bài giảng sinh học đại cương

Laboratory Safety – an toàn thí nghiệm Biology laboratory is dangerous because it may contain: › dangerous chemicals such as acids, ethium bromide – Hoá chất nguy hiểm › dangerous mate

1. 

How did organelles develop Infolding –plasma membrane folded into cytoplasm

In eukaryotic cells? Endosymbiosis – one organism became

incorporated within the other Psuedopods - A way Euk cells move Temporary soft extension of

the cell body Amoeba like movement Actinopods - Eukaryotic cells with thin, stiff psuedopods Myonenes - strands on psuedopods that aid in movement Flagella Help Euk cells move The cell can have one or many Cilia Help Euk cells move Tiny, vibrating hairs How do Eukaryotic cells move? Via Flagella, cilia, or psuedopods

What does the mitochondria provides ATP to give cell NRG

Do in a Euk cell?

Describe the cytoskeleton They provide rigidity and can be internal or external

In a Euk cell Manages changes in shape & moves materials around

the cell.

the two types of nuclei that macronuclei, micronuclei

can be found in a Euk cell?

Marcronuclei responsible for- daily functions

Micronuclei responsible for- genetic recombination

Contractile vesicles - specialized vacuoles that pump out extra water from the

cell.

How did we get the P cell lost its cell wall ! Flexibility increased Modern Euk cell? Plasma membrane folded in ! the cell’s SA to V ratio

increased Nuclear envelope, digestive vesicles, and cytoskeleton formed

Organelles form through endocytosis

Peroxisomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts

How to Study Biology ?

›  So many new words !

› know some common prefix and suffix

› eg Photosynthesis,

› photo = light

› synthesis = to combine together

to combine some elements together by using the energy from sunlight

Scientific Methods

Laboratory Safety – an toàn thí nghiệm

Biology laboratory is dangerous because it may contain:

› dangerous chemicals (such as acids, ethium bromide) – Hoá chất nguy hiểm

› dangerous materials (such as hot water & hot objects) – vật liệu nguy hiểm

› bacteria contamination- tạp nhiễm

Working in Laboratory (Rules)

›  Do not enter the laboratory unless your teacher is present

(không tự động vào lab khi gv không có mặt)

›  Do not touch anything that is not a part of your experiment

(không đụng vào bất cứ gì khi nó không phải là thí nghiệm của mình)

›  Work quietly on your own experiment Do not run around or play in the laboratory(làm việc im lặng, không chạy đùa giỡn trong lab)

›  Follow the instructions given by your teacher and make sure you know what to do before starting any experiment (tuân thủ theo hướng dẫn của gv, và chắc chắn công việc của mình trước khi làm thí nghiệm)

•   Wash your hands after any experiments, especially

if the experiments involve the use of chemicals & living organisms

•  (rửa sạch tay sau khi làm thí nghiệm)

)

•   Thu nhận năng lượng từ môi trường ngoài và biến đổi nó

Basic characteristics of living things

Những biểu hiện cơ bản của sự sống:

Sinh trưởng

và phát triển

Basic characteristics of living things

Những biểu hiện cơ bản của sự sống:

ReproducYon

Basic characteristics of living things

Những biểu hiện cơ bản của sự sống:

Basic characteristics of living things

Những biểu hiện cơ bản của sự sống:

Movement

Basic characteristics of living things

Những biểu hiện cơ bản của sự sống:

~

Diversity of Organisms and Classification

Classification of Organisms

›   Invertebrates : without backbone

›   Vertebrates : with backbone

Ringed worms (giun đốt) •  

•  

Roundwoms (giun tròn)

Arachnids

Myriapods

›  External fertilization

›  Breathe with lungs

›  Internal fertilization; lay shelled eggs

Birds

›  Warm-blooded

›  With feathers and wings

›  Beak for feeding

›  Lungs for breathing

›  Internal fertilization; lay shelled eggs

Mammals

›  Warm-blooded

›  Hairs on skin

›  Females have mammary

glands for producing milk

›  Lungs for breathing

›  Diaphragm present

›  Internal fertilization; embryos

develop inside mothers’

