plc cơ bản tự động hóa

1.1  Ñònh nghóa . 1.2  Öu – nhöôïc ñieåm cuûa gia coâng baèng aùp löïc . 1.3  Phaân loaïi caùc phöông phaùp gia coâng baèng aùp löïc. 1.4  Söï bieán daïng deûo cuûa kim loaïi . 1.5  Nhöõng nhaân toá aûnh höôûng ñeán tính deûo cuûa kim loaïi . 1.6  Aûnh höôûng cuûa bieán daïng deûo ñeán tính chaát vaø toå chöùc cuûa kim loaïi . 1.7  Söï keát tinh laïi . 1.8 Caùc ñònh luaät cô baûn aùp duïng khi gia coâng baèng aùp löïc.

0QPHCVCN'TTQTU          (CVCN'TTQTU           7UGTFGHKPGF'TTQTU          2TQITCOOKPI'TTQTU          6TQWDNGUJQQVKPI(NQYEJCTVU         2TGX GPVKX G/CKPVGPCPEG       

PGVYQTM EQOOWPKECVKQP GPCDNG C DKI UECNG KORNGOGPVCVKQP CPF RTQEGUU EQQTFKPCVKQP DGUKFGURTQXKFKPIITGCVGTHNGZKDKNKV[KPTGCNK\KPIFKUVTKDWVGFEQPVTQNU[UVGO'XGT[UKPINGEQORQPGPVKPCEQPVTQNU[UVGORNC[UCPKORQTVCPVTQNGTGICTFNGUUQHUK\G(QTKPUVCPEGCUUJQYPKP(KIVJG2.%YQWNFPQVMPQYVJGJCRRGPKPIUCTQWPFKVYKVJQWVCP[UGPUKPIFGXKEGU#PFKHPGEGUUCT[CPCTGC JQUV EQORWVGT JCU VQ DG KP RNCEG VQ EQQTFKPCVG VJG CEVKXKVKGU KP C URGEKHKE CTGC CV VJGUJQRHNQQT

/QVQT

.KOKVUYKVEJ 5GPUQT 5QNGPQKF KIJVU $W\\GT

$< 

6JG 2.% OC[ DG WUGF VQ EQPVTQN C UKORNG CPF TGRGVKVKXG VCUM QT C HGY QH VJGO OC[ DGKPVGTEQPPGEVGF VQIGVJGT YKVJ QVJGT JQUV EQPVTQNNGTU QT JQUV EQORWVGTU VJTQWIJ C UQTV QHEQOOWPKECVKQPPGVYQTMKPQTFGTVQKPVGITCVGVJGEQPVTQNQHCEQORNGZRTQEGUU



+PRWV&GXKEGU

+PVGNNKIGPEGQHCPCWVQOCVGFU[UVGOKUITGCVN[FGRGPFKPIQPVJGCDKNKV[QHC2.%VQTGCFKPVJGUKIPCNHTQOXCTKQWUV[RGUQHCWVQOCVKEUGPUKPICPFOCPWCNKPRWVHKGNFFGXKEGU

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

 +0641&7%6+10

1WVRWV&GXKEGU

#PCWVQOCVKEU[UVGOKUKPEQORNGVGCPFVJG2.%U[UVGOKUXKTVWCNN[RCTCN[UGFYKVJQWVOGCPUQHKPVGTHCEGVQVJGHKGNFQWVRWVFGXKEGU5QOGQHVJGOQUVEQOOQPN[EQPVTQNNGFFGXKEGUCTGOQVQTUUQNGPQKFUTGNC[UKPFKECVQTUDW\\GTUCPFGVE6JTQWIJCEVKXCVKQPQHOQVQTUCPFUQNGPQKFUVJG2.%ECPEQPVTQNHTQOCUKORNGRKEMCPFRNCEGU[UVGOVQCOWEJEQORNGZUGTXQRQUKVKQPKPIU[UVGO6JGUGV[RGQHQWVRWVFGXKEGUCTGVJGOGEJCPKUOQHCPCWVQOCVGFU[UVGOCPFUQKVUFKTGEVGHHGEVQPVJGU[UVGORGTHQTOCPEG



*QYGXGTQVJGTQWVRWVFGXKEGUUWEJCUVJGRKNQVNCORDW\\GTUCPFCNCTOUCTGOGTGN[OGCPVHQTPQVKH[KPIRWTRQUG.KMGKPRWVUKIPCNKPVGTHCEKPIUKIPCNHTQOQWVRWVFGXKEGUCTGKPVGTHCEGFVQVJG2.%VJTQWIJVJGYKFGTCPIGQH2.%QWVRWVOQFWNG

