Ex : deduction sự khấu trừ , production sự sản xuất , introduction sự giới thiệu 10.. Ex : accomplishment, punishment, establishment, banishment sự trục xuất ,.... Ex : Conference,
Trang 1FORMATION OF WORDS
-I Formation of nouns :
A Nouns formed from verbs :
1 Verb + - ing Noun ( có nghĩa : sự , việc ) Ex : travelling, reading, writing, meeting,
2 Verb + ar / er / or / ist > Noun ( mang nghĩa: người ) Ex : beggar, liar, worker, inventor, actor, artist, typist,
3 [ -ate, -ect, -ess, -ict, -ise, -bit, -pt, -uct, -ute, ] + -ion Ex : regulation, protection, prediction
4 [ -ine, -ize, -ore, -ort, -rve, ] +-ation Ex : Examination, organization, exploration, transportation
5 [ -eive ]+ -eption and [ -ibe ] +-iption Ex: conceive conception, deceive deception
6 [ -ify ] +-ification Ex : amplification (sự khuyết đại ), justification ( sự chứng thực )
7 [ -ose ] +-ition Ex : deposition ( sự phế truất ), composition ( bài luận )
8 [ -ovle ] + -ution Ex : evolution (sự biến đổi), revolution (cuộc cách mạng ), resolution ( quyết nghị ).
9 [ -uce ] + -tion Ex : deduction ( sự khấu trừ ), production ( sự sản xuất ), introduction ( sự giới thiệu )
10 [ -end, -ide, -ode,-ude ] +-sion Ex: extension, decision, explosion, conclusion, …
11 [ -mit, -eed, -ede, ] +-ssion Ex : admission, permission, succession, intercession
12 [ -ish ] +-ment. Ex : accomplishment, punishment, establishment, banishment ( sự trục xuất ),
13 [ -fer ] + -ence. Ex : Conference, reference ( sự tham khảo ), interfernce ( sự can thiệp ),
14 [ -er ] + -y Ex : delivery, discovery, flattery ( sự nịnh hót ), recovery, mastery ( quyền bá chủ ),
15 [ -al ] Ex : bestowal (sự ân thưởng), withdrawal (sự triệt thoái), removal, refusal, proposal, arrival
B Nouns formed from adjectives:
1 Colour and manner adjective added with [ -ness , -ty ] Ex : whiteness, happiness, cruelty, narrowness, loyalty, ….
2 [ -ful, -ly ] + [ -ness ] Ex : Carefulness, usefulness, gratefulness, loneliness, silliness,
3 [ -al, -ure, -ile, -id, -ial ] +[ -ity ] Ex : equality, legality ( sự hợp pháp ), mentality ( trí khôn ), maturity ( sự
chính mùi ), purity ( sự tinh khiết ), fertility ( sự phì nhiêu ), futility ( sự vô dụng ), acidity ( sự chua chát ), rapidity ( sự nhanh nhẹn ), stupidity ( sự ngu dốt ), conviviality ( sự vui vẻ ), impartiality ( sự vô tư ),
4 [ - able, -ible ] => [ -ility ] Ex : ability (năng lực), capability (khả năng), suitability (thích hợp ), possibility ( sự có
thể ), responsibility ( trách nhiệm ), visibility ( sự rõ rệt ),
5 [ -ant, -ent ] => [ -ance, -ence ].Ex : abundance ( sự phong phú ), ignorance ( sự dốt nát ), convenience ( sự thuận
tiện ), intelligence ( sự thông minh ),
6 [ -cient ] => [ -ciency ] Ex:efficiency ( hiệu quả ), deficiency ( khuyết điểm ), sufficiency ( sự đầy đủ ), proficiency
7 Adjectives/ nouns added [ -dom ] Ex : kingdom ( vương quốc ), freedom , wis(e)dom, boredom
8 Adjectives/ nouns added [ -hood ] Ex : childhood (thời thơ ấu), neighbourhood ( tình lối xóm ), falsehood ( sự giả dối )
