tài liệu ôn thi học sinh giỏi lớp 8

UNIT 2: THE PAST SIMPLE AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE a/ Form: [ S + V past simple + Obj.] b/ Use: - The past simple indicates that an activity or situation began and ended at a particu

MỤC LỤC

1 Grammar

Grammar 1 TENSES

Grammar 2 REPORTED SPEECH

Grammar 3 PASSIVE FORMS

Grammar 4 MAKING REQUEST

Unit 1 DESCRIBING PEOPLE

Unit 2 WRITING A LETTER TO A FRIEND

Unit 3 WRITING A THANK – YOU NOTE

Unit 4 WRITING A SET OF INTSTRUCTIONS

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PART A GRAMMAR

I TENSES

Unit 1 THE PRESENT SIMPLE AND THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE.

A THE PRESENT SIMPLE B THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE.

a/ Form: [ S + V-( s, es ) + Obj.]

* To be: am/ is/ are

* To have: have/ has

b/ Use:

- The present simple says that something

was true in the past, is true in the present,

and will be true in the future It is used

for general statements of fact

- Examples:

+ The world is round

+ The sun rises in the east

- The present simple is used to express

habitual or everyday activity

- Examples:

+ He always eats a sandwich for lunch

+ I study for two hours every night

+ My classes begin at 7.15a.m

a/ Form: [ S + be + V-ing + Obj ]( be : am/ is/ are )

-Examples:

+ Mary is sleeping right now+ I need an umbrella because it is raining.+ John and Mary are talking on the phone

- Often the activity is of a general nature: something generally in progress this week, this month, this year

a/ Diane can’t come to the phone because she ( wash) is washing her hair

b/ Diane ( wash) ………her hair every day or so

c/ ( Look, you , always) ………….the door to your apartment when you leave

d/ After three days of rain, I’m glad that the sun ( shine) ……….again today.

e/ Every morning, the sun ( shine) ………in my bedroom window and ( wake) … me up

f/ A: Look ! It ( snow) ………

B: It’s beautiful! This is the first time I’ve ever seen snow It ( snow, not)…… in my country

g/ Ba is a student, but he ( go, not)………… to school right now because it’s summer

He ( attend)………… school from September to May every year

h/ A: Who is that woman who ( stand) …………next to the window?

B: Which woman? ( Talk, you) …………about the woman who (wear )………the blue and gold dress?

A: No, I ( talk, not) ………about her I (mean) …… the woman who ( wear)

…….the blue suit

i / We ………….( have) a party next Saturday Would you like to come?

j/I ( not/ go)………away for my holidays next month because I haven’t got enough money……… ( you/ go ) away?

k/ The concert this evening………( star ) at 7.30

l/ George , is true that you ……….( get ) married next week?

m/ The art exhibition………( open ) on May 3rd and finish on July 15th

n/ What time ……… ( the next train/ leave)?

o/ Ann, we ……….( go ) to town ………….( you/ come) with us?

UNIT 2: THE PAST SIMPLE AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE

a/ Form: [ S + V( past simple) + Obj.]

b/ Use:

- The past simple indicates that an activity

or situation began and ended at a

particular time in the past

Examples:

+ I walked to school yesterday

+ He lived in Dien Bien for ten years, but

now he is living in Ha Noi

+ I bought a new car three days ago

- If the sentence contains when and has the

a/ Form: [ S + be + V-ing + Obj ]( be : was/were)

past simple in both clauses, the action in

the “when clause” happens first

Examples:

+ At 8 o’clock last night , I was studying.+ Last year at this time, I was attending school

- Sometimes the past progressive is used in both parts of a sentence when two action are in progress simultaneously

Ex: While I was studying in one of our department, my roommate was having a party in other room

- In some case, the past simple and the past progressive give almost the same meaning

Ex:+ It rained this morning + It was raining this morning

Exercise 1 Use the Past simple or the Past progressive in the following.