41/KUCPQPXQNCVKNGOGOQT[VJCVECPDGRTQITCOOGFQPN[QPEG+VKUVJGTGHQTGWPUWKVCDNG+VKUNGCUVRQRWNCTCUEQORCTGFYKVJQVJGTUOGOQT[V[RG



4#/ KU EQOOQPN[ WUGF OGOQT[ V[RG HQT UVQTKPI VJG WUGT RTQITCO CPF FCVC 6JG FCVC KP VJGXQNCVKNG4#/YQWNFPQTOCNN[DGNQUVKHVJGRQYGTUQWTEGKUTGOQXGF*QYGXGTVJKURTQDNGOKUUQNXGFD[DCEMKPIWRVJG4#/YKVJCDCVVGT[

 +0641&7%6+10

'241/JQNFUFCVCRGTOCPGPVN[LWUVNKMG41/+VFQUGPQVTGSWKTGDCVVGT[DCEMWR*QYGXGTKVUEQPVGPVECPDGGTCUGFD[GZRQUKPIKVVQWNVTCXKQNGVNKIJV#RTQOYTKVGTKUTGSWKTGFVQTGRTQITCOVJGOGOQT[

''241/EQODKPGUVJGCEEGUUHNGZKDKNKV[QH4#/CPFVJGPQPXQNCVKNKV[QH'241/KPQPG+VUEQPVGPVUECPDGGTCUGFCPFTGRTQITCOOGFGNGEVTKECNN[JQYGXGTVQCNKOKVPWODGTQHVKOGU

 +0641&7%6+10



5%#06+/'

6JGRTQEGUUQHTGCFKPIVJGKPRWVUGZGEWVKPIVJGRTQITCOCPFWRFCVKPIVJGQWVRWVUKUMPQYPCUUECP 6JG UECP VKOG KU PQTOCNN[ C EQPVKPWQWU CPF UGSWGPVKCN RTQEGUU QH TGCFKPI VJG UVCVWU QHKPRWVUGXCNWCVKPIVJGEQPVTQNNQIKECPFWRFCVKPIQWVRWVU5ECPVKOGURGEKHKECVKQPKPFKECVGUJQYHCUVVJGEQPVTQNNGTECPTGCEVVQVJGHKGNFKPRWVUCPFEQTTGEVN[UQNXGVJGEQPVTQNNQIKE

QP KVU %27 RTQEGUUKPI URGGF CPF VJG NGPIVJ QH VJG WUGT RTQITCO 6JG WUGT QH TGOQVG +1UWDU[UVGOU KPETGCUGU VJG UECP VKOG CU C TGUWNV QH JCXKPI VQ VTCPUOKV VJG +1 WRFCVGU VQ TGOQVGUWDU[UVGO/QPKVQTKPIQHVJGEQPVTQNRTQITCOCNUQCFFUQXGTJGCFVKOGVQVJGUECPDGECWUGVJGEQPVTQNNGT1U %27 JCU VQ UGPF VJG UVCVWU QH EQKNU CPF EQPVCEVU VQ VJG %46 QT QVJGT OQPKVQTKPIFGXKEG

• +P2.%5[UVGOURCTGRCTVUHQTTGNC[UCPFJCTFYCTGVKOGTUCTGITGCVN[TGFWEGFCUEQORCTGFVQEQPXGPVKQPCNEQPVTQNRCPGN

• 6JGOCEJKPGE[ENGVKOGKUKORTQXGFVTGOGPFQWUN[FWGVQVJGURGGFQH2.%QRGTCVKQPKUCOCVVGTQHOKNNKUGEQPFU6JWURTQFWEVKXKV[KPETGCUGU

• +VEQUVOWEJNGUUEQORCTGFVQEQPXGPVKQPCNU[UVGOKPUKVWCVKQPYJGPVJGPWODGTQH+1UKUXGT[NCTIGCPFEQPVTQNHWPEVKQPUCTGEQORNGZ

• 6JGTGNKCDKNKV[QHVJG2.%KUJKIJGTVJCPVJGOGEJCPKECNTGNC[UCPFVKOGTU

• #PKOOGFKCVGRTKPVQWVQHVJG2.%RTQITCOECPDGFQPGKPOKPWVGU6JGTGHQTGJCTFEQR[QHFQEWOGPVCVKQPECPDGGCUKN[OCKPVCKPGF

(KI6[RKECN2.%%QPVTQN2CPGN

6QEQPPGEVVJGCDQXGEKTEWKVKPC2.%U[UVGOVQ2.%YKTKPIEKTEWKVYGPGGFVQKFGPVKH[VJGKPRWVVJGQWVRWVFGXKEGKPVJKUECUGKUQPN[QPGOCIPGVKEEQPVCEVQTVJCVEQPVTQNUVJGRJCUGOQVQT6JGYKTKPIEKTEWKVKUUJQYPKP(KI

