Module 4 cloud computing saas 2s

It will undoubtedly transform the IT industry, but it will also profoundly change the way people work and companies operate.” - The Economist, “Let it Rise,” 10/23/08 Sun Cloud Computing

Module 4: Cloud Computing &

• “The rise of the cloud is more than just another platform shift that

gets geeks excited It will undoubtedly transform the IT industry, but

it will also profoundly change the way people work and companies

operate.” - The Economist, “Let it Rise,” 10/23/08 (Sun Cloud

Computing 2009)

• “A pool of highly scalable, abstracted infrastructure, capable of

hosting end-customer applications, that is billed by

consumption”-(Staten 2008, Forrester Research)

• “Cloud computing is the set of disciplines, technologies, and

business models used to render IT capabilities as on-demand

services” (www.burtongroup.com)

• “Cloud Computing is the sum of SaaS and Utility Computing”

(Armbrustet al 2009)

Definitions (con)

• “It’s one of the foundations of the next generation of computing

It’s a world where the network is the platform for all computing,

where everything we think of as a computer today is just a device

where everything we think of as a computer today is just a device

that connects to the big computer we’re building Cloud computing is

a great way to think about how we’ll deliver computing services in

the future.” —Tim O’Reilly, CEO, O’Reilly Media (Sun Cloud

Computing 2009)

• “A Cloud is a type of parallel and distributed system consisting of a

collection of interconnected and virtualised computers that are

dynamically provisioned and presented as one or more unified

computing resources based on service-level agreements

established through negotiation between the service provider and

established through negotiation between the service provider and

consumers” (Buyyaet al 2008)

• “Clouds are clearly next-generation data centerswith nodes

“virtualized” through hypervisor technologies such as VMs,

dynamically “provisioned” on demand as a personalized resource

collection to meet a specific service-level agreement, which is

established through a “negotiation” and accessible as a composable

service via “Web 2.0” technologies»(Buyyaet al 2008)

What is Cloud Computing?

• New computing paradigms have been proposed and

adopted, with the emergence of technological

advances such as cluster computing, Grid computing,

P2P computing, service computing, market-oriented

computing, and most recently Cloud

computing-(Buyyaet al 2008)

• “Clouds provide on demand resources or services

over the Internet, usually at the scale and with the

reliability of a data center” (Grossman 2008)

• You use what you need and you pay for what you use

e.g Amazon S3 and Simple DB and Google App

Engine all charge based on storage, bandwidth, and

CPU time services run on shared infrastructure

Cloud Computing

“Cloud computing gives an edge to enterprises

as they can add capabilities and increase

as they can add capabilities and increase

capacities on the fly without having to invest in

infrastructure, training or licenses One of the

most important features of cloud computing is

automated management and reallocation of

resources This means that a user can work on

a platform without worrying about adaptability,

scalability and elasticity.”

Kaustubh DhavseDeputy Director of ICT practice at Frost & Sullivan

Cloud Computing –3.19 min

Youtube Video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ae_DKNwK_ms

What is driving businesses to

cloud-scale?

(Cloud Computing Trends Report 2009)

Why Cloud Computing?

• Cloud computing is more than “pay by drink” compute platforms – it

is a convergence of two major interdependent IT trends (Sun Cloud

Computing 2009):

– IT Efficiency - Minimise costs though virtualisation, improve

infrastructure resource deployment and utilisation

– Business Agility - Maximise returns using IT as a competitive weapon

through rapid time to market, integrated application stacks, instant

machine image deployment, and petascale parallel programming

• Example: The New York Times needed to convert 11 million articles

and images in its archive (from 1851 to 1980) to PDF Their Internal

IT dept said it would take them seven weeks In the meantime one

IT dept said it would take them seven weeks In the meantime, one

developer using 100 Amazon EC2 simple Web service interface

instances running Hadoop (an open-source implementation similar

to MapReduce) completed the job in 24 hours for less than $300!

(open.blogs.nytimes.com, “Self-service, Pro-rated Super Computing

Fun!”)

