Lession 01 Introduction to Project Management

Learning Objectives Describe project management and discuss key elements of the project management framework, including project stakeholders, the project management knowledge areas, com

Lession 1 :

Introduction to Project Management

Learning Objectives

 Understand the growing need for better project

management

 Explain what a project is, provide examples of

projects, list various attributes of projects, and

describe the triple constraint of projects

Learning Objectives

 Describe project management and discuss key

elements of the project management framework,

including project stakeholders, the project

management knowledge areas, common tools and

techniques, and project success factors

Learning Objectives

 Understand the role of the project manager by

describing what project managers do, what skills

they need, and what the career field is like for

project managers

Learning Objectives

 Describe the five project management (PM)

process groups, the typical level of activity for

each, and the interactions among them

 Understand how the PM process groups relate to

the PM knowledge areas

 Discuss how organizations develop information

technology PM methodologies to meet their needs

Learning Objectives

 Review a case study of an organization applying the

PM process groups to manage an information

technology project, and understand the contribution

that effective project initiation, project planning,

project execution, project monitoring and controlling,

and project closing make to project success

 Many organizations today have a new or renewed

interest in project management

 Computer hardware, software, networks, and the use of interdisciplinary and global work teams have radically changed the work environment

Advantages of Using Formal

Project Management

 Better control of financial, physical, and human

resources

 Improved customer relations

 Shorter development times

 Lower costs

Advantages of Using Formal

Project Management

 Higher quality and increased reliability

 Higher profit margins

 Improved productivity

 Better internal coordination

 Higher worker morale (less stress)

What Is a Project?

 A project is “a temporary endeavor undertaken to

create a unique product, service, or result.”*

 Operations is work done to sustain the business

*PMI, A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge

What Is a Project?

 A project ends when its objectives have been reached,

or the project has been terminated

 Projects can be large or small and take a short or long

time to complete

Project Attributes

 Requires resources, often from various areas.

 Should have a primary customer or sponsor.

 The project sponsor usually provides the direction and

funding for the project.

 Involves uncertainty.

Project and Program

Managers

 Project managers work with project sponsors, project

teams, and other people involved in projects to meet

project goals

 Program: “A group of related projects managed in a

coordinated way to obtain benefits and control not

available from managing them individually.”*

 Program managers oversee programs and often act as

bosses for project managers

*PMI, A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge

(PMBOK® Guide) (2004), p 16.

The Triple Constraint

 Every project is constrained in different ways by its:

 Cost goals: What should it cost?

The Triple Constraint

 It is the project manager’s duty to balance these three

often-competing goals

Figure 1-1 The Triple

Constraint of Project

Management

Successful project

management means

meeting all three

goals (scope, time,

and cost) – and

satisfying the

project’s sponsor!

What is Project Management?

 Project management is “the application of

knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project

activities to meet project requirements.”*

*PMI, A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge

(PMBOK® Guide) (2004), p 8.

Figure 1-2 Project Management Framework

Project Stakeholders

 Stakeholders are the people involved in or affected

by project activities

Nine Project Management

Knowledge Areas

 Knowledge areas describe the key competencies that

project managers must develop

 Four core knowledge areas lead to specific project

objectives (scope, time, cost, and quality).

 Four facilitating knowledge areas are the means through which the project objectives are achieved (human

resources, communication, risk, and procurement

management).

Nine Project Management

Knowledge Areas

 One knowledge area (project integration management)

affects and is affected by all of the other knowledge

areas.

 All knowledge areas are important!

Project Management Tools

and Techniques

 Project management tools and techniques assist project managers and their teams in various aspects of project

management

Project Management Tools

and Techniques

 Specific tools and techniques include:

 Project charters, scope statements, and WBS (scope).

 Gantt charts, network diagrams, critical path analyses,

critical chain scheduling (time).

 Cost estimates and earned value management (cost).

 See Table 1-1 for other examples.