'ZCORNG5QTVKPI/CEJKPG

(KIKUVJGUQHVYCTGNCFFGTFKCITCOVQDGNQCFGFKPVQVJG2.%KPQTFGTHQTVJG2.%VQTWPCEEQTFKPIVQVJGUGSWGPEGQHQRGTCVKQP

Y#5[UVGOCVKE#RRTQCEJQH%QPVTQN5[UVGO&GUKIP7UKPI#

2TQITCOOKPI.QIKE%QPVTQNNGT

6JGEQPEGRVUQHEQPVTQNNKPICEQPVTQNU[UVGOKUCXGT[UKORNGCPFGCU[VCUM+VKPXQNXGUC

6JGOQXGOGPVQHVJGEQPVTQNNGFU[UVGOKUEQPUVCPVN[OQPKVQTGFD[VJGKPRWVFGXKEGUVJCVIKXGC URGEKHKGF EQPFKVKQP CPF UGPF C UKIPCN VQ VJG RTQITCOOCDNG EQPVTQNNGT +P TGURQPUG VJGRTQITCOOCDNG EQPVTQNNGT QWVRWVU C UKIPCN VQ VJG GZVGTPCN QWVRWV FGXKEGU YJKEJ CEVWCNN[EQPVTQNUVJGOQXGOGPVQHVJGEQPVTQNNGFU[UVGOCUURGEKHKGFCPFVJWUCEJKGXGUVJGGZVGPFGFEQPVTQNCEVKQP+PUKORNKEKV[[QWPGGFVQFGVGTOKPGVJGUGSWGPEGQHVJGQRGTCVKQPD[FTCYKPIQWVVJGHNQYEJCTV



 #UUKIPOGPVQH+PRWVUCPF1WVRWVU

5GEQPFN[ CNN GZVGTPCN KPRWV CPF QWVRWV FGXKEGU VQ DG EQPPGEVGF VQ VJG RTQITCOOCDNGEQPVTQNNGTUOWUVDGFGVGTOKPGF6JGKPRWVFGXKEGUCTGVJGXCTKQWUUYKVEJGUUGPUGUGVE6JGQWVRWVFGXKEGUCTGVJGUQNGPQKFUGNGEVTQOCIPGVKEXCNXGUOQVQTKPFWEVQTUGVE



#HVGT KFGPVKH[KPI CNN VJG XCTKQWU +0276 CPF 176276 FGXKEGU CUUKIPGF VJG PWODGTUEQTTGURQPFKPIVQVJG+0276CPF176276PWODGTQHVJGRCTVKEWNCTRTQITCOOCDNGEQPVTQNNGT[QWYKNNDGWUKPI6JGCEVWCNYKTKPIYKNNHQNNQYVJGPWODGTUQHVJGRTQITCOOCDNGEQPVTQNNGT6JG CUUKIPOGPV QH +0276 CPF 176276 PWODGTU OWUV DG ECTTKGF QWV DGHQTG YTKVKPI VJGNCFFGTFKCITCODGECWUGVJGPWODGTFKEVCVGYJCVKUVJGRTGEKUGOGCPKPIQHVJGEQPVCEVUKPVJGNCFFGTFKCITCO



 4WPPKPIVJG5[UVGO

$GHQTGVJGUVCTVRWUJDWVVQPKURTGUUGFVJQTQWIJN[GPUWTGVJCVVJGKPRWVCPF1WVRWVYKTKPICTGEQTTGEVN[EQPPGEVGFCEEQTFKPIVQVJG+1#UUKIPOGPV1PEGEQPHKTOGFVJGCEVWCNQRGTCVKQPQHVJG2.%ECPPQYDGUVCTVGF;QWOC[PGGFVQFGDWICNQPIVJGYC[CPFHKPGVWPGVJGEQPVTQNU[UVGOKHPGEGUUCT[6GUVTWPVJQTQWIJN[WPVKNKVKUUCHGVQQRGTCVGD[CP[QPG