1/ I am sitting in the class right now I ( sit) was sitting in the class at this exact same

4/ My mother and my sister ( argue) ……….about something when I ( walk)…

……….into the room

5/ While Mrs Hang (read) ……….the little boy a story, he( fall)……asleep, so she ( close)……… the book and ( tiptoe) ………out of the room

6/ While Tom( cook)…… the dinner, the phone( ring)………

7/ Mr Hung ( fall)………off the leader while he ( paint) …….the ceiling

8/ Last night I ( read) ……… in bed when suddenly I ( hear) …….a cream

9/ ……… ( you, watch)……T.V when I phoned you?

10/ Ann.( wait)………… for me when I ( arrive) ………

11/ I( not, drive)…………very fast when the accident ( happen)………

12/ I ( break) ……….the plate last night I ( do)……… the washing up when it ( slip)………out of my hand

13/ Tom( take)………a photograph of me while I ( not, look)………

14/ We( not, go)………….out because it ( rain)………

15/ What ( you, do)……… at this time yesterday?

16/ I ( see) ……… Carol at the party She ( wear) …….a really beautiful dress

UNIT 3: THE PAST SIMPLE AND THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.

A THE PAST SIMPLE B THE PRESENT PERFECT a/ Form: [ S + V( past simple) + Obj.]

Ex: I smoked 20 cigarettes yesterday

b/ Use:

- The past simple indicates that an activity

or situation began and ended at a

particular time in the past

Examples:

+ I walked to school yesterday

+ He lived in Dien Bien for ten years, but

now he is living in Hanoi

+ I bought a new car three days ago

- If the sentence contains when and has the

past simple in both clauses, the action in

the “when clause” happens first

Examples:

+ They have moved into a new apartment.+ Have you ever visited Dien Bien Phu City?

+ I have already seen that film

- If there is a specific mention of time , the past simple is used

Ex: I saw that movie last night

- The present perfect also expresses the repetition of an activity before now The exact time of each repetition is not important

Examples:

+ We had had four tests so far this

semester + I have met many people since I came here in June.

+ I have flown on an airplane many times

- The Present Perfect also, when used with

for or since express a situation that began

in the past and continues to the present

+ since : a point time + for: a duration of time

Examples:

+ I have been here since 7 o’clock

+ We have been here for two weeks

+ I have known him for many years

+ I have liked cowboy movies ever since I was a child

Exercise 1 Use the Past simple or the Present Perfect in the following.

Examples: I have lost ( lose) my key I can’t find it any where

Did you see ( you / see) the film on TV last night?

1/ Mr Son ( buy )………a new car two weeks ago

2/ His hair is very short He( have)……… a haircut

3/ Last night I ( arrive) ……… home at 12.30 I ( have ) …… a bath and then I ( go)

….to bed

4/ ……( you/ visit) ……many museums when you were in England?

5/ My bike isn’t here any more Somebody ( take) ………… it

6/ When ……(you/give)……up smoking?

7/ I ( not/eat) …… anything yesterday because I ( not/ feel)………hungry

8/ Why………( Jim/not/ want)… to play tennis last Friday?

9/ The car looks very clean………( you/ wash) … it?

10/ Mr Clark ( work) …….in a bank for 15 years Then he gave it up

11/ Mr Son lives in Dien Bien Phu City He ( live)……… there all his life

12/ Bob and Alice are married They (be)…… married for 20 years

13/ When we were on holiday, the weather ( be) …….awful

14/ The weather (be)……very nice recently, don’t you think?

15/ My grandfather died 30 years ago I ( never/meet)……….him

16/ I don’t know Carol’s husband I ( never/ meet ) ………… him.

