britannica learning library the arts

READ THESE ARTICLES… PAINTING •DIEGO RIVERA •SCULPTURE The Tokaido Road had been in use for over 700 years when Hiroshige began to make pictures of it.. READ THESE ARTICLES… DANCE •FOLK

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The Arts

Tour the world of imagination and creativity

LEARNING

L I B R A R Y

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Cover photos (front): © Lindsay Hebberd/Corbis; (back): © Alan Schein Photography/Corbis Cover insert photos (left): © Alan Schein

Photography/Corbis; (center): © Bettmann/Corbis

International Standard Book Number: 978-1-59339-506-3

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BRITANNICA LEARNING LIBRARY: THE ARTS 2008

Britannica.com may be accessed on the Internet at http://www.britannica.com.

PROJECT TEAM

Judith West, Editorial Project Manager

Christopher Eaton, Editor and Educational

Consultant

Kathryn Harper, U.K Editorial Consultant

Marilyn L Barton, Senior Production

Bhavana Nair (India)

Rashi Jain (India)

Design and Media Specialists

Nancy Donohue Canfield, Design

Megan Newton-Abrams, Design

Karen Koblik, Photos

Joseph Taylor, Illustrations

Amy Ning, Illustrations

Jerry A Kraus, Illustrations

Michael Nutter, Maps

Copy Editors

Barbara Whitney

Laura R Gabler

Dennis Skord

Lisa Braucher, Data Editor

Paul Cranmer, Indexer

DESIGN

Steven N Kapusta Carol A Gaines Cate Nichols

ART

Kathy Nakamura Kristine A Strom Nadia C Venegas

ILLUSTRATION

David Alexovich Christine McCabe Thomas Spanos

MEDIA ASSET MANAGEMENT

Jeannine Deubel Kimberly L Cleary Kurt Heintz Quanah Humphreys

COPY

Sylvia Wallace Jennifer F Gierat Glenn Jenne Mary Kasprzak Thad King Larry Kowalski Joan Lackowski Dawn McHugh Julian Ronning Chrystal Schmit Sarah Waterman

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT/ INDEXING

Carmen-Maria Hetrea Edward Paul Moragne Marco Sampaolo Sheila Vasich Mansur G Abdullah Keith DeWeese Catherine Keich Stephen Seddon

EDITORIAL TECHNOLOGIES

Steven Bosco Gavin Chiu Bruce Walters Mark Wiechec

COMPOSITION TECHNOLOGY

Mel Stagner

MANUFACTURING

Dennis Flaherty Kim Gerber

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

Leah Mansoor Isabella Saccà

ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA, INC.

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To help you on your journey, we’ve provided the following guideposts in

The Arts:

■ Subject Tabs—The colored box in the upper corner of each right-hand

page will quickly tell you the article subject.

■ Search Lights—Try these mini-quizzes before and after you read the

article and see how much—and how quickly—you can learn You can even

make this a game with a reading partner (Answers are upside down at the bottom of one of the pages.)

■ Did You Know?—Check out these fun facts about the article subject.

With these surprising “factoids,” you can entertain your friends, impress your teachers, and amaze your parents.

■ Picture Captions—Read the captions that go with the photos They

provide useful information about the article subject.

■ Vocabulary—New or difficult words are in bold type You’ll find

them explained in the Glossary at the end of the book.

■ Learn More!—Follow these pointers to related articles in the book These

articles are listed in the Table of Contents and appear on the Subject Tabs.

InThe Arts ,you’ll

discover answers to these

questions and many more.

Through pictures, articles,

and fun facts, you’ll learn

about the wide variety of

visual and performing arts

and meet some of the

greatest artists of

yesterday and today.

I N T R O D U C T I O N

Who created Wonderland?

When did films begin to talk?

Where did jazz come from? What’s one kind of 3-D art?

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a solo dance style with origins in India.

