MySQL Enterprise Solutions phần 5 ppt

select_input"action","Select Action:", arraynew form_option"init","Initialize Database", new form_option"add", "Add Record", new form_option"delete","Delete Record", new form_option"sele

the C API, you do not have to worry about buffer size PHP again comes to therescue, and, depending on your viewpoint, you can say that it either frees pro-grammers from thinking about annoying low-level implementation details andallows them to focus on the core of the problem, or, as some would say, allowslazy and sloppy programmers to produce working code without correcting theirevil ways—and thus reinforcing the bad habits

Sample Code

For the sample application, I have chosen to write the Web version of our mand-line inventory program from Chapter 8 Due to the Web nature of thecode, a good portion of it is dedicated to HTML generation and user form inputprocessing Although this may distract you from the database-manipulationtechniques, which is our primary goal, I believe that since most uses of PHP areWeb related—and database programming is tightly coupled with the Web inter-face—it is only natural to study HTML integration along with the database programming

com-To see the application in action, copy sample.php from the Web site into a accessible directory on your Web server, make sure MySQL is installed and run-ning on the same system, and then type

Web-http://webserver-hostname/path/to/sample.php

replacing the placeholder tokens with the actual values; for example,http://localhost/learn-mysql/sample.php You will see a menu of options Thefirst thing you need to do is select Initialize Database Afterward, you may add,view, delete, and update records, as well as view the totals

Listing 9.1 contains the sample code with my comments It is my hope that thecomments inside the code will help you understand the code, but see the section that follows for a further discussion

<?

// auxiliary variable for proper HTML generation

$html_started = 0;

// The line below tells PHP not to automatically escape user input

values with quotes, since we will be escaping them ourselves in the

// code.

ini_set("magic_quotes_gpc","0");

// Enable error tracking We need this to have MySQL error in

// $php_errormsg in case mysql_connect() fails.

ini_set("track_errors","1");

Listing 9.1 Source code of sample.php (continues)

// database connection parameters

$mysql_user = "root";

$mysql_host = "localhost";

$mysql_pass = "";

$mysql_db = "test";

// This class is used for the drop-down list during HTML form

// generation No rocket science involved, but very convenient.

class form_option

{

// Class members

var $text, $val;

// A very boring constructor

// Helper function to generate the HTML for a submit button

function submit_button($name, $text)

{

echo("<input type=submit name=$name value=\"$text\">");

}

// Helper function to generate HTML for a drop-down list

// Note that we assume that $opts is an array of form_option objects

function select_input($name, $prompt,$opts)

// default preselection of items quite easily The dirty work is

// finally paying off.

select_input("action","Select Action:",

array(new form_option("init","Initialize Database"),

new form_option("add", "Add Record"), new form_option("delete","Delete Record"),

new form_option("select","Select Record"),

new form_option("update", "Update Record"),

new form_option("show_totals","Show Totals")

$html_started = 1;

Listing 9.1 Source code of sample.php (continues)

// Function to connect to the database, and select the default one for

// this application, checking for errors and if any discovered, abort

// with an error message We assume that the caller is always pleased

// with our error handling and does not want us to return if we are

// Note the @ in front of MySQL API calls This prevents PHP

// from automatically spitting out the error message in the HTML

// output if the call fails.

// Safety wrapper function for mysql_query() We take care of the

// error handling here The assumption is that the caller expects this

// function to succeed and is satisfied with just aborting on error.

function safe_query($query)

{

global $mysql;

// Again, note @ before mysql_query() to prevent an error message

// "spill" to the user We want to control how the message is

// printed in case of error.

if (!($res=@mysql_query($query,$mysql)))

error_exit("Failed running query '$query': ".mysql_error($mysql));

Listing 9.1 Source code of sample.php (continues)

return $res;

}

//Another convenience wrapper function for error messages As the name //suggests, signals to the user that there was an error in the entered // data.

function input_error($msg)

{

echo("<font color=red>Input error:</font>$msg<br>");

}

//Helper function to prompt the user to select a record by entering

//the record id.

function pick_record_form()

{

global $action;

// If the record is being picked for update or delete, we do not

// want to give the user the options of picking all records.

// However, this is an option if the user just wants to view the

// record(s).

if ($action == "select")

$empty_for_all = "(empty for all)";

// Note the use of hidden inputs to pass messages about the current // state of the application.

echo("<form method=post><input type=hidden name=record_selected value=1>

<input type=hidden name=action value=\"$action\">

<table><tr><td>Record id $empty_for_all:</td>

<td><input name=record_id type=text size=5></td>

<td><input type=submit name=submit value=\"Submit\"></td>

</table></form>");

}

// Helper function for generating form HTML Generates a table row

// consisting of a prompt with the input name, followed by the text

// table_input() and submit_button() helpers, which make the code much

Listing 9.1 Source code of sample.php (continues)

// less cumbersome, easier to read, and easier to modify.

function record_form()

{

global $record_id,$action;

echo("<form method=post><input type=hidden name=action

value=\"$action\"> <input type=hidden name=record_id

// Helper function to generate HTML for buttons in the record view

// provided by "Select Record" to prompt the user to update or delete

// the displayed record.

function td_form($record_id,$text,$action)

{

echo("<td><form method=POST><input type=hidden name=record_id

value=$record_id><input type=hidden name=action value=\"$action\">

<input type=submit name=submit value=\"$text\">

</form></td>");

}

// Now the validation functions Each of them returns TRUE if the

// respective input element was valid Otherwise, it prints the

// appropriate error message about the input error and returns FALSE.

//

// Note the use of trim() to remove the heading and trailing space,

// and the intended side effect of setting the corresponding global

// value in all three of the functions, which we need to do manually,

// since we do not want to assume that register_globals is set to ON.