9 Adjectives/ nouns added [ -ism ] Ex : patriotism ( lòng ái quốc ), feudalism ( chế độ phong kiến ), socialism ( CNXH)
10 Irregular : Ex : long >length ( chiều dài ), strong >strength ( sức mạnh ); broad > breadth ( bề rộng );
deep >depth ( chiều sâu ); true >truth ( sự thật ); high >height ( chiều cao ); hungry >hunger ( sự đói ); wide >width ( chiều rộng ); angry >anger ( sự giận dữ ); young > youth ( tuổi trẻ ); coward > cowardice ( kẻ hèn ); poor >poverty
II Formation of adjectives:
A Adjectives formed from verbs :
1 Verb +[ -ing, -ed ] Ex : singing, moving, sleeping, broken, tired, won,
2 Verb + [ -able ] Ex :movable, replaceable, remarkable, disirable, washable, changeable, valuable,
3 Verb ending in [ -ate, -uct ] [ -ive ]and [-eive ] [ -eptive ] Ex: cooperative, communicative, decorative,
constructive, instructive, deceive > deceptive, receive > receptive ( thâu nhận) Except:conceive > conceivable
B Adjectives formed from nouns :
1 Nouns ending in [ -ture, -ion, - ent ]+ [ -al ] Ex : naturenatural, educationeducational, continent continental
2 Noun + -y Ex : rainy, lucky, windy, funny, fishy( tanh ), salty, thirsty
Trang 23 Noun + -ly Ex :daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, freindly, soldierly ( hiếu chiến )
4 Noun + -ful Ex : careful, hopeful, helpful, youthful (trẻ trung) , handful, mouthful,
5 Noun + -less Ex : merciless ( tàn nhẫn ), useless ( vô dụng ), homeless, jobless.
6 Noun + -ous Ex : adventurous ( mạo hiểm ), dangerous ( nguy hiểm ), fam(e)ous
7 Noun + -en Ex: Golden ( bằng vàng ), wooden ( bằng gỗ ), woollen ( bằng len )
8 Noun + -ive Ex: Active ( ưa hoạt động ), sportive ( vui tính ), na tive ( thuộc bản xứ )
9 Noun/ Verd + -ed Ex: Crowded ( đông đảo ), limited ( có giới hạn ); Peased ( hài lòng ), learned ( học rộng )
10 Noun / Verb + -able Ex: Respectable , fashionable (hợp thời trang); Eatable ( ăn được ), imitable ( có thể bắt trước )
11 Noun / Adjective+ - ish Ex: Boyish (như trẻ con), bookish ( ham đọc sách ); Whitish (trăng trắng), redish (đo đỏ)
12 Noun / ajective+ -some Ex: Gladsome (vui vẻ), wholesome (lành, khỏe); Handsome (đẹp trai), meddlesome (láu táu )
III Formation of verbs:
1 Prefix (Tiền tố)
a dis-/mis-/re-/over-/under-/out- + V à V
- Disagree (khơng đồng ý); Dislike (khơng thích); Disappear (Biến mất)
- Outnumber (nhiều/đơng hơn); Outlive (sống lâu hơn); Outweigh (nặng hơn); Outrun (chạy nhanh hơn); Outgrow (lớn/phát triển hơn)
- Overstay (ở quá lâu); overwork (làm việc quá sức); overcook (nấu quá chín); overact (cường điệu)
- Undercharge (tính giá quá thấp); Undersell (bán rẻ hơn); Underdo (làm khơng trọn vẹn);
Undersign (ký ở dưới); Underestimate (đánh giá thấp); Underlay (đặt ở dưới); Underfeed (cho ăn khơng đủ); Undercook (nấu chưa chín)
- Misspell (đánh vần nhầm); misbehave (cư xử sai); misunderstand (hiểu nhầm); misuse (sử dùng sai)
- Remarry (kết hơn lần nữa); Redo (làm lại); ….