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The Arts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 3

THE ART OF SEEING Painting: Art of the Mind’s Eye 6

Hiroshige: Artist of the Floating World 8

Diego Rivera: Murals of Mexico 10

Sculpture: The 3-D Art 12

Auguste Rodin: The Modern Michelangelo 14

Folk Arts and Crafts: Traditions of Creativity 16

Architecture: The Art of Building 18

I.M Pei: Grand Architect 20

THE ART OF HEARING Musical Instruments: Music-Making Methods 22

Orchestra: A Company of Players 24

Folk Music: Music of Everyday Life 26

Ladysmith Black Mambazo: The South African Sound 28

Popular Music: Music of an Era 30

Jazz: The Music of Change 32

Count Basie: An Aristocrat of Jazz 34

Carlos Santana: Rock Guitarist 36

Classical Music: A Very Formal Music 38

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: A Life Filled with Music 40

THE ART OF MOVEMENT Dance: Moving to Rhythms 42

Maria Tallchief: America’s Prima Ballerina 44

THE ART OF WRITING Literature: Writing for the Ages 46

Lewis Carroll: The Man Who Created Wonderland 48

THE ART OF PRETENDING Theater: Life Re-created on a Stage 50

Judi Dench: A Commanding Actress 52

Cinema: Dreams on the Big Screen 54

Satyajit Ray: Indian Cinema for the World 56

Opera: A Grand Musical Play 58

Joan Sutherland: Australia’s Golden Voice 60

GLOSSARY 62

INDEX 63

LEARNING

L I B R A R Y

Britannica ®

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A painting is a two-dimensional, or flat, work of visual art It is created

by applying some form of color or paint to a surface

Some artists paint what they see around them Others paint picturesthat they see in their imagination The idea on which a painting is based iscalled its “theme.”

Some paintings have a religious theme For example, one of the mostfamous paintings in the world, Leonardo da Vinci’s “Last Supper,” showsJesus Christ sharing his final meal with his disciples

Other paintings show famous legends and events in history Or they

show landscapes, animals, or even scenes from daily life Many Chinese

scroll paintings take landscapes and nature as their themes

Artists also paint portraits, or pictures of people Sometimes they paintpictures of themselves Such paintings are called “self-portraits.”

Some painters express ideasand feelings through lines,shapes, colors, and textures thatdon’t look like anything youcould recognize Such paintings

are called “abstract paintings.”

Painters use many materials

in their works These include oil

paints, acrylics, watercolors,

pastels, inks, dyes, and enamel

paints Painters use different tools to apply these colors, like brushes ofvarious sizes and flexible tools called “palette knives.”

You probably know that many paintings are made on canvas or paper.But paintings can also be applied to different surfaces Murals are paintings

on walls, both indoors and outdoors Frescoes are wall paintings made onwet plaster And some Native Americans paint without paint in an artknown as “sand painting.”

In Islamic countries and in East Asia, especially Japan, Korea, andChina, calligraphy—the art of beautiful writing—is a skill equal topainting Calligraphy is usually done in ink, using a brush

LEARNMORE! READ THESE ARTICLES…

FOLKARTS AND CRAFTS •DIEGORIVERA •SCULPTURE

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P A I N T I N G

7

Answer: Calligraphy is beautiful writingdone in ink. ★

A young artist works on a painting in a public exhibit

at the Palace of Fine Arts in Santiago, Chile.

Find and correct the error in the following sentence: Calligraphy is a self-portrait done

be seen in France, Spain, and other parts of Europe.

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Tokaido Road series In it, travelers climb to a restaurant perched on a scenic overlook.

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Ando Hiroshige was a Japanese painter and printmaker whowas especially famous for his pictures of landscapes Hiroshige

was one of the ukiyo-e painters “Ukiyo-e” is a Japanese term

that means “pictures of the floating world.”

Hiroshige was born in 1797 When he was 14, Hiroshige

joined the school of the ukiyo-e master Utagawa Toyohiro He

graduated as an artist from the school at only 15 His first workwas published six years later, in 1818

Hiroshige probably created more than 5,000 prints during his

lifetime His life as an artist was divided into three stages Thefirst stage was when he was a student He followed the style ofhis teachers in making prints of people He drew girls, actors,

and samurai, or warriors.