Non-flowering plants › 4 groups:

Mosses ›  With simple leaves and stems

›  No root; with rhizoids for anchorage and absorption of water

›  Reproduce by spores

›  No vascular tissues

›  Found in damp area

Ferns

›  With true roots, stems,

leaves and vascular

tissues

›  Reproduce by spores

›  Live in damp places

Gymnosperms ›  Reproduction by

producing seeds

›   Seeds develop in cones,

not enclosed by fruits

⇒ naked seeds

›  Needle-shaped leaves to

reduce water loss

Angiosperms (Flowering plants)

›  With flowers for

reproduction

›  Seeds are produced

inside the fruit (matured

ovary)

Two groups of flowering plants

2 ]   Most abundant component of organisms

]   An excellent solvent

]   Reaction medium

]   Transport substances

]   Help to maintain constant body temperature

]   Take part in chemical reactions

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2  Nước  và  các  chất  vô  cơ

Do sự phân cực, hai phân tử nước ở kề nhau có

thể tạo thành liên kết hydro

Các phân tử nước tập hợp lại thành mạng lưới

nhờ các liên kết hydro Bản chất dịnh vào nhau

của các phân tử nước xác định phần lớn các tính

chất đặc biệt của nó, như sức căng bề mặt, nhiệt

năng cao, hấp thu nhiều nhiệt lượng, ít thay đổi

nhiệt

31

Nước  trong  cơ  thể  sống

32

Đặc tính Tầm quan trọng trong sinh học

Tỷ  trọng Làm  giá  đỡ  cho  cơ  thể Sức  căng Vật  chất  dễ  bám  vào Mao  dẫn Vận  chuyển  chất Chịu  nén Nâng đỡ cho cơ thể Nhiệt dung Điều hoà thân nhiệt Nhiệt bay hơi Làm mát cơ thể Dẫn điện Dẫn truyền các xung thần kinh

15

Liên  kết  Hydro  và  các  tương  tác  yếu  khác:

Liên kết Hydro : Liên kết hyđro có xu hướng hình thành giữa nguyên tử có điện âm với

nguyên tử Hydrogen gắn với Oxy hay Nitơ

Lực hút van der waals xảy ra khi các phân tử gần kề nhau do tương tác giữa các đám mây

Nước  là  chất  vô  cơ  đơn  giản,  có  

số  lượng  lớn  trên  hành  tinh,  và  

có  những  tính  chất  lý  hóa  đặc   biệt  

Về  mặt  hoá  học  phân  tử  nước  có   một  nguyên  tử   Oxygen và hai hydrogen

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Minerals

±   Found in cells in form of Ions

±   For healthy functioning of organisms

±   Plants: Obtain minerals from Soil

Ÿ   Most abundant organic molecules in

cells

Ÿ   Main structural components of a cell

Ÿ   Serve as Enzymes & some Hormones

Ÿ   Provide Energy

Ë   Energy store in Plants & Animals

Ë   Important structural component

of Cell Membrane

Ë   Serve as some Hormones

v Cellulose:

v Glycogen:

v Starch (

Ö   Include DNA & RNA

Ö   Store information which controls

cell activities

Ö   DNA: Mainly in Nucleus

Ö   RNA: In Cytoplasm & Nucleus

METABOLISM (trao đổi chất)

The concept of metabolism

›  Metabolism = all the chemical reactions taken place inside the living organisms

›  Metabolic reactions produce different life processes, e.g

Types of metabolism

›  Catabolism (dị hoá):