Project Success Factors

1 Executive support

2 User involvement

3 Experienced project manager

4 Clear business objectives

5 Minimized scope

6 Standard software infrastructure

Project Success Factors*

7 Firm basic requirements

8 Formal methodology

9 Reliable estimates

10 Other criteria, such as small milestones, proper

planning, competent staff, and ownership

The Role of the Project

Manager

 Job descriptions vary, but most include responsibilities such as planning, scheduling, coordinating, and

working with people to achieve project goals

 Remember that 97 percent of successful projects were

led by experienced project managers

 Define scope of project.

 Identify stakeholders,

decision-makers, and escalation

procedures.

 Develop detailed task list (work

breakdown structures).

 Estimate time requirements.

 Develop initial project

management flow chart.

 Identify required resources and

budget.

 Evaluate project requirements.

 Identify and evaluate risks.

 Prepare contingency plan.

 Identify interdependencies.

 Identify and track critical milestones.

 Participate in project phase review.

 Secure needed resources.

 Manage the change control process.

 Report project status.

Table 1-1 Fifteen Project

Management Job Functions*

Suggested Skills for Project

Managers

 Project managers need a wide variety of skills

 They should:

 Be comfortable with change.

 Understand the organizations they work in and with.

 Lead teams to accomplish project goals.

Suggested Skills for Project

Managers

 Project managers need both “hard” and “soft” skills

how to use various project management tools and

techniques.

 Soft skills include being able to work with various

types of people.

Suggested Skills for Project

Managers

 Communication skills: Listens, persuades.

 Organizational skills: Plans, sets goals, analyzes.

 Team-building skills: Shows empathy, motivates,

promotes esprit de corps

Suggested Skills for Project

Managers

 Leadership skills: Sets examples, provides vision (big

picture), delegates, positive, energetic

 Coping skills: Flexible, creative, patient, persistent.

 Technology skills: Experience, project knowledge.

Media Snapshot – Good Project

Management Skills from The

Apprentice

 Leadership and

professionalism are crucial.

 Know what your sponsor

expects from the project,

and learn from your

mistakes.

 Trust your team and

delegate decisions.

 Know the business.

 Stand up for yourself.

 Be a team player.

 Stay organized and don’t be

overly emotional.

 Work on projects and for

people you believe in.

 Think outside the box.

 There is some luck involved

in project management, and you should always aim high.

Table 1-2 Most Significant Characteristics of Effective and

Ineffective Project Managers

• Supports team members

• Sets bad example

Importance of Leadership

Skills

 Effective project managers provide leadership by

example

 A leader focuses on long-term goals and big-picture

objectives while inspiring people to reach those goals

 A manager deals with the day-to-day details of meeting specific goals

 Project managers often take on both leader and

manager roles

Figure 1-4 Sample Gantt

Figure 1-5 Sample Network

Diagram

Each box is a project task from the WBS Arrows show dependencies

between tasks The bolded tasks are on the critical path If any task on

the critical path takes longer to complete than planned, the whole

project will slip unless something is done Network diagrams were

first used in 1958 on the Navy Polaris project before project

Project Management Office

(PMO)

 A PMO is an organizational group responsible for

coordinating the project management function

throughout an organization

Project Management Office

(PMO)

 Possible goals include:

 Collect, organize, and integrate project data for the entire

organization.

 Develop and maintain templates for project documents.

 Develop or coordinate training in various project management

topics.

 Develop and provide a formal career path for project managers.

 Provide project management consulting services.

 Provide a structure to house project managers while they are acting

in those roles or are between projects.