During the second stage, Hiroshige made landscape designs and prints

of birds and flowers His best works during this time were 55 landscapeprints called the “Fifty-three Stations of the Tokaido.” Tokaido was a roadthat connected the Japanese cities of Osaka, Kyoto, and Edo (now calledTokyo) Along the road were 53 towns Inns in each town providedlodging, food, and gifts for travelers Hiroshige made one print for eachtown, as well as one each for the beginning of the highway and the arrival

in Kyoto Many people bought copies of the prints Hiroshige was soon

one of the most popular ukiyo-e artists of all time.

In the last stage of his work, Hiroshige illustrated more landscapes,some empty and some with people in them But he did far too much work,and his later work wasn’t his best

It has been estimated that Hiroshige created more than 5,000 prints Heknew how to create very simply and beautifully what he saw

Answer: Hiroshige was famous for his pictures of stops along the Tokaido Road.

of Hiroshige’s paintings?

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LEARN MORE! READ THESE ARTICLES…

PAINTING •DIEGO RIVERA •SCULPTURE

The Tokaido Road had been in use for

over 700 years when Hiroshige began

to make pictures of it.

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When he was only 10 years old, Diego Riverareceived a government scholarship to study art atthe Academy of San Carlos in Mexico City Thiswould be the beginning of a brilliant art career.

Later, Rivera studied in Spain, and in 1909

he moved to Paris There he became friendswith important painters such as Pablo Picassoand Georges Braque While in France, Riverabegan using simple forms and bold colors inhis painting

Rivera returned to Mexico in 1921 after meeting fellow Mexicanpainter David Alfaro Siqueiros The two shared a goal They decided to

create a new, uniquely Mexican kind of art based on revolutionary

themes They wanted this art to decorate public buildings, so they decided

to paint murals Murals are paintings done on walls, either inside or outside

of buildings Rivera painted his first important mural, “Creation,” for theNational Preparatory School in Mexico City

Murals of Mexico

The owners of Rockefeller Center in New York City destroyed Rivera’

s mural there because it featured communist leader Vladimir I Lenin That mural would now be worth millions Rivera later painted a copy

in Mexico City

.

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Rivera’s many murals in his home country celebratedMexican history and life His paintings featured native Indians,

Spanish conquistadores, Mexican peasants, factory workers, and famous

philosophers, politicians, and other public figures He liked to show howfarming, industry, and culture were all connected in people’s lives Hishuman figures had a flattened appearance and were outlined to emphasizetheir shape His works were brightly colored and crowded with figures,which made his huge murals seem even larger

Rivera was in the United States from 1930 to 1934 There he paintedmurals for the California School of Fine Arts in San Francisco, the DetroitInstitute of Arts, and Rockefeller Center in New York City

Rivera’s wife, Frida Kahlo, was also an important painter

HIROSHIGE •PAINTING •CARLOSSANTANA

Answer: a) bold colors ★

D I E G O R I V E R A

Which of the following qualities applies to Rivera’s work? a) bold colors b) quiet pictures c) pale colors

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Like many of Rivera’s murals, this one focuses on the life

of the common people The mural, called “Pan American

Unity,” is painted on a wall at City College of San Francisco.

All rights reser ved Unauthorized public per formance, broadcasting,

transmission, or copying, mechanical or electronic, is a violation of

applicable laws © City College San Francisco.

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DID YOU KNOW?

Mount Rushmore National Memorial, in South Dakota, is

a huge hillside carving by Gutzon Borglum of the faces of four U.S presidents If those presidents’ whole bodies were carved too, they’d stand over

450 feet tall Abraham Lincoln’s nose by itself is 21 feet long.

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S C U L P T U R E

Sculpture is a three-dimensional visual art Paintings, drawings,

and photographs are all two-dimensional, or flat Sculptures are

most often shaped by carving, molding, or welding materials.

Some are formed by making a cast—that

is, by pouring a liquid in a mold andletting it harden

Sculpture, like other arts, is often made toexpress thoughts or feelings People who look at itmight respond with thoughts or feelings of their

own Because it can have shape and texture,

sculpture may appeal to our sense of touch

Some sculptures are realistic Until the middle

of the 20th century, most sculpture was meant tolook like some person or thing The giant stone faces

on Easter Island, like much traditional sculpture,may have been meant to honor gods or heroes Otherfamous realistic sculptures include Michelangelo’s

“David” and Auguste Rodin’s “The Thinker.”