›  break down complex organic

molecules into simpler molecules

Types of metabolism

›  Anabolism (đồng hoá):

from simple molecules

›  e.g Photosynthesis: requires energy

Ans: ÐĐể xem liệu catalase trong mô vẫn có thể thúc đẩy

sự phân hủy của hydrogen peroxide sau khi luộc

2 O2A

Ans: Oxygen

A

Ans: Fresh liver tissue A

Ans: Catalase is produced by fresh tissues only Boiling kills the cells and destroys the enzyme A

speed up a chemical reaction

Protei

> Biological Catalyst

Mechanism of enzyme action

›  Each enzyme has an active site

•   Active site : the place where substrate binds with the enzyme

•   Each active site can only allow

specific substrate to fit in

Mechanism of enzyme action

›  The enzyme and substrate molecules combine to form a

Mechanism of enzyme action

Action of enzyme

(Anabolic reaction)

enzyme

Action of enzyme (catabolic reaction)

Mechanism of enzyme action

•   The active site is free to attach to other

substrate molecules again ( i.e it can

Lock and key hypothesis

MAT Lock and key hypothesis

Bản chất và tính chất của enzyme

*   Catalyse reversible reaction in both directions

*   Enzymatic activity is affected by temperature and pH

›   high temperature and extreme pH can denature enzymes

∵ protein in nature

pH

Effect of temperature on

enzyme activity

by the substrate and enzyme molecules

∴

Effect of temperature on enzyme

activity

›  Higher temperature : more kinetic energy possessed by the substrate and enzyme molecules

∴ Higher reaction rate (and enzyme activity)

Effect of temperature on enzyme activity

›  The temperature which allows the highest enzyme activity is called the

optimum temperature

Effect of temperature on enzyme activity

› At temperature higher than the optimum temperature, the shape of the active site is changed

∴ substrate can no longer bind to the

active site of the enzyme

Effect of temperature on enzyme

activity

Effect of temperature on enzyme

activity

›  Enzymes become inactive but not denatured at low temperatures

∴They can regain catalytic function when the temperature increases

Effect of temperature on enzyme activity

›  Denaturation is a permanent process

∴When an enzyme is denatured, its catalytic function is lost permanently, and cannot be restored ( never

become active again ) even it is put in lower temperature

Effect of temperature on enzyme activity

›  Different enzymes may have different optimum

temperature

›  The optimum temperature of many enzymes in human body is not 37oC, even though this is our body

temperature!

› Our body temperature can provide a

better environment for all the enzymes in our bodies to work

Effect of temperature on enzyme

activity

Ans: To ensure the pair of test tubes are in the same temperature

Different enzymes has

›  

›  

›  

Slides

Cell Types

Onion Cells

Elodea (100x, no iodine)

Elodea (430x, no iodine)

Cheek Cells

Red and White Blood Cells

Bacteria – Cocci (400x)

Bacteria – Bacilli (400x)

Bacteria – Spirillum (400x)

Tế bào chất (Cytoplasm)

Pepsdoglucan

Enzyme phân giải

Tế bào chất

Protein liên kết Permease

Tiêm mao (lông)

›  

›  

›  

›  

›  

Hoạt động của bộ máy Golgi

Lục lạp của tế bào thực vật

›  

›  

›  

›  

Nhân và màng nhân

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic

•  streaming in the cytoplasm

•  cell division by mitosis

•  complex flagella

•  larger ribosomes

•  complex cytoskeleton

•  cellulose in cell walls

•  DNA bound to histone proteins

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic

Examples:

Bacteria

Plant cells Animal cells Fungi

Protists

Comparison:

Plant cells Animal cells

q  Large, central vacuole

Ans: Rises The living cell acts as a selectively permeable membrane The distilled water outside has a higher water potential than the sugar solution in the cavity

So water passes through the potato into the cavity by osmosis

Ans: Remains unchanged It is because the cells have been killed by boiling and they can no longer act as a selectively permeable membrane and osmosis does not occur

Ans: Osmosis only occurs in living cells since living cell membranes are selectively permeable

Why a cell needs transport ?

b   for obtaining useful materials, and

b   for eliminating metabolic waste

b   (thu nhận những vật chất có ích và đào thải cặn bã trong quá trình trao đổi chất)

Diffusion (khuếch tán)

Vận chuyển thụ động qua màng tế bào

Factors affecting

Rate of Diffusion

e  Size (larger size, slower rate)