(Sun Cloud Computing 2009)

Business Advantages

• Cloud computing is a new and promising

paradigm delivering IT services as

paradigm delivering IT services as

computing utilities

• Delivers higher efficiency, massive

scalability, and faster, easier software

development

• It is about new programming models, new

IT infrastructure, enabling of new business

models

Advantages

• Use the cloud: best option for start-ups, research projects, Web 2.0

developers, or niche players who want a simple, low-cost way to

“load and go ”load and go

• Leverage the cloud:

– Development and testing: the easiest cloud use case for enterprises

– Functional offloading: use the cloud for specific workloads

– Augmentation: a new option for handling peak load or anticipated

spikes in demand for services

– Experimenting: software evaluation can be performed in the cloud,

before licenses or support need to be purchased

• Build the cloud: build private clouds to take advantage of the

economics of resource pools and standardize their development and

deployment processes

• Be the cloud: includes both cloud computing service providers and

cloud aggregators – companies that offer multiple types of cloud

services

(Sun Cloud Computing 2009)

When to apply cloud computing?

• Moving internal services to pay-as-you-go

• Reducing specialised IT administration expertise

through cloud infrastructure

• Improved economics due to shared infrastructure Improved economics due to shared infrastructure

• Lightweight entry/exit service acquisition

• The business, security, and privacy concerns of

cloud-hosted identities and data

Examples of Use

(Staten 2008)

Major Cloud Builders

(Staten 2008)

Why IT leaders will embrace

cloud computing

• Separation of data from apps: front end applications will be

delivered in the Web browser while the backend will be

powered by highly scalable databases

• Front-end and backend databases: will be able to exist in

separate locations much more easily and effectively

• Offline access for online apps: Web applications develop an

offline component in addition to the standard online

component

• Ubiquitous mobile Internet access: making Internet access

virtually ubiquitous -or at least available anywhere you can

connect to a cell tower

• Moving CAPEX to OPEX: allows a company to move much of

its infrastructure costs from being capital expenditure

(CAPEX) to being operating expenditure (OPEX)

(Hiner2009)

Steps in Maturity Model

• Consolidation - reduce redundancy and wasted space and

equipment by measured planning of both architecture

(including facilities allocation and design) and process

(including facilities allocation and design) and process

• Abstraction - occurs when data centers decouple the

workloads and payloads of their data center infrastructure

from the physical infrastructure itself, and manage to the

abstraction instead of the infrastructure

• Automation - comes into play when data centers

systematically remove manual labor requirements for run time

operation of the data center

Utilit i th t t hi h d t t i t d th

• Utility - is the stage at which data centers introduce the

concepts of self-service and metering

• Market - is achieved when utilities can be brought together

over the Internet to create an open competitive marketplace

for IT capabilities (an "Inter-cloud", so to speak)

Urquhart 2008

The Architectural Services

Layers of Cloud Computing

• Software as a Service (SaaS) – SaaS is at the highest layer

and features a complete application offered as a service,

ondemand via multitenancy e g Google’s email services

• Platform as a Service (PaaS) – The middle layer, or PaaS, is

the encapsulation of a development environment abstraction

and the packaging of a payload of services, e.g Commercial

examples include Google App Engine, which serves

applications on Google’s infrastructure

• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – IaaS is at the lowest

layer and is a means of delivering basic storage and compute

capabilities as standardized services over the network

capabilities as standardized services over the

network-commercial example is Amazon Web Services, whose EC2

and S3 services offer bare-bones compute and storage

services (respectively)

(Sun Cloud Computing 2009)

Cloud computing services

• Virtualization - Solves core challenges of data center

– Disaster recovery/business continuity

– Reduced operations costs

• Operating System Virtualization Operating System Virtualization

Cloud computing services

• Software Deployment

Software Packaging The software based

– Software Packaging -The software-based

packaging of software components, data, server

and storage pools, and other cloud resources

makes efficient resource allocation, re-use, and

management possible

– Machine Images - Machine images contain

user-specific applications, libraries, data, and

associated configuration settings and are hosted

associated configuration settings and are hosted

within the cloud e.g Paid AMIs(Amazon Machine

Images) can be created by ISVs and stored on

Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3)

(Sun Cloud Computing 2009)

Major Obstacles-cloud computing

providers must overcome

Cloud Computing Trends Report 2009

High-level market-oriented cloud

architecture

(Buyya et al 2008)

Market – oriented Cloud

Architecture

• Cloud providers will need to consider and meet different QoS parameters of

each individual consumer as negotiated in specific SLAs.