Some modern sculptures may be abstract This means they only hint at

an object or an idea They may not look like people or things you wouldrecognize These sculptures try to communicate a pure feeling or idea

Sculptures come in all sizes, shapes, textures, and materials Sculptorsmay use soft materials such as clay, wax, or wood or harder materials such

as stone or metal Sometimes the materials aren’t even meant to last Oneartist makes sculptures out of milk!

The modern sculptor Alexander Calder made sculptures that hang inthe air He called these “mobiles,” which means “moving things.” Anothermodern sculptor, named Christo, makes sculptures by wrapping suchthings as bridges, buildings, and even small islands in fabric and plastic

ARCHITECTURE •PAINTING •AUGUSTERODIN

The 3-D Art

Classical bronze sculpture by Donatello of Italian military figure Gattamelata.

Modern sculpture, such as Claes Oldenberg’s “Clothespin” (in

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.), often places common objects in

unusual situations to make us see and think about them differently.

Fill in the blanks:

Sculpture is different from painting because while a painting is _, a sculpture

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The French sculptor Auguste Rodin wasinterested in art even as a boy At age 10, hestarted drawing By the time he was 15,

Rodin had discovered the art of sculpture.

Rodin started out working for buildingdecorators He made decorative designs for theoutsides of buildings Later, Rodin became asculptor’s assistant He worked with the sculptor A.-E Carrier-Belleuse

In 1864, at age 24, Rodin publically showed his first major sculpture,

“The Man with the Broken Nose.” The official art critics of the time did

not like it They believed art should be about beauty To them, Rodin’ssculpture was about something “ugly” and ordinary

At age 35, Rodin went to Italy to study the work of the famous painterMichelangelo He learned a great deal about the human form His workbegan to look even more realistic It seemed to be full of movement anddrama

When he was 37 years old, Rodin sculpted “The Age of Bronze.” Itwas so unusual and realistic that people said he must have molded it on areal person! After years of struggle, Rodin finally had become known as agreat sculptor

Rodin’s sculptures were usually cast in bronze or carved from marble.

The bronze pieces could be duplicated many times, using an originalpiece that was molded in clay

The piece that Rodin is probably best known for is his statue

“The Thinker,” shown in the photo here Like almost all of hissculptures, it shows a person in a natural, everyday pose ButRodin’s work seems to show a reality and truth that people maynot have noticed before Many people still find that his work

symbolizes the things that we all experience and feel.

gelo

One of Rodin’s most importantsculptures, “The Gates of Hell,” was actually used as the doors of an art

sculptures Many of them were early versions of what became some of Rodin’s finest works.

Fill in the blanks:

The officials who

studied and judged

art felt that Rodin’s

first major work was

_ and _.

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ARCHITECTURE •SCULPTURE •DIEGORIVERA

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Answer: The officials who studied and judged art felt that Rodin’s first major work was uglyand ordinary

A U G U S T E R O D I N

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Most of us have been to museums that display art by famous paintersand sculptors But another sort of artwork is common to almost everyculture—the arts and crafts of nonfamous but skilled people who carry onthe traditions of their ancestors.

Folk art has its name because it’s made by the “folk,” or commonpeople, rather than by professional artists Farmers, shepherds, fisherfolk,

and tradespeople who live away fromcities are often the creators of folk art

Some are very skilled Europeansailors used to carve beautifulscrimshaw, or delicately engraved

pieces of whalebone or ivory Today

people in India, Ghana, Indonesia, andother places make beautiful fabrics inpatterns unique to their regions

In less-industrialized countries in

Asia, Africa, and Latin America, somany folk arts and crafts are exported that craftspeople can often make aliving at their art Many of these countries support their craftspeople,usually by helping them to sell their work

Folk artists typically produce useful things such as furniture, toys,jewelry, clothing, musical instruments, weapons, religious symbols, and

household tools They craft these objects from easy-to-find or

recycled materials such as wire, wood, and natural fibers.