(steeper gradient, faster rate)

difference between the two areas) e  Medium (gas > liquid > solid)

Ü   get rid of waste products

Ü involve in gaseous exchange during

Ü   absorb mineral salts in plants

2  water / solvent molecules move from high water concentration to low water concentration area (high water

potential to low water potential area) (low solute concentration to high

solute concentration area) through a selectively permeable membrane

thí nghiệm với tế bào hồng cầu (máu gà hay heo cũng được, khi lấy máu thì cho natri citrat vào để ngăn máu đông), là tế bào không có nhân, không có những bào quan lớn, đa số chỉ toàn là tế bào chất) à dễ thấy Đưa các tế bào này lần lượt vào các dung dịch ưu trương, nhược trương…

Giải thích hiện tượng trong hình vẽ

kết quả cho thấy là TẾ BÀO bị biến dạng, vì hồng cầu không có không bào Trong môi trường ưu trương ta sẽ thấy hiện tượng tế bào hồng cầu teo tóp lại, và trong môi trường nhược trương thì tế bào sẽ trương to lên, nếu quá nhược trương thì có thể tế bào sẽ bị vỡ

Quá trình thực bào

và

ẩm bào

Quá trình xuất bào

trùng biến hình bắt mồi

4 HÔ HẤP TẾ BÀO

4.1 Quá trình quang hợp ở tế bào thực vật 4.2 Qua trình hô hấp ở tế bào động vật

Photosynthesis

Chloroplast Structure

Photosynthetic Reactions

1.  Light dependent reactions

2.  Light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)

Light Reactions

2 H+ and e- are used to produce energy

carrying molecules NADPH and ATP

Light Independent Reactions

Light independent reactions occur in the

stroma

The Calvin (C3) Cycle

The Calvin

the stomates

ADP and NADP+ return to the light reactions

in the thylakoid to be “recharged”

Formation of Glucose

3-carbon chains from the C3 cycle join to form the six carbon molecule, glucose (or other molecules required by the plant)

Cellular Respiration

Aerobic and Anaerobic Metabolism

Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm

Glycolysis Simplified

If oxygen is available (aerobic), then

pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle

If oxygen is not available(anaerobic),

then pyruvate undergoes fermentation

Synonymous Terms

(TCA cycle)

Mitochondrial Structure

membrane space (matrix) of the mitochondrion

ElectronTransport

Oxygen is the terminal (final) electron acceptor

∴ Oxygen is needed only in the very LAST step of cellular

respiration!

Mitochondrial Structure

Infoldings (cristae) increase the area of membrane surface available for electron transport

Ø  The Krebs cycle and electron transport

take place in the mitochondria

Ø  The Krebs cycle and electron transport maximize ATP yield

and some bacteria , and yields only the

Anaerobic Respiration

glucose lactic acid

it yields only the 2 ATP produced in

glycolysis

Vocabulary

identical daughter cells

proteins

paternal, one maternal

(3) Cánh ngắn

(4) Cánh dài

Telomeres

§  Do not code for genes

§  Keep ends of chromosomes from sticking to each other

§  Prevent loss of genes

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Cytokinesis

›  

›  

›  

Binary Fission

£ The primary method of

reproduction for prokaryotes

£ Does not require a mate

£ Is asexual reproduction

£ Does not increase the variation

in a population

Binary Fission

Central growth Apical growth

›  

› 

› 

›  

›  

Major Events in Mitosis

Meiosis

Gamete Formation

Mitosis in Onion Root Tip

Segregation and Inheritance Phân ly và sự di truyền)

Traits Studied by Mendel

Thí nghiệm của Mendel

Flower Color

Incomplete Dominance

In snapdragons red

flower color is due to

gene (R) and white to

its corresponding allele

Traits

Color Blindness:

An X-linked Recessive trait

Blood-Type Genetics

Blood Cell Antigens

Blood types are the result of the presence (or absence) of antigens (molecules) on the surface of the individual’s red blood cells These fall into two groups:

q  A , B , O blood type

q  Rh factor