ncu diTdc hiiy trinh

bay each phan biet ; ,

Gi&i

* Cho nirdc Ian liTdt vao ndm mau diTng nam chat hot trcn

- Mau nao tan la : NaCl, Na2S04, NajCO,

- Mau khong tan la BaC03 v^ BaS04

* Thoi khi CO2 vao hai mau thuf khong tan

- Mau nao tan tao thanh dung dich la BaCOj

- Mau nao khong tan la BaS04

BaC03 + CO2 + H2O > Ba(HCO,

)-* Lay dung dich thu diTdc d tren cho vao ba mau tan, mau nao tao ket tua la

Na2S04 va Na2C03, c6n lai la NaCl

Na2S04 + Ba(HC03)2 > ^aSO^i + 2NaHC03

Na2C03 + Ba(HC03)2 > BaCOji + 2NaHC0,

* Loc lay ket tua thu difdc, sau do thoi khi CO2 v^ cho ntfdc vao, kcl lOa nao

tan la BaCOs - > mau ban dau la Na2C03, mau con lai la Na2S04

Bai 9 Cho dung djch A c6 chtfa cac ion: Na* NH^', HCO3 SO; , C O ^ (khong k ^ cdc ion H* v^ OH' cua H2O) chi c6 quy tim vS cdc dung dich HCl Ba(OH)2 c6 the nhan bie't di/dc cdc ion nao trong dung djch A?

(Trich DH Nfiocii Tliunna)

Giai

Chi CO quy tim v i cdc dung dich HCl, dung dich Ba(OH)2 thi nhan biet difdc

13?

Phan dgng phiiong phap g l i i H6a hqc 11 VP cd - D8 Xuan Hang

cdcion: N H + , HCO", SO^", COl~, c6n lai Na^ khong nhan biet dtfcJc

BaCOj + 2 H C 1 > BaCh + C O 2 T + H2O

Ba(0H)2 + CO2 > BaCOji + H2O

Bai 10 Co bon lo ma't nhan, moi lo di/ng mot trong cac dung djch sau :

NaHCOj, Na2S04, Ba(HC03)2 va Mg(HC03)2 Hay trinh bay each nhan biet

tiTng lo, chi dU'Oc dung thdm each dun nong

Gidi

* Trich moi lo mot it dc lam mau thiir

* Dem dun nong tifng mau thuT

Hai mau tao ket tua va c6 khi bay ra la Ba(HC03)2 va Mg(HC03)2, ton lai la

NaHCOj va Na2S04

Mg(HC03)2 MgC03 + COjt + H2O

Ba(HC03)2 BaC03 + C02t + H2O

* Lay v^i giot dung dich mot trong hai Ip vuTa tao ket tua cho vao hai dung djch

e6n lai thay mau nao tao ket tua tr^ng thi mau thilr nho vao la Ba(HC03)2,

mau c6n lai la Mg(HC03)2 ta biet diTdc ong diTng Na2S04 Con lai la

NaHCOj

Ba(HC03)2 + Na2S04 > BaS04i + 2NaHC03

D a n g 3 B a i t ^ p v e tinh c h d t CO2, m u d i c a c b o n a t

LiAi y : Tinh cha't CO2 tac dung vdi dung dich kiem :

* CO2 phan urng vdi dung dich NaOH (dung djch KOH )

* CO2 phan urng vdi Ca(OH)2 hay Ba(OH)2:

C O 2 + Ca(OH)2 > CaC034' + H2O (1)

2 C O 2 + Ca(OH)2 y Ca(HC03)2 (2) (CaCOj) 1 < - ^ ^ ^ < 2 (Ca(HC03)2)

' l C a ( 0 H ) 2

(CaC03 va Ca(HC03)2)

Neu n c o 2 > T^k^t tua ^^i xay ra ck hai phan tfng (1) v^ (2)

BAI TAP M A U Bai 1 Cho 224ml khi CO2 (dktc) hap thu het trong 100ml dung dich KOH 0,2M Tinh khoi li/dng cua nhiifng cha't eo trong dung dich tao thanh

a) Tim bieu thufc lien he givta a, b, c, d, e

b) Viet cong thuTc tinh tdng khoi liTdng mu6'i trong dung dich

Gidi

a) Ap dung dinh luat bao to^n di^n tich ta c6: a + d = b + 2c + e b) Cong thuTc tinh tdng khoi lifdng mudi:

m„.,i = m^^, + m^, + m^^_ + m^^, + m^^^

, m^ufl-i = 23a + 35,5b + 60c + 18d + 61e

I Bai 3 Dan khi CO2 dieu che dUdc b^ng each cho 50g da voi tac dung vdi axit HCl du" di qua dung dich c6 chiira 32g natri hidroxit Tinh khoi liTdng mudi thu diTdc trong dung djch