Project Management

Software

 Enterprise PM software integrates information from

multiple projects to show the status of active,

approved, and future projects across an entire

Figure 1-6 Sample Enterprise Project Management Tool

The Project Management

Profession

 Professional societies such as the Project

Management Institute (PMI) have grown

significantly

 There are specific interest groups in many areas,

such as engineering, financial services, health care,

and IT

 Project management research and certification

programs continue to grow

Project Management

Certification

 PMI provides certification as a Project Management

Professional (PMP)

 A PMP has documented sufficient project experience,

agreed to follow a code of ethics, and passed the PMP

exam

 The number of people earning PMP certification is

increasing quickly

 PMI and other organizations are offering new

certification programs (see Appendix B)

0 10,000

Ethics in Project

Management

 Ethics is an important part of all professions

 Project managers often face ethical dilemmas

Ethics in Project

Management

 In order to earn PMP certification, applicants must

agree to the PMP code of professional conduct

 Several questions on the PMP exam are related to

professional responsibility, including ethics

Applying Project Management

Figure 1.8 Level of Activity and

Overlap of Process Groups Over

Time

Mapping the Process Groups to

the Knowledge Areas

 You can map the main activities of each PM process

group into the nine knowledge areas by using the

PMBOK® Guide 2004.

 Note that there are activities from each knowledge area under the planning process group

 All initiating activities are part of the project

integration management knowledge area

Table 1-4 Relationships Among Process

Groups and Knowledge Areas

Table 1.5 Relationships Among Process

Groups and Knowledge Areas (cont’d)

Case Study: JWD Consulting’s Project Management Intranet Site

 This case study provides an example of what’s

involved in initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing an IT project

 You can download templates for creating your own

project management documents from the companion

Web site for this text

 This case study provides a big picture view of

managing a project Later chapters provide detailed

information on each knowledge area

Project Initiation

 Initiating a project includes recognizing and starting a new

project or project phase.

 Some organizations use a pre-initiation phase, while others

include items such as developing a business case as part of the

initiation.

 The main goal is to formally select and start off projects.

 Key outputs include:

 Assigning the project manager.

 Identifying key stakeholders.

 Completing a business case.

 Completing a project charter and getting signatures on it.

Project Initiation Documents

 Business case: see table 3.3 a,b,c

 Charter: see Table 3.4 a

 Every organization has its own variations of what

documents are required to initiate a project It’s

important to identify the project need, stakeholders,

and main goals

Project Planning

 The main purpose of project planning is to guide execution.

 Every knowledge area includes planning information (see

Table 3-5)

 Key outputs included in the JWD project include:

 A team contract.

 A scope statement.

 A work breakdown structure (WBS).

 A project schedule, in the form of a Gantt chart with all

dependencies and resources entered.

 A list of prioritized risks (part of a risk register).

 sample documents.

Figure 1-9 JWD Consulting

Intranet Site Project Baseline

Gantt Chart

Table 1-8 List of Prioritized

Risks

project sponsors and customers focus on deliverables

related to providing the products, services, or results

desired from the project.

 A milestone report can keep the focus on completing major milestones.

Table 1-6 Part of Milestone

Report

Project Monitoring and

Controlling

 Involves measuring progress toward project objectives, monitoring deviation from the plan, and taking

corrective action to match progress with the plan

 Affects all other process groups and occurs during all

phases of the project life cycle

 Outputs include performance reports, requested

changes, and updates to various plans

Project Closing

 Involves gaining stakeholder and customer acceptance

of the final products and services

 Even if projects are not completed, they should be

formally closed in order to reflect on what can be

learned to improve future projects

 Outputs include project archives and lessons learned,

which are part of organizational process assets

 Most projects also include a final report and

presentation to the sponsor or senior management

Chapter Summary

 As the number and complexity of projects continue to

grow, it is becoming even more important to practice

good project management

 A project has several attributes, such as being unique,

temporary and developed incrementally

 A framework for project management includes project stakeholders, the nine knowledge areas, tools and

techniques, and creating project portfolios to ensure

enterprise success

Chapter Summary

 The five project management process groups are initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and

closing.

 You can map the main activities of each process group to

the nine knowledge areas.

 Some organizations develop their own information

technology project management methodologies.

 The JWD Consulting case study provides an example of

using the process groups and shows several important

project documents.

Chapter Summary

 Successful project managers must possess and

development many skills and lead their teams by

example

 The project management profession continues to

mature as more people become certified and more tools are created