Some people even make food into art

Every region of the world has produced folk art inunique styles Folk art frequently reflects the traditional

wisdom, religious beliefs, and superstitions of a society The

art often focuses on important yet common events—births,marriages, funerals, and holidays

DANCE •FOLK MUSIC •DIEGORIVERA

Traditions of

Creativity

What material is used to make scrimshaw?

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As part of the Mexican festival called the Day of the Dead—el Día de los Muertos—sugar is formed into skeletons, coffins, and angels These tasty pieces of folk art often serve as toys before they are eaten!

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The Eiffel Tower

in Paris, one of the world’s most admired architectural marvels, was mocked and insulted by many artists as it was being built French novelist Léon Bloy called

it “this truly tragic streetlamp.”

DID YOUKNOW?

Fill in the blank:

Architecture is

the art of .

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Thousands of years ago, early human beings lived in caves or othernatural formations As time passed, people learned new skills, developednew tools, and were able to build simple shelters

As societies developed, they needed more kinds of buildings Soonforts, barns, schools, bridges, tombs, and temples were being built, using avariety of materials Gradually, creating buildings became an activity for

experts—an art and occupation that came to beknown as “architecture.”

Today architecture is a refined art requiring

a lot of training, years of practice, and plenty oftalent An architect’s work is to imagine andplan a building and then to supervise itsconstruction

The architect must keep many things inmind For example, what is the building going

to be used for and by whom? Where will it belocated? What would be the best materials touse? How much money will construction cost?

Architects also try to create buildings thatpeople like to look at as well as to live, work,and play in And changing styles affect

architecture just as happens in other arts The next time you see or walkaround a city, notice the various styles of buildings You’ll find manydifferences between those designed recently and those of even 50 or 100years ago Different countries and cultures also produce different styles ofarchitecture

People today are still amazed at the buildings created by long-ago

architects The majestic pyramids in Egypt, the Great Wall of China, the

temple at Angkor Wat in Cambodia, and the Taj Mahal in India are some ofthe architectural wonders you can study and visit

LEARNMORE! READ THESE ARTICLES…I.M PEI •DIEGORIVERA •SCULPTURE

Answer: Architecture is the art of building. ★

A R C H I T E C T U R E

The Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris (begun in 1163), an example of Gothic architecture.

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Ieoh Ming Pei is one of the most important modern architects He has

created many major buildings throughout the world And his style andideas have strongly influenced the work of many other architects He has

specialized in building multistorystructures in cities

I.M Pei was born in Canton,China, in 1917 He went toAmerica to study but couldn’treturn to China when World War

II started So most of his workhas been in North America andEurope

In the 1940s Pei beganworking as a professionalarchitect He worked on such important projects as the Mile High Center inDenver, Colorado

In 1955 Pei formed his own architectural company, I.M Pei &

Associates The company’s early work included a museum in Syracuse, NewYork, that was actually four buildings joined by bridges He also created adesign for a new type of airport control tower that was widely used

Pei’s buildings are often tall, with lots of glass and steel The designs

combine simple geometric shapes, especially rectangles and triangles.

But his buildings are not dull or simple In many of them, you can seethe building’s supports or building materials, and these are its only

decoration The way that concrete, glass, and steel look together createsinteresting designs on the sides of Pei’s buildings Special reflective glassalso adds to the designs He often combines different shapes and

emphasizes the picture these shapes make in the skyline.

Some of Pei’s most famous work includes the John Hancock Tower inBoston, the East Building of the National Gallery of Art in Washington,

D.C., and the glass pyramid at the Louvre Museum in Paris, shown in the

photograph here

ARCHITECTURE •SCULPTURE •MARIATALLCHIEF

Grand Architect

I.M Pei on-site during construction at the Louvre, Paris.

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is not one that Pei designed?

a) East Building of the National Gallery

of Art b) John Hancock c) Sears Tower

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DID YOU KNOW?

as being old stone structures

in Egypt or Mexico.