Gidi

"caco, = ^ = (mol); n,,oH = ^ = ^'^ (moi)

137

Phan d^ng vk phuong phip giai H6a hpc 11 V6 co - 0 5 Xuan Himg

Bai 4 Nung 52,65g CaCOj d 1000"C va cho loan bo liTcJng khi thodt ra hap thu

het vao 500ml dung dich NaOH 1,8M Hoi thu drfdc nhffng mu^i nao? khoi

lufdng Ih bao nhieu? Biel rang hieu suat cua phan tfng nhiet phan CaCOj la

Hi^u suat phan lirng 95% :

"co2 = ^ 0 , 5 2 6 5 = 0,5 (mol) lUU

nNaOH= 1,8.0,5 = 0,9 (mol)

Tac6til?: 1 < ilNii2H = M = l,8<2

ncoj 0,5

=>thu difdc hai muoi NaHCOs \h Na2C03

ai 5 Dan 2,36 lit CO2 (15"C 2 atm) qua 40ml dung djch Ba(OH)2 2M Muoi

sinh ra la muoi gi? Tinh nong dp mol cua dung dich muo'i thu duTdc (biet the tich dung dich khong thay doi)

0,08 mol 0,08 mol

N6ng dp mol cua Ba(HC03)2: CM= ^ = ^ = 2 (M)

Bai 6 Nung m gam hon hcfp X gom hai muoi cacbonat trung tinh ctia hai kim loai

A, B deu c6 hoa tri 2 Sau mot thcfi gian thu diTdc 3,36 lit CO2 (dktc) \h con lai hon hdp r^n Y Cho Y tac dung vdi dung djch HCI dit roi cho khi thoat ra hap

thu hoan toan bdi dung dich Ca(0H)2 di^, thu diTdc 15 gam ket tua Phan

dung djch dem c6 can thu dtfcJc 32,5 gam hon hdp muoi khan Vie't cac phiTcJng trinh phan iJng va tinh m?

(Trich TS DHQG TP HCM)

Gidi

Dat cong thiJc cua hai muoi cacbonat \h ACO3 va BCO3

ACO3 — ^ AO + C02t BCO3 — ^ BO + C02t " C O 2 - 2 2 4 3,36 = 0,15 (mol) Cho Y + dung dich HCI:

A 0 + 2HC1 >ACl2 + H20

B 0 + 2HC1 >BCl2 + H20 ACO3 + 2HC1 > ACI2 + COzt + H2O BCO3 + 2HC1 > BCI2 + COzt + H2O

C02 + Ca(OH)2 > CaCOji + HzO

0,15 mol 0,15 mol

'CaCO, 15

100 = 0,15 (mol)

139

Phan d?ng vi phuing ph^p giai H6a h^c 11 VP CO - D5 Xuan Hung

Ta CO tdng so mol CO2 : Yl^co^ = 0,15 + 0,15 = 0,3 (mol)

"co?- "coj = 0 , 3 (mol); n^|_ = 0 , 3 (mol)

Khoi liTdng hai kirn loai:

mh„ikin,ioai = 32,5 - m^ = 32,5 - 0,3.2.35,5 = 11,2 (g)

nihh X = mhai kim io,i + m^Q2_ = 11,2 + 0,3.60 = 29,2 (g)

Vay m = 29,2 gam

Bai 7 Cho 10 lit khi (dktc) gom N2 va CO2 di qua 2 lit dung dich Ca(0H)2

0,02M thu duTdc 1 gam ket tua Hay xdc dinh % theo the tich cua CO2 trong

=>Vco^ = 0,01.22,4 = 0,224(lit) %Vcoj = ^ ^ ^ 1 0 0 % = 2,24%

* TH2 : Ca(OH)2 khong dir, xay ra hai phan urng :

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 > CaCOji + H2O

0,04 0,04 0,04

CO2 + CaCOj + H2O >Ca(HC03)2

(mol) 0,03 ( 0 , 0 4 - 0 , 0 1 )

=>S6 mol C O 2 : ncoj = 0,04 + 0,03 = 0,07 (mol)

=> Vcoj =0,07.22,4 = 1,568 (lit) ^ %Wco, = - ^ ^ 1 0 0 % = 15,68%

B a i 8 Hap thu hoan toan 3,36 lit khi CO2 (dktc) vao 125 ml dung dkh

Ba(0H)2 I M , thu diTcJc dung djch X Coi the tich dung dich khong thay do'i,

Tinh nong do mol cua chat tan trong dung djch X

Khi cho CO2 vao dung dich Ba(0H)2 l^n liTdt x&y ra cdc phan iJog:

CO2 + Ba(OH)2 > BaCOji + H2O

0,125 0,125 0,125

=:> ncoj dir = 0,15 - 0,125 = 0,025 mol Theo d^: Hap thu ho^n toan khi CO2 => CO2 het, m^ sau (1) CO2 diT

