Who: Dùng để thay thế cho DT chỉ người và làm chủ từ hoặc tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ.. Whom: Dùng để thay thế cho DT chỉ người và làm tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ.. Which: Dùng để t
Trang 11 RELATIVE
CLAUSE
A RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE & NON- RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE
I Relative pronoun:
1 Who: Dùng để thay thế cho DT chỉ người và làm chủ từ hoặc tân ngữ trong mệnh
đề quan hệ
EX: I visited the man He helped me.→ I visited the man who hepled me
2 Whom: Dùng để thay thế cho DT chỉ người và làm tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan
hệ
EX: He is the man I met him at the party →He is the man whom I met at the party
3 Which: Dùng để thay thế ch DT từ chỉ vật và làm chủ từ hoặc tân ngữ trong
mệnh đề quan hệ
EX: The movie was interesting We want to see it →The movie which I wanted to see was interesting
4 That: Có thể thay thế cho who,whom và which trong mệnh đề hạn định.
EX:The girl that you like very much has just left.
5 Whose: Dùng để thay thế cho TTSH hoặc DTSH.
EX: He is the young boy His father is a famous writer
→ He is the young boy whose father is a famous writer
II Defining relative clauses: Mệnh đề hạn định
Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho DT đứng trước nó nhằm giải thích và làm rõ nghĩa cho DT đó Nếu
ta bỏ đi MĐ này thì câu sẽ không rõ nghĩa
EX: The book which I borrowed from you is very interesting.
III.Non-defining clauses: Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho DT đứng trước nó nhằm bổ sung hoặc
cung cấp thêm thông tin về DT đó Nếu ta lượt bỏ đi mệnh đề này thì câu vẫn rõ nghĩa EX: Dalat, which is a famous tourist city in Vietnam, attracts lots of travellers every year
*Để phân biệt Non-defining clauses ta cần chú ý những điểm sau:
- Khi DT mà nó bổ nghĩa là một DT riêng:
EX: Marie Curie, whose father was a Polish, was a French physicist
- Khi DT mà nó bổ nghĩa là một TTSH:
EX: His lovely son, who has just won a marathon race, was a good student
-Khi DT mà nó bổ nghĩa đi với this,that, these, those…
EX: That young man, who has sent you a nice present, lives next door to me.
B RELATIVE PRONOUN WITH PREPOSITIONS
C Đại từ quan hệ có thể là bổ ngữ của giới từ:
EX: The restaurant which we normally go to is closed for decoration.
I found the letter that I was looking for
2 Chúng ta có thể lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ khi chúng làm bổ ngữ cho giới từ
EX: I found the letter I was looking for
These are the people we went on holiday with last year
3.Giới từ thường đứng trước ĐTQH whom và which Giới từ không đặt trước ĐTQH that và who
EX: I found the letter for which I was looking.
D RELATIVE CLAUSE REPLACED BY PARTICIPLE AND INFINITIVE
1. REPLACED BY PRESENT PARTICIPLE (Ving) khi động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ được dung ở dạng chủ động
Ex, This is the man who helped me last night
This is the man helping me last night
2. REPLACED BY PAST PARTICIPLE (V3/Ved) khi động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ được dung ở dạng bị động
Ex, This is the house which was built 20 years ago
This is the house built 20 years ago
3. REPLACED BY TO INFINITIVE (to V) khi trong mệnh đề chính có các trường hợp như sau: (…The first, the second, the third, the only, the last…, the + so sánh nhất của tính từ + N)
Ex, This is the only man who entered this room.