II REPORTED SPEECH

Reported speech refers to using a noun clause to report what someone has said

No quotation marks are used Notice the verb forms from Directed speech to Reported speech in the following examples:

a/ Tense changes: ( BACK ONE TENSE)

Past progressivePast perfect progressivePast perfect

Past simple/ past perfect Had to

Could

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

1/ She said “ I watch TV everyday” => She said ( that) she watched TV every day.2/ She said “ I am watching TV” => She said she was watching TV

3/ She said “ I have watched TV.” => She said she had watched TV

4/ She said “ I watched TV” => She said she had watched/ watched TV.5/ She said “ I will watch TV.” => She said she would watch TV

6/ She said “ I’m going to watch TV” => She said she was going to watch TV

7/ She said “ I can watch TV” => She said she could watch TV

8/ She said “ I may watch TV” => She said she might watch TV

9/ She said “ I might watch TV” => She said she might watch TV

10/ She said “ I must watch TV” => She said she had to watch TV

11/ She said “ I have to watch TV” => She said she had to watch TV

12/ She said “ I should watch TV” => She said she should watch TV

13/ She said “ I ought to watch TV” => She said she ought to watch TV

14/ She said “ Watch TV” => She told me to watch TV

15/ She said “ Do you watch TV” => She asked (me) if I watched TV

* If the reporting verb( the main verb of the sentence, e.g said) is in the past , the verb

in the noun clause will usually also be in a past form.( BACK ONE TENSE )

* Also, sometimes the present tense is retained even in formal English when the

reported sentence deals with a general truth: She said that the world is round

* When the reporting verb is simple present, present perfect, or future, the noun clause verb is not changed

Examples:

+ She says, “ I watch TV everyday” => She says she watches TV everyday

+ She has said, “ I watch TV everyday” => She has said that she watches TV everyday.+ She will say, “ I watch TV everyday” => She will say that she watches TV everyday

* In reported speech , an imperative sentence is changed to an infinitive Tell is used instead of say as the reporting verb.

→ says/ say to + O => tells/ tell + O

Said to + O => told + O

Eg: He told ( said to ) Trang ( that ) he didn’t like coffee

b/Some other changes:

Tomorrow the next day/ the following day

Yesterday the day before / the previous day

Next/ on Monday the next/ following Monday

Last Monday the previous Monday/ the Monday before

The day after tomorrow in two day’s time/ two days later

Examples:

“ I’m leaving here tomorrow” said Mary

 Mary said ( that ) she was leaving there the next day

Exrcise1: Put said or told in each space.

1/ I ………….that you had to be on time

2/ I ………….I would help you ; so here I am

3/ There, you see! I ………… you the bus would be on time

4/ He……….he was leaving for Hanoi the next week

5/ Mary…… Tom that she had seen that film

6/ They …… they had lost the game

7/ The mother ……her only son that he should study harder

8/ The man……… he didn’t tell the truth

Exercise 2: Write these sentences in Reported speech.

1/ “ I’ll see you tomorrow” she said

……….……….2/ “ I saw her today” he said

……….……….3/ “ I don’t like this film”, she said

……….………4/ “ I’m very happy” she said

……… ………5/ “ I’m going to the cinema “ she said

……… ………6/ “ I’ll see them soon.” He said

……… ………7/ “ I see the children quite often”, he said

……….………8/ “ I can drive ,” she said

……… ………

2.1 REPORTED QUESTIONS: IF/ WHETHER.

FORM: [ S + asked ( O) + If/ whether + S + V( back one tense) … ]

Wanted to know Wondered Examples: Direct speech:“ Are you a student?” He asked

Reported speech: He asked (me) if/ whether I was a student

Direct speech: “ Did you see the film?” Mr Son asked

Reported speech: Mr Son asked (me) If / whether I saw/ had seen the film

Exercise 3: Write these sentences as reported questions.

1/ “ Do you like Michel Jackson?” she asked

………2/ “ Are you enjoying yourself?” he asked

………3/ “ Does your father work here?” she asked

………4/ “ Do you live in Dien Bien Phu City?” he asked

………5/ “ Have you met Mr Son before?” she asked

………6/ “ Are you a teacher ?” she asked

………

Exercise 4: Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same.