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Which instrument

group is missing?

percussion

electronic

wind stringed

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One of the oldest musical instruments ever found was an animal bone flute more than 40,000 years old.

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M U S I C A L I N S T R U M E N T S

Answer: The keyboard group is the missing category. ★ 23

Any device that is made to produce a musical sound is a musical

instrument This includes everything from a simple rubber band strung

between two nails to the most complex electronic synthesizer.

There are thousands of different kinds of musical instruments Forconvenience, they are sometimes divided into percussion, stringed,keyboard, wind, and electronic instruments

Percussion instruments make music when somebody strikes, shakes, orscrapes them Drums, rattles, and bells are percussion instruments

Guitars, violins, harps, and sitars are all stringed instruments They are

plucked, played with a bow, or strummed to produce music.

On keyboard instruments, notes are played by pressing keys, pushingbuttons, or flipping levers Pianos, organs, and accordions are keyboardinstruments

You can probably guess how wind instruments work They’re played

by blowing air to produce notes Some examples are flutes, saxophones,bagpipes, trumpets, and clarinets

Until recently, all music had to be sung or played in person In the 18thcentury, people began to find ways to play music automatically Theycreated musical clocks, player pianos, and music boxes With the help ofwater power, clockwork, and steam, these instruments made music withoutneeding people to play them

In the late 1800s, the earliest recording devices were invented Theseallowed people to make copies of musical performances

After the mid-20th century, inventors began to create electronicversions of some older instruments, such as guitars and pianos They alsobuilt electronic instruments that made music in whole new ways Theseinstruments were called “synthesizers” because they artificially made, orsynthesized, music Most recently, the computer has become anotherelectronic device to be used as an instrument

DANCE •ORCHESTRA •POPULARMUSIC

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The title calls

an orchestra a

“company of players.” Another kind of company you’ve probably heard of is a business What do you think a business and an orchestra have in common?

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“Which person is the orchestra?” he asked me.

I smiled and said, “Why don’t you ask them?”

Jeff went up to a boy with a big fat brass tuba in his arms

“Are you the orchestra?” Jeff asked

“No,” the boy answered He put his mouth to the mouthpiece,blew into it, and played a few loud notes

“That sounds like a truck’s horn!” Jeff said

He went to a girl who held a cello between her knees It looked like alarge violin

“Are you the orchestra?” he asked

She shook her head and drew a bow across the strings.

“That sounds like grandfather’s humming,” said Jeff

Next he came to a boy standing behind two giant pots

“Are those pots the orchestra?” he asked

“No They’re kettledrums,” the boy said He thumped two boomingnotes with a pair of mallets

Behind him Jeff heard a “tap-tap-tap.”

He turned around to see a woman tapping a long thin stick on amusic stand Everyone became very quiet

“That’s the conductor,” the drummer whispered “And thatstick is her baton She tells us how to play.”

The players all watched as the conductor’sarms began to move slowly up and down Themusicians began to play, and music filledthe room

Jeff smiled

I could tell what he was thinking Now heknew who the orchestra was They all were Theconductor and all the musicians with all theirinstruments together made the orchestra

COUNTBASIE •CLASSICALMUSIC •MOZART

any of

Players

The gamelan is the traditional orchestra of Java and Bali in Indonesia Its instruments and music are mostly gongs and other tuned instruments that are struck The human voice is sometimes an important “instrument” too.

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DID YOU KNOW?

Rap and hip-hop grew out of the

“street music” of major urban areas, making it a modern folk music tradition.

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F O L K M U S I C

Answer: FALSE Anyone anywhere can sing or play folk music. ★ 27

Have you played or sung “London Bridge Is Falling Down,”

“Ring Around the Rosie,” or “Frère Jacques”? If you have, thenyou’re part of the folk music tradition In the case of nursery rhymesand musical games, that tradition can date back for hundreds of years!

Folk music is the shared music of a group or community ofpeople It’s everyday music that was often created as part ofchildren’s games or as a way to make work easier Some songs weresung at parties or weddings Some were used to celebrate births or

mourn deaths And some were used as part of religious services.