This is the only man to enter this room
Page: 1
Trang 2E THE OMMISION OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS Đại từ quan hệ cĩ thể lượt bỏ đi nếu nĩ cĩ vài trị làm tân ngữ trong mđ quan hệ mà trước nĩ khơng cĩ giới từ
2 CLEFT
SENTENCES
IN ACTIVE
A FOCUS ON SUBJECT
It + be + SUBJECT + that/who +V…
C FOCUS ON OBJECT
It + be + OBJECT + that/who + S + V…
E FOCUS ON ADVERB
It + be + ADVERB + that/who + S +V…
3 CLEFT
SENTENCES
IN PASSIVE
It + be + OBJECT + that/who + Be + V3/Ved…
It + be + Adverb + that/who + Subject + Be + V3/Ved…
Lưu ý: Subject sau That được chuyển từ Object trong câu chủ động
4 BOTH …
AND…
Both and (vừa vừa )
Both chỉ được dùng với and, không được dùng với as well as
Ex :Robert is both talented and handsome
5 EITHER …
OR…
Either or (hoặc hoặc )
I think she’s either Russian or Polish
* Lưu ý:
both and , either or
Hai vế dùng từ loại giống nhau: noun - noun, verb - verb, adj - adj, adverbial phrase - adverbial phrase,
Example: Either you or he is right
Either he or you are wrong Either they or I am right
6 NEITHER …
NOR…
Neither nor (không mà cũng không)
Ex: Neither my mother nor my father went to university
I neither know nor care what's happened to him
* Lưu ý:
Đối với neither nor và either or thì động từ phải chia theo chủ ngữ phía sau
Example: Neither he nor I am sad
Neither she nor you are happy
7 NOT ONLY …
BUT ALSO…
2/ Not only but also (không những mà còn )
Ex : Robert is not only talented but also handsome (adjective-adjective)
He writes not only correctly but also neatly (adverb-adverb) She can play not only the guitar but also the violin (noun-noun) She not only plays the piano but also composes music (verb-verb) Thành phần sau but also thường quyết định thành phần sau not only
Incorrect: He is not only famous in Italy but also in Switzerland
Correct: He is famous not only in Italy but also in Switzerland
8 TAG
Affirmative statement , negative tag?
Negative statement, affirmative tag?
*Look at these examples with positive statements:
EX :
- You have a brother, don’t you?
- Mr Minh has been to Hue, hasn’t he?
- We have finished ,haven't we?
- Lan will come next week, won't she?
*Look at these examples with negative statements:
Trang 3- We don't eat dinner at home, do we?
- It isn't raining, is it?
- You don't like coffee, do you?
- They will not help, will they?
* Some special cases :
a) If the main clause is " I am" , tag question must be "aren't I?"
EX: I am coming here ,aren't I?
b) If the main clause have " let's" ,tag question must be " shall we?"
EX: - Let's go to the movies, shall we?
c) If the main clause is request ,tag question must be " will you?"
EX: - Open the window, will you?
d) If the main clause is invation, tag question must be "won't you?"
EX: - Take your seat, won't you?
e) If the main clause have: " seldom, rarely, hardly, no, without, never, " ,tag question must be affirmation
EX: -He never goes to school late, does he?
Active
Passive
Khi câu chủ động dùng các động từ: acknowledge; assume; believe; claim; consider; estimate; feel; find; know; presume; report; say; think; understand… với cấu trúc
Ex; People think (that) she is a good student.
Thì ta có 2 dạng bị động tương ứng như sau:
9 IT IS SAID
THAT…
Ex; It is thought that she is a good student
10 PEOPLE SAY
THAT…
Ex; She is thought that to be a good student
MORE
EXAMPLES
Ex1; People believe (that) she was a good student.
Ex2; People believed (that) computer was invented in the 18th century.
Ex3; Lots of people believe the crimial is living abroad.
Ex4; Everyone expects that AC Milan will win the cup.
Page: 3
People / they + (that)+ S + V…
It + be + (that) + S + V… (dùng để nhấn mạnh ý cả câu)
S + be + (that) + To Infinitive… (dùng để nhấn mạnh chủ ngữ)
Trang 4I/ Relatives: defining, non-defining and connective.Combine the following pairs or groups of sentences by means of relative pronouns, making any changes necessary.
1 You sent me a present Thank you very much for it.
Thank you very much for the present which you sent me.
2 A man brought in a small girl Her hand had been cut by flying glass.
………
3 The car crashed into a queue of people Four of them were killed.
………
4 The roads were crowded with refugees Many of them were wounded.
………
5 A man answered the phone He said Tom was out.
………
6 Tom had been driving all day He was tired and wanted to stop.
………
7 Ann had been sleeping in the back of the car She felt quite fresh and wanted to go on.
………
8 Paul wanted to take the mountain road His tyres were nearly new.
………
9 Jack’s tyres were very old He wanted to stick the starred road.
………
10 Mary didn’t know anything about mountains She thought it would be quite safe to climb alone.
………
11 He gave orders to the manager The manager passed them on to the foreman.
………
12 She said that the men were thieves This turned out to be true.
………
13 The matter was reported to the Chief of Police He ordered us all to be arrested.
………
14 In prison they fed us on dry bread Most of it was mouldy.
………
15 We slept in the same room as a handcuffed prisoner His handcuffs rattled every time he moved.
………
16 We lit the fir It soon dried out our clothes.
………
17 They rowed across the Atlantic This had never been done before.
………
18 The lorry crashed into a bus-load of schoolchildren Six of them were slightly injured.
………
19 She refused to use machines This makes her work more arduous.
………
20 I met Mary She asked me to give you this.
………
II/ Use a relative pronoun preceded by a preposition to combine each pair of the sentences below.