1/ “ Do you know who broke the window, the boy?” the man asked

The man asked if………2/ “ Have you hurt yourself ?” he asked

He asked Mary………3/ “ Did I say that?” Mr Son asked

Mr Son wondered whether ………4/ “ Did you lend them your camera?” he asked

He asked if ……….5/ “ Does your brother live in Dien Bien Phu City, Ba?” Nhung asked

Nhung wanted to know if ………

6/ “ Have you finished your exam?” Mom asked

a/ “Please wait for me here, Hoa” Hung said

 Hung told Hoa to wait for him there

b/ “ Don’t talk in the class!” the teacher said

 The teacher told the students not to talk in the class

* Some verbs are used in Reported Commands:

Tell, ask, order, advise, warn, beg, command, remind, instruct,…

Exercise 5:Write the sentences in Reported Speech, using the words given in

parentheses

1/ “ Sit down Mary” ( He told)

………2/ “ Don’t go near the sea, children” ( The children’s mother warned)

………3/ “ Don’t be late, Tim.” ( Tim’s father told)

………4/ “ Be quiet, students” ( The librarian told)

………5/ “ Don’t use the telephone after eleven o’clock” ( The landlady ordered)

………6/ “ Finish the duty tonight, please” ( My boss told me)

a/ “ Would you like a cup of coffee?” he asked

 He asked me if I would like a cup of coffee

2.3.2 Request:

Examples:

b/ “ Would you pass me a cigarette?” he asked

 He asked me to pass him a cigarette

Exercise 6:Write the sentences in Reported Speech

1/ “ Would you pass my suitcase, please ?” he asked

………

2/ “ Would you like some coffee?” she asked.

………3/ “ Would you take the children to school for me?” she asked

………4/ “ Would you sit down, please ?” she asked

………5/ “ Would you like a lift into town?” she asked

………6/ “ Would you talk more quiet, please?” he asked

………7/ “ Would you like to go out at the weekend?” he asked

………8/ “ Would you turn on the T.V, please? He asked

………

III PASSIVE FORMS

FORM: [ BE + PAST PARTICIPLE ]

USE: S + V + O

S + BE + V(past participle) by Agent

Present Simple S + am/ is/ are + V(past participle) ……

Past Simple S + was/ were + V(past participle)……

Future Simple S + will/ shall be + V(past participle)…

Present Progressive S + am/ is/ are being + V(past participle) ……

Past Progressive S + was/ were being + V(past participle) ……

Present Perfect S + have/ has been + V(past participle) ……

Modal verbs

(can, may, have to )

S + can + be + V(past participle) ……

Examples:

Active: Ba opens the door

Passive: The door is open by Ba

Active: Ba opened the door

Passive: The door was opened by Ba

Active: Ba will open the door

Passive: The door will be opened by Ba

Active: Ba is opening the door

Passive: The door is being opened by Ba

Active: Ba was opening the door

Passive: The door was being opened by Ba

Active: Ba has opened the door

Passive: The door has been opened by Ba

Active: Ba can open the door.

Passive: The door can be opened by Ba

* Notice: The position of adverb of place, adverb of time and adverb of manner.

a/ [ S + BE + V(past participle) + ( adv of place) by Agent + ( adv of time).] b/ [ S + BE ( adv of manner) + V(past participle) + by Agent ]

Examples:

a/ Hoa bought this hat in Dien Bien Phu City last month

 This hat was bought in Dien Bien Phu City by Hoa last month

b/ Nam treats his dog badly

 His dog is badly treated by Nam

** By + them, people, everyone, someone, everything, …me, you, him , her, us might

be bypassed in passive

Examples:

Active: People speak English all over the world

Passive: English is spoken all over the world

Exercise 1: Write passive sentences from those provided The first one has been done for you.