#NVJQWIJUGGOKPIN[UKORNGGZGEWVKPIVJKUUGTKGUQHQRGTCVKQPUYKVJGNGEVTKEFGXKEGUCPFEKTEWKVT[KUJCTFGTVJCPTGCNK\GF

.QQMKPICVVJGCDQXGHKIWTGENQUGN[YKNNFKUENQUGVJCVVJGTQDQVRGTHQTOUQPGQRGTCVKQPCVCVKOGYJGPCIKXGPEQPFKVKQPKUOGV.GVIUCPCN[\GVJGUGQRGTCVKQPUCPFEQPFKVKQPU



 9JGPVJGUVCTVDWVVQPKURTGUUGFVJGTQDQVTQVCVGUKVUCTOENQEMYKUG



 9JGPVJGTQDQVCTOJCUOQXGFVQVJGRQUKVKQPQHVJGYQTMKPEQPXG[QT#VJGCTOITCURUVJGYQTM

(Start button) (Detect workpiece)

(clockwise rotation)

(check grasp work)

(3)

$WVVQPVJGCTOEQPVKPWGU

D %JGEMVJGKPRWVYKTKPIYKVJVJG2.%IUKPRWVKPFKECVQTUQTC2GTKRJGTCN&GXKEGIUOQPKVQTQRGTCVKQPU



 6GUV4WP

C 7UGC2GTKRJGTCN&GXKEGVQUGVVJG2.%VQ470QT/10+614OQFGCPFEJGEMVJCVVJGK470LKPFKECVQTNKIJVUWR

1(( 6JG2GTKRJGTCN2QTVCPF45%RQTVQRGTCVGCEEQTFKPIVQVJGEQOOWPKECVKQPUGVVKPIKPVJGUGVWRGZEGRVHQTC2TQITCOOKPI%QPUQNGEQPPGEVGFVQVJG2GTKRJGTCNRQTV

10 6JG2GTKRJGTCN2QTVCPF45%RQTVQRGTCVGCEEQTFKPIVQVJGUVCPFCTFEQOOWPKECVKQPUUGVVKPIUGZEGRVHQTC2TQITCOOKPI%QPUQNGEQPPGEVGFVQVJG2GTKRJGTCNRQTV





• $CVVGT[

6JKUDCVVGT[DCEMUWRVJGOGOQT[KPVJG%277PKVCPFKUEQPPGEVGFYJGPVJG7PKVKUUJKRRGF

• 'ZRCPUKQP+17PKV%QORQPGPVU

6JGGZRCPUKQPWPKVUCTGUJCTGFDGVYGGP%2/#CPF%2/#

VGTOKPCNU +PRWVU 1WVRWVU UWRRN[2QYGT /QFGNPWODGT



6JGHQNNQYKPIVCDNGFGUETKDGUVJG%2/#%27U

0WODGTQH+1

VGTOKPCNU +PRWVU 1WVRWVU UWRRN[2QYGT /QFGNPWODGT

0WODGTQH+1

VGTOKPCNU +PRWVU 1WVRWVU UWRRN[2QYGT /QFGNPWODGT

 #PCNQI #PCNQI &% %2/#/#&

 RQKPVU RQKPVU &% %2/#546



/WNVKFTQR%QOOWPKECVKQPUVQ%QORWVGT

%QPPGEVKPI%CDNGU 7UGFVQEQPPGEV+$/2%#6QTEQORCVKDNG %3/%+(.KPM#FCRVGT %QPXGTVUDGVYGGPVJG45%CPF45 $#.

6JGOCZKOWOECDNGNGPIVJQH45UJQWNFDGO

4GEGKXGFCVC HTQO /CUVGT

0QVG5GV&/CPF

OWUVUGVKPVGTHCEGVQ06 0QVG5GV&/CPFOWUVUGVKPVGTHCEGVQ06

/#56'4241)4#/ 5.#8'241)4#/

• *QUV.KPM%QOOWPKECVKQPU



*QUV.KPMEQOOWPKECVKQPCTGCCEQPXGTUCVKQPCNV[RGEQOOWPKECVKQPRTQVQEQNKPYJKEJVJG2.%UGPFUTGURQPUGUVQEQOOCPFUKUUWGFHTQOCJQUVEQORWVGTCPFECPDGWUGFVQTGCFQTYTKVGFCVCKP2.%IUFCVCCTGCUCPFEQPVTQNUQOG2.%QRGTCVKQPU*QUV.KPMEQOOWPKECVKQPUECPDGWUGFVJTQWIJVJGRGTKRJGTCNRQTVQTVJG%2/#IU45%RQTV