1 The teacher is Mr Pike We studied with him last year.
The teacher with whom we studied last year is Mr Pike.
2 The problem has been discussed in class We are very interested in it
………
3 Many diseases are no longer dangerous People died of them years ago
………
4 Do you see my pen? I have just written the lesson with it
………
5 I like standing at the window I can see the park from this window
………
6 We are crossing the meadow We flew kites over it in our childhood
………
7 They are preparing the tubes Water is brought into our house through the tubes
Trang 58 In the middle of the village, there is a well The villagers take water from this well to drink
………
9 The middle – aged man is the director My father is talking to him
………
10 This is a race opportunity You should take advantage of it to get a better job
………
11 The boy is my cousin You made fun of him
………
12 This matter is of great importance You should pay attention to it
………
13 The woman lives next door to me you gave place to her on the bus
………
14 This snake is venom less You are afraid of it
………
15 The examination lasted two days I was successful in this examination
………
16 The children are orphans She is taking care of these children
………
17 The two young men are not good persons You are acquainted with them
………
18 This is the result of our work I’m pleased with it
………
19 There is no parking sign I do not take notice of it
………
20 Mr Brown is the man I’m responsible to him for my work
………
III/ Reduce the following relative clauses to phrases, using to infinitive phrases.
1 He was the last person that would be considered for that position
………
2 Thomas was the first man that reached the top of the mountain
………
3 The first student that hands in the paper will get a small gift
………
4 She was the fourth woman who finished the race
………
5 I really don’t know the first man that traveled around the world
………
IV/ Exercise 2: Reduce the following relative clauses to phrases, using participle phrases.
1 The man who is living next door invites us to his wedding anniversary
………
2 The book which is written by Robert gets lots of attention
………
3 Can Tho, which is known as a province with fertile soil conditions, is located in the middle of the Mekong River delta
………
4 The victims who were injured in the accident were taken to the hospital
………
5 The message which is sent today may reach them tomorrow
………
V/ Combine the following pairs of sentences, using a relative clause Write all the possible alternatives The first one has been done as an example:
The computer which I bought last week isn’t powerful enough
The computer that I bought last week isn’t powerful enough
The computer I bought last week isn’t powerful enough
Page: 5
Trang 62 This is the man I sold my bike to him.
3 This is Paul I went on holiday with him.
4 This is the school I used to go to this school.
VI/ Rewrite the following sentences after the model, paying attention to the Subject, Object or Adverb of the sentence: 1 The woman gave me the nice present →It was
2 His uncle bought him a nice present on his birthday → It was
3 The boy broke the vase yesterday → It
4 The man hit the dog in the garden → It
5 Peter left the window unlocked → It
6 People are destroying the environment → It
7 I was born in that house → It
8 John read that novel last night → It
9 The fireman warmed him not to re-enter the house → It
10 Jane advised me to see a doctor → It
11 Mary invited Helen to lunch on Sunday → It
12 The man gave her the book → It
13 The neighbour told them about it → It
14 My friend came to see me last night → It
15 That boy scored the goal for his team → It
16 The dog grabbed at the piece of meat and ran away → It
17 The strong wind blew the roof roof → It
18 The woman answered the man rudely
Trang 7→ It
19 The boy played ping pong the whole afternoon
→ It
20 The girl gave the boy a special gift on his birthday
→ It
21 The police arrested the man at the railway station
→ It was
22 He borrowed the money from Loan
→ It
23 He bought the book from that corner shop
→ It
24 He got married when he was 26
→ It
25 They were having a barbecue in the park
→ It
26 I met him on the way to school
→ It
27 They often had parties on weekends
→It
28 Our neighbour often complains about the noise at night
→ It is
29 My brother liked climbing up trees and hills
→ It was
30 I hate rainy weather
→ It
VIII/ Change the sentences into cleft sentences in the passive :
1 My father gave me a lot of toys
→It
2 My husband waters the flowers every day
→ It
3 They celebrated their wedding last week
→It
4 They gave Lindsay a lot of presents
→It
5 He described his home town in his novel
→ It
6 My friends sent me ten flowers on my birthday
→ It
7 She bought her son a present at the Baby’s
→ It
8 Mike invited me to attend his sister’s birthday party
→It
9 They gave us many good lessons about friendship
→ It
10 They are going to build a park near the river
→It
11 A hurricane destroyed the small fishing village
→ It