1/ A thief stole her purse yesterday

 Her purse was stolen yesterday

2/ My teacher corrected these mistakes

……… 3/ They clean the bedrooms everyday

……… 4/ She is running her own company

……… 5/ My cousin will meet you at the station

……… 6/ John hasn’t finished his homework

……… 7/ I will shut the door if you like

……….8/ How many motorbikes does Viet Nam import a year?

……….9/ Now the publishers can publish the book

Do you mind + V-ing… ?

Would you mind + V- ing ?

Do you mind if + S + V( present simple)…?

Would you mind if + S + V ( past simple)…?

- Not at all

- Please do

- Please go ahead

- No, I don’t mind at all

- No, of course not

- I’d rather you didn’t

- I’d prefer you didn’t

- I’m sorry, I can’t

- I’m sorry, that’s not possible

USE:

Examples:

A: Do you mind turning off the radio?

B: Not at all

A: Would you mind closing the windows?

B: No, I don’t mind at all

A: Do you mind if I leave the class?

B: I’m sorry, that’s not possible

A: Would you mind if I stayed here for a few days?

B: No, of course not

Exercise 1: Practice the exchanges, using the cues given.

Requests

+ smoke here

+ talk loudly

+ wrap this present

+ lend me an English dictionary

Responses+ Sure No problems.

+ Sorry No smoking here

+ Not at all+ No Of course not

+ I’d prefer you didn’t

+ Sorry That’s not possible

1/ A: Do you mind……….?

B: ………

2/ A : Would you mind ……… ?

B: ………

3/ A: Do you mind if………?

B: ………

4/ A: Would you mind if……… ?

B: ………

Exercise 2:Use Do/ Would you mind + verb- ing and Do / Would you mind if….? To make the following requests more polite.

a/ Can you turn on the TV?

b/ Can you correct this composition for me?

c/ Can I take a photo of your study corner?

d/ Can I give some advice on your study habits?

e/ Can you play the disc one more ?

f/ Can I borrow your dictionary?

g/ Can I have a look at your homework?

h/ Could you tell me how you learned English at school?

i/ Can I use your computer for one hour ?

j/ Could you solve this math problem for me?

Exercise 3: Use the verbs in the box to complete these sentences.

Ask drive give lend move

Show sit take turn down use

1/ Do you mind …………your car? It’s on my way

2/ Do you mind if I ……… the radio?

3/ Would you mind if I………your computer for some minutes?

4/ Would you mind………… your pen for a moment?

5/ Do you mind ………… me a lift to the city center?

6/ Would you mind………….how to operate this machine?

7/ Would you mind if I ………….you some questions?

8/ Do you mind if I …………a photo of your house?

9/ Would you mind …………me around the town?

10/ Would you mind if I………here waiting for the manager?

PART B READING

Unit 1: PERSONAL INFORMATION

Exercise1: Read the passage and answer the questions

Do you have any close friends? I think everybody has at least one close friend in his life And so do I I have two close friends: Linh and Chi We are in the same class at the primary school and the secondary school We are also neighbors, so we spend most

of our time studying and playing together Chi is a beautiful girl with big black eyes and

an over rosy face She is an intelligent student and always studies the best in my class Shoe also likes reading Linh isn’t as beautiful as Chi but she has a lovely smile and looks very healthy Linh is very sporty She spend most of her free time playing sports Linh is a volley ball star in our school team She is very sociable and has a good sense

of humor Her jokes always make us laugh I love both of my friends and I always hope our friendship will never die

1/ What does Chi look like?

2/ What is Linh’s hobby?

3/ What sport does Linh play in the school team?

4/ What is Linh’s character?

5/ What does the writer hope about their friendship?

6/ Do you have any close friends?

7/ What does he/ she look like?

a/ Read the passage again then decide if the statements are true (T) or false ( F ).