=> tiep tuc xay ra phan uTng:

CO2 + BaCOj + H2O -> Ba(HC03)2

i 0,025 0,025

>[Ba(HC03)2]= ^ = 0 2 M

a 9 Hap thu ho^n to^n 2,688 lit khi CO2 (d dktc) vSo 2,5 lit dung djch

Ba(OH)2 nong dp a mol/1, thu diTdc 15,76 gam ket tua Tim a

Gidi

r T a c 6 : neo, = ^ = 0,12 mol ; Oe^eo, = ^ = 0,08 mol

Do Ucoj nflacoj ngoai BaCOs con c6 Ba(HC03)2 diTdc tao th^nh [ 2CO2 + Ba(0H)2 -> Ba(HC03)2

Phan dgng va phuang phip giai H6a hpc 11 VP co - P8 Xuan Hung

Bai 10 Nung 13,4 gam hon hcfp 2 muo'i cacbonat cua 2 kim loai hoa tri 2, thu

diTdc 6,8 gam chS't tin va khi X LUcJng khi X sinh ra cho hap thu vao 75 ml

dung dich NaOH 1M thu dU"dc m gam muo'i khan Tinh m

Gidi

Goi cong thtfc chung cua hai muoi cacbonat kim loai hoa tri I I la RCO3

RCO3 — ^ RO + CO2

Ap dung dinh luat bao toan kho'i Itfdng ta c6:

i"coj = niRco, - niRo = 13,4 - 6,8 - 6,6 (g) Ucoj = 0,15 mol

Tac6: UNaOH = 0.075 mol

^ ^ % a O H ^ M Z ^ = 0,5 < 1 tao muoi NaHC03 va CO2 dir

CO2 + NaOH ^ NaHCOj

0.075 0,075

m„„.ti = 0,075.84 = 6,3 (g)

Bai 11 Cho hon hdp K2CO3 va NaHC03 (ti 16 mol 1 : 1) vao binh dung dich

Ba(HC03)2 thu di/dc ket tua X va dung dich Y Them tur tCr dung djch HCl

0,5M vao binh den khi khong con khi thoat ra thi het 560 ml Biet toan bo Y

phdn tfng vifa du vdi 200 ml dung djch NaOH I M Tinh khoi liTcJng ke't tua X

Gidi

Goi s6' mol K2CO3 bd = NaHCOs = x mol

So mol Ba(HC03)2 = y mol

Dung dich Y tac dung vdi NaOH: OH* + HCO3' C03^" + H2O

0,2 0,2 Tac6:x + 2y = 0,2(1)

Dung dich Y tic dung vdi HCl: H* + HCO3" ->C02 + H2O

0,2 0,2

2H* + C03^ ^ CO2 + H2O

Suy ra: 2x + 0,2 = 0,28 x = 0,04 the v^o (1) ->• y = 0,08

Phin tfng t?o k^t tiia: Ba^* + COj^' -> BaCOa

So mol BaC03 = mol COj^' = x = 0,04 kh^i lUtfng k^t tua = 7,88 gam

Bai 12 Hap thu ho^n to^n 2,24 lit CO2 (dktc) v^o 100ml dung dich g6m K2CO3

0,2M v i KOH X mol/lit, sau khi cic ph^n tfng xdy ra ho^n toiln thu dtfdc

dung dich Y Cho tokn bp Y tic dyng vdi dung djch BaCU (dtf), thu dtfcfc

11,82 gam k^t tOa Tim g i i tri ciia x

142

Gidi

11 82

Ta c6: nco, = 0,1 mol; nB.co, = ~ [ ^ ^ "xzco, = 0'02 mol

Khi sue CO2 vao dung dich hon hdp gom K2CO3 va KOH, gia sur chi xay ra

phan uTng:

CO2 + 2 K O H ^ K2CO3 +H2O

0,1 0,1

=> n^^j^Q^ (irong dung djch) = 0,1 + 0,02 = 0,12 mol

BaCl2 + K2CO3 BaCOji + 2KC1

0,12 0,12

Ta thay: nj, = 0,12 ?t nj, a ,ho = 0,06 mol

Vay U-ong phan ufng CO2 voti KOH ngoai muoi K2CO3 con c6 muoi KHCO3

Ap dung djnh luat bao tojln nguyen to C ta c6:

(IrongCOj) " c (Irong K j C O , ) " c (iR)ng BaCO,) + " c (Irong KHCO3)