12 They televised the World Cup soccer all over the world
→It
13 Hundreds of people visit The Washington Monument every year
Page: 7
Trang 8→ It
14 The government built 100 houses for poor people
→It
15 They offered James a good job with some benefits
→ It
16 The company sent Juie a questionnaire last month
→ It
17 They are going to build an amusement park near the river
→ It
18 People celebrated the ceremony on November 15 , 2006.th
→ It
19 People invented paper, the main writing material today, in China
→ It
20 Professor Rivers is teaching chemistry this semester
→ It
21 The boy visited his uncle last month
→ It was
22 My mother bought me a present on my birthday
→ It was
23 The girl received a letter from her friend yesterday
→ It was
24 The woman gave him the book
→ It was
25 She sent her friend the postcard
→ It was
26 Hoa borrowed the book from Long
→ It was
27 The little boy greeted his grandfather in a strnge language
→ It was
28 The pedestrian asked the policeman a lot of questions
→ It was
29 The dog barked at the stranger
→ It was
30 She presented him a book on his birthday
→ It was
31 He met his wife in Britain
→ It was
32 She bought that the present from the shop
→ It was
33 Fans gave Christina lots of flowers
→
34 The pedestrian asked the policeman for direction to the post office
→
35 People talked a lot about his house
→
36 His father bought him a bicycle for his birthday
→
37 He described his hometown in his novel
→
38 She frightened the children
→
39 Her younger sister broke her glasses
→
40 The prince kissed my younger sister at the party
Trang 941 My father gave me this story book as a birthday present
→
42 Vietnamese people celebrate Tet as the greatest occasion in a year
→
VIII/ Combine the sentences, using both…and, either…or, neither…nor:
1 He likes tennis His brother likes tennis, too (both… and…)
→
2 You can choose the red shirt or the blue one (either … or…)
→
3 Mary will go to the party Susan will go to the party too (both… and…)
→
4 The winter is long It is depressing, too (not only … but also…)
→
5 You can have dinner indoors or outdoors (either … or…)
→
6 They don’t like Paris They don’t like London, either (neither … nor…)
→
7 If you don’t go, your brother has to go (either … or…)
→
8 My sister can’t help you I can’t help you, either (neither … nor…)
→
9 I can take roses or daisies (either … or…)
→
10 My father doesn’t drink coca-cola He doesn’t drink beer, either (neither … nor…)
→
11 Jane can’t swim Her brother can’t swim (neither … nor…)
→
12 John and his uncle don’t like to travel (neither … nor…)
→
13 If he doesn’t go to the cinema with us, his sister will go (either … or…)
→
14 Robert is talented as well as handsome (not only … but also…)
→
15 Beth plays the guitar as well as the violin (not only … but also…)
→
16 He writes correctly as well as neatly (not only … but also…)
→
17 Paul Anka plays the piano as well as composes music (not only … but also…)
→
18 He is famous in Italy as well as in Switzerland (not only … but also…)
→
19 I like tennis My husband likes tennis, too (both … and…)
→
20 You can choose the red shirt or the blue one (either … or…)
→
21 My sister can’t help you I can’t help you either (neither … nor…)
→
22 Mary will go to the party Sam will go to the party, too
→
23 The winter is long It is depressing, too (both … and …)
Page: 9
Trang 1024 You can have dinner indoors or outdoors (either … or…) →
25 They don’t like Paris They don’t like London either (neither … nor…) →
26 If you don’t go, your brother has to go (either … or…) →
27 I can take roses or daisies (either … or…) →
28 My father doesn’t drink coca-cola He doesn’t drink beer either (neither… nor…) →
IX/ Add question tags to the following statements. 1 He hardly ever makes a mistake, ?
2 Nobody liked the play, ?
3 She'd save money if she bought fresh food, ?
4 She's very' funny She's got a great sense of humour, ?
5 The area was evacuated at once, ?
6 Mr Smith usually remembered his wife's birthdays, ?
7 It never works very well, ?
8 He ought to have made a note of it, ?
9 Neither of them offered to help you, ?
10 There'll be plenty for everyone, ?
11 Let's go out for dinner tonight, ?
12 That isn't Bill driving, ?
13 Nothing went wrong, ?
14 There used to be trees here, ?
15 This won't take long, ?
16 Don't touch that button, ?
17 I'm too late, ?
18 Not a very good film, ?
19 Somebody wanted a drink, ?
20 They think he's funny, ?
X/ Rewrite each sentence so that it has the similar as its original meaning 1 It is said that many people are homeless after the floods Many people are said
2 It is thought that the prisoner escaped by climbing over the wall The prisoner
3 It is believed that he drove through the town at 90 km an hour He
4 It is reported that two people were seriously injured in the accident Two people
5 It is said that three men were arrested after the explosion Three men
6 It is expected that the strike will begin tomorrow The strike
7 It is said that he speaks English very well