1……… I have two close friends: Binh and Chi

2……… We are not in the same class at the primary school and the secondary school.3……… Chi is a beautiful girl

4……… Linh is as beautiful as Chi

5……… Linh is a soccer star in our school team

6……… Linh is very sociable and has a good sense of humor

Exercise 2: Read the passage then answer the following questions

Last week Jack’s teacher took the class to Marx House, a memorial to Marx and Lenin in Lon don It is a two – storey house on Farringdon Road not far from the

office of the communist newspaper, the Morning Star On this occasion, Jack and his

classmates learned about Marx’s and Lenin’s lives and work in London

Karl Marx left Germany in 1849, and spent the rest of his life in London It was in

London that Marx wrote most of his Capital He also took part in the activity of the

British working – class movement and wrote for British and American newspapers

To rest from work, Karl Marx and his family often went to enjoy an afternoon in the fresh air of the popular Hampstead Heat, a borough of London To prepare his scientific works he often spent whole days in the library of the British Museum

He read about 1,500 books and papers, many of them in foreign languages Marx not only knew German and English, he also knew French, Spanish, and Russian

Lenin also paid several visits to London In 1902 and 1903 he worked on the Russian

working – class newspaper, Iskra

Lenin was very much interested in the life of the working people in London When he saw the contrast between the London of the rich and the London of the poor, the West End and the East End, he said that London contained two worlds, the world of the rich and the world of the poor workers

We consider Marx the founder of scientific communism and Lenin the teacher and leader of the International proletariat and the working people all over the world

1/ When did Marx leave Germany?

2/ When did he spend the rest of his life?

3/ Where did he write most of his Capital?

4/ What activity did Marx also take part in?

5/ What newspapers did he write for?

6/ What languages did Marx know?

7/ What did Lenin do in 1902 and 1903?

8/ What did Lenin say about London?

9/ Who was the founder of scientist communism?

10/ Who is considered the teacher and the leader of the international proletariat?

11/ Have you read any books about Karl Marx ? About Lenin ?

12/ Which books did you read?

Exercise3: Read the passage then decide if the statements are true (T) or false

(F).Correct the false information.

Marie Curie was born in Warsaw on November 7th, 1867 She received general education in local schools and some scientific training from her father

As a brilliant and mature student, Marie harbored the dream of a scientific career, which was impossible for a woman at that time To save money for a study tour abroad, she had to work as a private tutor, and her studies were interrupted.

Finally in 1891, Marie, with very little money to live on, went to Paris to realize her dream at the Sorbonne In spite of her difficult living conditions, she worked extremely hard She earned a degree in Physics with flying colors, and went on to take another degree in Mathematics She met Pierre Curie in the School of Physics in 1894 and a year later they got married From then on, they worked together on their research In 1903, Marie became the first woman to receive a PhD from the Sorbonne

After the tragic death of Pierre Curie in 1906, she took up the position which her husband had obtained at the Sorbonne Thus, she was the first woman in France to be a university professor Soon after, she was awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for determining the atomic weight of radium But her real joy was “easing human suffering” The founding of the Radium Institute in 1914 made her humanitarian wish come true

………….1/ Marie went to school in Warsaw

………….2/ Her dream was to become a private tutor

………….3/ At the Sorbonne, she studied very well

………….4/ She married Pierre Curie in 1894

………….5/ She was the first woman professor at the Sorbonne

Unit2: EDUCATION

Exercise 1: Read the passage and choose the best option A,B,C or D.

Every one is interested (1)………education all (2)…………the world in big countries and in small ones, in cities as well as in villages People (3)……… building better (4)……

In one little village in the Philippines there was no school at all A typhoon blew down the old school and many of the homes and a new school When the storm was over, everyone set to work (5) ……… homes and new schools They cut bamboo poles to make the walls of the school and used palm leaves for the roof To separate the rooms, they built screens of grass and palm leaves fastened to bamboo frames On hot (6)… , they pushed all the screens back to let in as much air (7)……… possible Even the children helped They made paths of stone and sand, and (8)……….flowers along the edges