b) en- + N/V/Adj à V
enable (làm cho cĩ thể làm gì); enlarge (mở rộng); endanger (gây nguy hiểm); enclose (gởi kèm); enact (ban hành (luật)); enrich (làm giàu)
2 Suffix (Hậu tố) : Adj/N + -ize/-en/-ate/-fy V
- Beauty beautify (làm đẹp)
- Bright brighten (làm rạng rỡ); Loose loosen (làm lỏng ra); Less lessen (giảm bớt);
Sharp sharpen (làm cho sắc, nhọn); Light lighten (làm nhẹ đi); Short shorten (làm ngắn lại); Tight tighten (siết chặt); Wide widen (làm rộng ra); Weak weaken (làm yếu đi); White whiten (làm trắng);
- Industrial industrialize (cơng nghiệp hĩa); Legal legalize (hợp pháp hĩa); Modern
modernize (hiện đại hĩa); Origin originate (bắt nguồn); Real realize (nhận ra)
IV Vị trí:
A Danh từ
1 Đứng sau tính từ: a new watch; good books
adj N adj N
2 Sau : a / an / the / some / any / no/ this / that / these / those /my/your/his/her/our
3 Trước động từ khi ở vị trí làm chủ ngữ (S), sau động từ khi ở vị trí làm tân ngữ (O):
The girl sang a song.
S V O
4 Sau giới từ: We go to school in the morning
prep N prep N
B Tính từ:
1 Trước danh từ: beautiful flowers
Trang 32 Sau động từ to be và các động từ liên kết (linking verb): These oranges taste sweet
L.V adj
* Một số động từ nối thường gặp: look ( trong có vẻ), feel (cảm thấy), grow/become/turn (trở
nên), seem (dường như), appear (có vẻ), sound (nghe có vẻ), remain/stay (vẫn cứ)
C Động từ:
1 Đứng sau chủ ngữ: She worked hard.
2 * Sau trạng từ nă ng diễn (Adverb of Frequency) nếu là động từ thường: always (luôn),
usually (thường thường), often (thường), sometimes (đôi khi), seldom (ít khi), never (không bao giờ)
He usually goes to school in the afternoon.
A of F V
* Trước trạng từ năng diễn nếu là động từ BE.
It is usually hot in summer
Be A of F
D Trạng từ:
1 Trạng từ chỉ thể cách (Adverb of Manner) đứng sau động từ thường, nếu động từ có tân ngữ thì đứng sau tân ngữ.
She drives carefully.
V A of M She drives her car carefully
V O A of M
2 Đứng trước tính từ, quá khứ phân từ và phó từ khác
It is a very amusing story.
adv adj She was warmly welcomed.
adv past participle
He ran very fast.
adv adv
PRACTICE
1 In England, primary education is provided by state schools run by the government and by _ fee-paying schools
2 The United Nations Secretary-General has often spoken of the need for individual _ and human rights in his speeches
3 As an _, Mr Pike is very worried about the increasing of juvenile (vi thành niên) delinquency.(tội phạm)
4 He did not do well at school and left with few _ qualifications
5 The Minister of the Education and Training Department appeared on TV last night to _ his new policy
6 He owed his success not to privilege but to self-education and a driving desire for _
7 To Vietnamese students, the _ examination to university is very difficult
8 Despite many recent _ advances, there are parts where schools are not equipped with computers
Trang 49 There is a wide range of _ in the education system of the USA.
10 He graduated with doctorates of _ and surgery from Florence, gaining the highest honors that year
11 The making of good habits _ a determination to keep on training your child
12 He was the only _ that was offered the job
13 Parents can express a _ for the school their child attends
14 Many people have objected to the use of animals in experiments
15 I would like to invite you to participate in the ceremony
16 Mr Pike provided us with an _ guide to the full-time and part-time programs on offer to a range of candidates drawn from schools and colleges
17 Higher education _ have risen this year for the first time in more than a decade
18 I am so _ that I cannot say anything, but keep silent
19 _ speaking, I do not really like my present job
20 A letter of _ is sometimes really necessary for you in a job interview
21 Doctors have to assume _ for human life
22 _ is increasing, which results from economic crisis
23 He was offered the job thanks to his _ performance during his job interview
24 The interviewer gave his consent to John's _ for work and promised to give him a job
25 _! I have heard of your success in the new project
26 It is _ to fail a job interview, but try again
27 There is a wide _ of computers in that shop for you to choose
28 There are several places where residents face the threat of _ every day
29 Many people think that in some more years we will see the complete _ of newspapers and
magazines due to the Internet
30.She is about her chances of winning a gold medal
31.The doctors are about his chances of recovery
32.There is now a mood of deepening about the economy