/WNVKFTQR%QOOWPKECVKQPUVQ%QORWVGT

7RVQ1OTQP2.%UKPENWFKPIVJG1/4102.%UECPDGEQPVTQNNGFHTQOCJQUVEQORWVGT6JGHQNNQYKPIFKCITCOUJQYUGRCTCVG45%RQTVCPF2GTKRJGTCN2QTVEQPHKIWTCVKQPUDWVDQVJRQTVECPDGWUGFUKOWNVCPGQWUN[

•

9JGPPQRTQVQEQNEQOOWPKECVKQPUCTGWUGFFCVCECPDGGZEJCPIGFYKVJUGTKCNFGXKEGUUWEJCUECPDGWUGFYKVJGKVJGTCP45%RQTVQTRGTKRJGTCNRQTV

• 06.KPM%QOOWPKECVKQP

6JG 06 KPM CNNQYU C %2/# 2.% VQ DG EQPPGEVGF FKTGEVN[ VQ CP 1/410 2TQITCOOCDNG6GTOKPCN6JGTGKUPQPGGFHQTCEQOOWPKECVKQPURTQITCOQPVJG2.%6JG06.KPMECPDGWUGFYKVJC45%RQTV



6JGNKPMTGNC[CTGCQPVJG%2/#2.%UKUQPN[YQTFU.4VQ.49JGPRGTHQTOKPICQPGVQQPG NKPM YKVJ C %2/# 2.% CPF %3/ %*5 QT %*9*)*' WUG VJGEQTTGURQPFKPIYQTFU.4VQ.4QPVJG%3/%*5QT%*9*)*'#QPGVQQPGNKPMYKVJC%2/#2.%ECPPQVDGRGTHQTOGFWUKPI.4VQ.4





• %QORQ$WU5+1.KPM%QPPGEVKQPU

QWVRWVRQKPVUYKVJC%QORQ$WU5/CUVGTQT7PKV54/2.%6JGEQPPGEVKQPKUOCFGVJTQWIJC

%QORQ$WU5+1.KPM7PKV

(TQOVJGUVCPFRQKPVQHVJG%2/#%27WPKVVJGCTGCCNNQECVGFVQVJG%QORQ$WU5+1.KPM7PKVECPDGVTGCVGFLWUVNKMGVJGCTGCCNNQECVGFVQCP'ZRCPUKQP+17PKV6JGFKHHGTGPEGKUVJCVVJGDKVUCTGPQVCEVWCN+1RQKPVUDWV+1DKVUKPVJG/CUVGT7PKV

5GVVKPI 2GTKRJGTCNRQTV 45%RQTV 5GVVKPI

/QFG &/DKVUVQ &/DKVUVQ *QUV.KPM

RCTKV[



+PVJG%2/#EJCPPGNKUCUUKIPGFCUKPRWVCPFEJCPPGNKUCUUKIPGFCUQWVRWV'CEJEJCPPGNEQPUKUVUQHDKVUUVCTVKPIHTQODKVVQDKV(QTOQTGKPHQTOCVKQPCDQWVVJGQVJGTOGOQT[CFFTGUUGU TGHGT VQ #RRGPFKZ % QH VJKU OCPWCN ;QW EQWNF HKPF VJG KPVGTPCN #WZKNKCT[ &CVC/GOQT[ KPM 4GNC[U 6KOGTU%QWPVGTU  *QNFKPI 4GNC[U CTGCU GVE (QT EQORNGVGWPFGTUVCPFKPI[QWUJQWNFTGCFVJTQWIJVJKUOCPWCN