Folk music is learned and passed on

by everyone, not just musicians Manyfolk performers haven’t studied music inschool, but they learned songs by

listening to others play and sing

Because it usually isn’t writtendown, folk music changes as it travelsbetween people and countries Songs arecreated or lost, and some change

because of people’s poor memory Othersongs are rewritten to match new times,situations, and ideas In the United

States, some jazz, blues, and gospel tunes have their roots in folk songs

brought over hundreds of years ago by African slaves

In the 1960s in North America, musicians such as Pete Seeger, BobDylan, and Joan Baez performed folk music accompanied by guitars

Today this type of “folk” and “folk-rock” music remains very popular Andthrough it the Western folk tradition continues to excite and inspire newgenerations

FOLKARTS AND CRAFTS •LADYSMITHBLACK MAMBAZO •POPULAR MUSIC

Everyday Life

Music of

True or False?

True folk music

is played only by highly trained musicians.

Folk music is passed from generation to

generation at family gatherings like this

one and other social occasions.

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AP/Wide W

In the past 20 years the music of South Africahas spread all over the world In part that’sthanks to Ladysmith Black Mambazo, thecountry’s most popular singing group But tofind out what Ladysmith is and what

“mambazo” means, we have to go back toSouth African mining towns in the 1960s

Working in the mines kept black workers far from their homesand their families So on Saturday nights they entertained themselves byholding singing contests featuring traditional Zulu harmonies

That was how a young man named Joseph Shabalala discovered hissinging talent In 1964 Shabalala kept having a dream in which he heard aspecial harmony To create that sound, he formed a music group with hisbrothers, Headman and Jockey, and some cousins and friends

They called themselves Ladysmith Black Mambazo because Ladysmith

is Shabalala’s hometown, and the black oxen is the strongest animal on afarm The group “chopped down” their competition in every singingcontest, so they added the name Mambazo, which is a kind of ax

Years later American musician Paul Simon heard the group’s singingand later met the members in South Africa They performed on Simon’s

1986 album Graceland and toured with him, sharing their music

with people everywhere A year later Ladysmith BlackMambazo won a Grammy, and today it’s Africa’s top-sellingmusic group

Shabalala also keeps the folk music of South Africaalive by teaching the traditional songs to young children

FOLKARTS AND CRAFTS •FOLK MUSIC •POPULAR MUSIC

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Ladysmith Black Mambazo has recorded songs for many films, including

The Lion King II

, and has performed for both the queen of England and the pope.

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Popular music is basically what its name says it is—music that isenjoyed by a very large number of people But the modern term “popularmusic” refers more particularly to music that’s made by a musical

entertainment business specifically in order to be sold

Popular music (or “pop” music) has roots in the music halls andvaudeville theaters of England and the United States However, themodern popular music industry was truly launched with radioprogramming in the 20th century Jazz music began to be heardwidely in the 1920s Country and western music’s audience grew in the

’20s as well In the 1930s and ’40s big-band music was popular, andsingers such as Frank Sinatra and Ella Fitzgerald found international fame

In the mid-1950s American rock and roll performers such as ElvisPresley and Chuck Berry commanded worldwide attention By the 1960sEnglish bands such as the Beatles and the Rolling Stones were takingpopular music in new directions Rock strongly influenced disco, reggae,punk, rap, hip-hop, and other styles in the late 20th century

Radio and the recording industry introduced non-Western cultures tothese new forms of popular music Traditional songs were performed in newstyles, and at the same time, traditional instruments gave the new music anentirely different sound This mixing of styles and sounds became “worldmusic” and “worldbeat.”

Today worldbeat blends a wide range of sounds and rhythms Shubha

Mudgal combines India’s folk and classical traditions with rock music TheGipsy Kings mingle pop music with Spain’s traditional flamenco Andpopular music continues to evolve

JAZZ •LADYSMITH BLACK MAMBAZO •CARLOSSANTANA

ra

True or False? Popular music

is a form of rock music.

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“da bomb”), and “DJ” are all slang words that came from jazz.

DID YOUKNOW?

Dixieland is a jazz style that grew up in New Orleans, Louisiana Groups such as the Preservation Jazz Band continue to play in this musical tradition.

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