• Market-oriented resource management is necessary to regulate the supply

and demand of Cloud resources at market equilibrium, provide feedback in

terms of economic incentives for both Cloud consumers and providers, and

promote QoS-based resource allocation mechanisms that differentiate

service requests based on their utility

• There are basically four main entities involved

– Users/Brokers: Users or brokers acting on-their behalf submit service requests from

anywhere in the world to the Data Center and Cloud to be processed.

SLA Resource Allocator: The SLA Resource Allocator acts as the interface between the

– SLA Resource Allocator: The SLA Resource-Allocator acts as the interface between the

Data enter /Cloud service provider and external users/brokers.

– VMs: Multiple VM scan be started and stopped dynamically on a single physical machine to

meet accepted service requests, hence providing maximum flexibility to configure various

partitions of resources on the same physical machine to different specific requirements of

service requests

– Physical Machines: The Data Center comprises multiple computing servers that provide

resources to meet service demands.

(Buyya et al 2008)

Cloud services

(Linthicum 2006)

Characteristics

• Cloud Computing, the long-held dream of computing as a utility, has

the potential to transform a large part of the IT industry, making

software even more attractive as a service and shaping the way IT

software even more attractive as a service and shaping the way IT

hardware is designed and purchased

• Developers with innovative ideas for new Internet services no longer

require the large capital outlays in hardware to deploy their service

or the human expense to operate it

• Cloud Computing refers to both the applications delivered as

services over the Internet and the hardware and systems software in

the datacenters that provide those services-referred to as Software

as a Service (SaaS)

The data center hardware and software is what we will call a Cloud

• The data center hardware and software is what we will call a Cloud

When a Cloud is made available in a pay-as-you-go manner to the

general public, we call it a Public Cloud-the service being sold is

Utility Computing

• Private Cloud to refer to internal data centers of a business or other

organization, not made available to the general public

(Armbrust et al 2009)

• Enterprises currently employ conservative IT strategies and are

unwilling to shift from the traditional controlled environments

• Cloud computing uptake has only recently begun and many systems

• Cloud computing uptake has only recently begun and many systems

are in the proof-of concept stage

• Regulatory pressures also mean that enterprises have to be careful

about where their data gets processed, and therefore, are not able

to employ Cloud services from an open market

• Could be mitigated through SLAs that specify strict constraints on

the location of the resources

• The state-of-the-art Cloud technologies have limited support for

market-oriented resource management and they need to be

extended to support: negotiation of QoS between users and

providers to establish SLAs; mechanisms and algorithms for

allocation of VM resources to meet SLAs; and manage risks

associated with the violation of SLAs

(Armbrust et al 2009)

Challenges

(Armbrust et al 2009)

• Latency and bandwidth related issues associated with any

remote application

• Various issues related to multiple customers possibly sharing

the same piece of hardware

• Having data accessible by third parties (such as the provider

of cloud services) may present security, compliance or

regulatory issues

• Clouds that provide on-demand capacity, portability and

interoperability is much more problematic

provides on-demand capacity, but, for example, it is not

straightforward for a Hadoop MapReduce application to run

on another on-demand capacity cloud that is written in C++

(Grossman 2008)

Infrastructure

• Transparency - The application delivery solution used to provide

transparent load-balancing services will need to be automated and

integrated into the provisioning workflow process such that resources can g p g p

be provisioned on-demand at any time

• Scalability - The "control node" often depicted in high-level diagrams of the

"cloud computing mega data center" will need to provide on-demand

dynamic application scalability.

• Intelligent monitoring - If the number of concurrent users accessing a

service is reaching capacity, then the application delivery solution should be

able to not only detect that through intelligent monitoring but participate in

the provisioning of another instance of the service in order to ensure service

to all clients

• Security - Cloud computing is somewhat risky in that if the security of the Security Cloud computing is somewhat risky in that if the security of the

cloud is compromised potentially all services and associated data within the

cloud are at risk It should also provide full application security -from layer 2

to layer 7 -in order to thwart potential attacks at the edge Network security,

protocol security, transport layer security, and application security should be

prime candidates for implementation at the edge of the cloud, in the control

node.

‘4 Things You Need in a Cloud Computing Infrastructure’, www.devcentral.f5.com 

<http://devcentral.f5.com/weblogs/macvittie/archive/2008/07/10/3438.aspx>