• 6JG %2/#−%&4−  2%U ECP JCPFNG  KPVGTTWRV KPRWVU VJG %2/#−%&4− 

%2/#−%&4− CPF%2/#−%&4− 2%UECPJCPFNGKPVGTTWRVKPRWVU+PCFFKVKQPVQ

* Philip screwdriver is required

• +PRWVU+PVGTTWRVU

6JGTGCTGVYQKPRWVKPVGTTWRVUKPVJG%2/#−RQKPV+1%27CPFHQWTKPVJG−−CPF

+PVGTTWRV2TQITCO

+PRWVKPVGTTWRV

• 3WKEMTGURQPUG+PRWVU(WPEVKQPU



6JG %2/#−%&4−=? 2.%U JCXG  SWKEMTGURQPUG KPRWV VGTOKPCNU CPF VJG

%2/#−%&4−=?%&4−=?%&4−=?2.%UJCXGSWKEMTGURQPUGKPRWVVGTOKPCNU

3WKEMTGURQPUG KPRWVU JCXG CP KPVGTPCN DWHHGT UQ KPRWV UKIPCNU UJQTVGT VJCP QPG E[ENG ECP DG

Program execution

I/O refreshing

Overseeingprocess

Program execution

I/O refreshing

 CTG VWTPGF HTQO 1(( VQ 10 +PVGTTWRV UWDTQWVKPG PWODGTU  VQ  CTG CNNQECVGF VQ

KPRWVRKPVUVQ

+PVGTXCN6KOGT+PVGTTWRVU

EQWPVGT YKVJ C OCZKOWO TGURQPUG HTGSWGPE[ QH  M*\ CPF HQWT RQKPVU HQT KPVGTTWRV KPRWVU

6JG EWTTGPV EQWPV KU EQORCTGF VQ GCEJ VCTIGV XCNWG KP VJG QTFGT VJCV VJG[CTGTGIKUVGTGFKPVJG

WRVQM*\6JGUGKPRWVUECPDGWUGFCUGKVJGTKPETGOGPVKPIEQWPVGTUQHFGETGOGPVKPIEQWPVGTU

XCNWG

+PRWV

0WODGT %QWPV +PVGTTWRVPWODGT 5WDTQWVKPGPWODGT 4GURQPUGHTGSWGPE[

C OCZKOWO QH  M*\ 7UKPI VJG EQPLWPEVKQP YKVJ VJG KPVGTTWRV HWPEVKQP GPCDNGU VCTIGV XCNWG

&%V[RG 9OCZ 9OCZ

+PTWUJEWTTGPV #OCZ #OCZ

 9QTMCTGC +4VQ+4 +4VQ+4 9QTMDKVUECPDGHTGGN[WUGFYKVJKPVJG

RTQITCO

54CTGC 54VQ54

 54VQ54 6JGUGDKVUUGTXGURGEKHKEHWPEVKQPUUWEJCUHNCIUCPFEQPVTQNDKVU64CTGC  64VQ64 6JGUGDKVUCTGWUGFVQVGORQTCTKN[UVQTG



 9JGPCEEGUUKPIC286%PWODGTUCTGWUGFCUYQTFFCVCYJGPCEEGUUKPI%QORNGVKPI(NCIUVJG[CTGWUGFCUDKVFCVC



 &CVCKP&/VQ&/ECPPQVDGQXGTYTKVVGPHTQOVJGRTQITCODWVVJG[ECPDGEJCPIGFHTQOC2GTKRJGTCN&GXKEG

2WNUG1WVRWV 6YQRQKPVUYKVJPQCEEGNGTCVKQPFGEGNGTCVKQP*\VQM*\GCEJCPF

PQFKTGEVKQPEQPVTQN

1PGRQKPVYKVJYCXGHQTOCEEGNGTCVKQPFGEGNGTCVKQP*\VQM*\CPFFKTGEVKQPEQPVTQN

&CVCKU&/VQ&/ECPPQVDGQXGTYTKVGHTQOVJGRTQITCODWVVJG[ECPDGEJCPIGFHTQOC2TQITCOOKPI&GXKEG

6JGRTQITCOCPFFCVCKP&/VQ&/CTGUVQTGFKPHNCUJOGOQT[





0QQH+1

VGTOKPCNU +PRWVU QWVRWVU 5WRRN[2QYGT /QFGN

 #PCNQI #PCNQI &% %2/#/#&

 RQKPVU RQKPVU &% %2/#546

6JGGZRCPUKQPWPKVCUUVCVGFCDQXGECPCNUQDGWUGFD[%2/#

6JTGG'ZRCPUKQP7PKVCTGEQPPGEVGFVQC%277PKVYKVJ+1RQKPVU

/10+614 OQFGKUWUGFYJGPEJCPIKPIVJGEQPVGPVUQHOGOQT[CTGCU

YJKNGVJG2.%KUCEVWCNN[KPQRGTCVKQP

470 OQFGKUWUGFVQGZGEWVGVJGRTQITCOVJCVJCUDGGPGPVGTGF

24

'#4 /+%

6JG #  %.'#4 QRGTCVKQP ECP QPN[ DG RGTHQTOGF YKVJ VJG /QFG 5GNGEVKQP UYKVEJ UGV VQ241)4#/OQFG