0,1 + 0,02 = 0,06 + X (X la so mol BaC03) => x = 0,06 CO2 + KOH KHCO3

0,06 0,06 0,06

CO2 + 2K0H -> K2CO3 + H2O

0,04 0,08

I = > U K O H = 0.14 mol => [KOH] = ^ = 1,4M

Bai 13 Dung dich X chtfa hon hdp gom NaiCOj 1,5M va KHCO3 I M Nho tiir tuf

tirng giot cho den het 200ml dung dich HCl I M vao 100ml dung dich X, sinh

ra V lit khi (d dktc) Tim gia tri cua V

Phan d;nq phoang pMp glil Hito hpc 11 V6 co - Bfi Xuin Hung

=> Vcoj = -0,05.22.4 = 1,12 (1ft)

Bki 14 Dun n6ng 116 gam qu$ng xiderit (chtfa FeCOs \k tap cha't trd) trong

kh6ng khi cho d^n khi ]sh6i liTdng khdng ddi Cho hSn hdp khi sau khi phin

Ung h^p thv vko binh ditog dung d}ch niTdc v6i c6 h6a tan 0,4 mol Ca(OH)2,

trong blnh c6 20 (g) k^t tda N^u dun n6ng phin dung dich sau khi loc k^t tua,

thl l ^ i th^y c6 k^t tOa xu^t hi$n Tinh % kh^i liTdng FeCOa trong quSing xiderit

DSn h5n h<?p khi sau phin tfng vko dung djch Ca(0H )2 th^y c6 kd't tfia, dun

philn nirdc Ipc, lai xuS't hi$n k^t tOa, chd'ng t6 CO2 t^c dung vdi dung dich

Ca(OH )2 t?o 2 mu^i

CO2 + Ca(0H)2 -> CaCOsi + H2O

0,2 0,2 0,2

2 C O 2 + Ca(0H )2 Ca(HC03)2

„ 0,4 0,2

Encoj = 0,4 + 0,2 = 0,6 mol

Theo phSn tfng (1): npeco, = ncoj = 0,6 mol

%FeC03 trong qu|ng xiderit = "'^'^^^100% = 60%

116

m 15 TrOn 100ml dung dich A g6m KHCO3 I M vk K2CO3 I M \ko 100 ml

dung dich B g6m NaHCOs I M vk Na2C03 I M thu dtf^c dung dich C Nh6 tilf

tilf 100ml dung dich D gfim H2SO4 IM vk HCl IM \ko dung dich C thu diTdc

V lit CO2 (dktc) vk dung djch E Cho dung dich Ba(0H)2 tdi diT \ko dung dich

E thu dir<?c ra gam k^t tiia TInh m\kW

cm

•KHCO3: 0,1 mol => HCO3" : 0,1 mol K2CO3: 0,1 mol => C03^' : 0,1 mol

•NaHCb3: 0,1 mol => HCO3" : 0,1 mol

.Na2C03:0,1 mol => COi^' : 0,1 mol

=> Khi trOn dung dich A vdi dung dich B diA^c dung dich C c6:

+ CO3'- -> HCO3- (1)

0,2 0.2 0.2 Sau phdn tfng (1): H* diT: 0.3 - 0.2 = 0,1 mol

Wk trong dung dich E: HC03' : 0.2 + 0.2 = 0,4 mol

H* + HCO3- - ) • CO2 + H2O (2)

),1 0,1 0,1

=> Sau phan tfng (2): HCO3' dif: 0.4 - 0,1 = 0,3 mol;

ZO2 dtfdc tinh theo H*

leo phdn iirng (2) ta c6: s^ mol CO2 = 0,1 mol Vcoj = 0,1.22.4 = 2.24 lit

:ho Ba(OH)2 dur \ko dung dich E:

ICOj- + OH" C03^" + H2O ).3 0,3 Ba^* + C03^" -> BaCOji

0,3 0,3 Ba^* + S04^- BaS04 4'

0,1 0,1

mi = 0,3.197 + 233.0,1 = 82,4 (g) => Ddp &n B

B A I T ^ S I P A P DMNG

1 Cho C O 2 h^p thu ho^n to^n \ko dung dich chtfa 14,8g Ca (0H)2 thu diTdc 10

;gam k ^ tiia \k dung dich A Lpc b6 k ^ tiia r6i 1 ^ dung dich A cho tic dung

vdi dung dich Ba(OH )2 diT thu dvKfc m gam k^t tiSa Tinh m?

cm

ncoHh = = 0'2 nccoj = = 0.1 mol

C 0 2 + Ca(OH)2 • CaCOsi + H2O (1) 0,1 mol 0,1 mol

C02 + Ca(OH )2 >Ca(HC03)2 ( 2 ) 0,1 mol 0,1 mol

Ca(HC03)2 + Ba(OH)2 • C a C 0 3 i + BaC034+ H 2 O 0,1 mol 0,1 mol 0,1 mol

nc.(OH)j a pMn tfng (2) = 0 , 2 - 0,1 = 0,1 (mol)

145