Listing 9.1 Source code of sample.php (continues)

// found in the database, we return TRUE, otherwise FASLE, expecting

// the caller to take measures.

function fetch_record()

{

global $record_id,$name,$quantity,$price;

$res = safe_query("SELECT name,quantity,price/100 as dollar_price

FROM inventory WHERE id = $record_id");

// Helper function to ensure that the record id is set to a numeric

// value After it returns, global $record_id will be set to a numeric

// value either entered by the user or passed through a hidden input,

// and TRUE will be returned Otherwise, the user is prompted with a

// record id entry form, and FALSE is returned.

// Now we get to the meat of the application The next functions are

// actually calling the shots They are action handlers Each of them

// is called from main after executing some common preamble.

// Drop the old table if it exists and re-create an empty one.

// Note that we use mediumint for price because we store the money in

// cents to save space This function is called every time the user

// selects "Initialize database" There is no other user input to

Listing 9.1 Source code of sample.php (continues)

// process, so we get straight down to business.

function init_db()

{

safe_query("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS inventory");

safe_query("CREATE TABLE inventory (

id smallint unsigned NOT NULL auto_increment, name varchar(30) NOT NULL,

price mediumint unsigned NOT NULL, quantity smallint unsigned NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (id)

// Note the use of mysql_escape_string() to escape potentially

// problematic characters Also note the dollars->cents conversion // to accommodate for the use of mediumint for price storage

safe_query("INSERT INTO inventory (name,quantity,price) VALUES

('".

mysql_escape_string($name)."',$quantity,$price*100)"); // After we've done the database work, make users happy by giving // them a menu and telling them the work was successful.

menu_form();

echo("Record added<br>");

}

}

// Handler for "Show Totals" action No additional user input is

// required Note how we handle NULL values in the fields by using

// isset() on the field member in the row object Also note how we do

Listing 9.1 Source code of sample.php (continues)

// not use the while loop, but instead call mysql_fetch_object() only

// once because the query will always return only one row.

function show_totals()

{

// Since the price is stored in cents, and we want the output in

// dollars, we divide the price by 100.

$res = safe_query("SELECT SUM(quantity) as total_quantity,

SUM(price*quantity)/100 as total_price FROM inventory");

// Although PHP cleans up for us at the end, we will be good and

// clean up here to make the code cleaner and read easier.

mysql_free_result($res);

}

// Handler for "Delete Record" action We first need to get $record_id

// from the user.

safe_query("DELETE FROM inventory WHERE id = $record_id");

// Again, make users happy with a menu and a report of the results.

// Note that in some cases the record may not exist.

// Handler for "Update Record" We require $record_id, as well as the

// entire record form filled out If something is missing we ask for

Listing 9.1 Source code of sample.php (continues)

// need to present it in any case.

menu_form();

// Start forming the query.

$query = "SELECT id,name,price/100 as dollar_price,

quantity FROM inventory";

// Did the user enter something in the record id field?

// If there was no record id, we simply omit the WHERE clause and

// select all the records.

$res = safe_query($query);

// Avoid the ugly table with just column names and no values

// underneath It looks less confusing if we just say that the

// table is empty instead.

// The calls below generate the HTML for Update and Delete

// buttons for each displayed record.

// Again, the "good kid" rule Even if Mom (or PHP) will clean up

Listing 9.1 Source code of sample.php (continues)

// after us, we want to do it ourselves to show that we are neat // and responsible

// Extract action from the _POST array We do not depend on

// action in a cooked-up POST request, which is most likely an

// indication that the user is probing for a security hole.

// If yes, connect to the database, do it, then disconnect Note

// that PHP will disconnect for us, but we will do it ourselves to

// keep the code clean and maintain a sense of responsibility for

Listing 9.1 Source code of sample.php (continued)

Now let’s summarize the main points of the code:

■■ The code has a lot of helper functions for HTML generation and user inputprocessing

■■ We use wrapper functions for database interface

(safe_connect(),safe_query()) that do their job, checking and handlingerrors as they go In addition to convenience, this gives us some flexibility.For example, if we later decided to be connected to several servers at atime and run all of our queries in a distributed manner, all we would have

to do is reimplement safe_connect() and safe_query() We could also veryeasily add a query logger that could log the thread id, the query itself, theresult, and the execution time We’d simply add a few lines to safe_query()and wouldn’t have to touch the rest of the code

■■ To iterate through the result, we use mysql_fetch_object() called in a loop.

In cases where we know for sure that we can get only one row, we just callmysql_fetch_object() once The returned row object has members withnames corresponding to the names of the fields In the case where the nat-ural name of the field is ugly, such as SUM(quantity), we can alter it byusing the AS alias_name syntax in the SQL query After the last row hasbeen returned, mysql_fetch_object() will return FALSE

■■ To test a field value for NULL, we use the isset() PHP function

■■ To escape problematic characters in the user input, we filter all the strings

to be sent as part of a query through mysql_escape_string()

■■ Although PHP performs the cleanup by freeing all the result sets and ing all nonpersistent connections at the end of a request, we clean up afterourselves anyway with mysql_free_result() and mysql_close() to maintainthe habit of neatness

clos-■■ The code assumes that the magic_quotes_gpc setting is off, or in otherwords, user input comes to us unmodified without the “automagic” quoteescaping

■■ We do not depend on the setting of register_globals, and do not assumethat the POST variables have been preimported into the global variablenamespace

■■ We use the @ symbol in front of MySQL API calls that can generate errormessages and print them into the output HTML

■■ Each menu option is handled by a separate function, which is alwayscalled when that menu option is selected

■■ We use hidden HTML form inputs to track the state of execution

■■ We assume that the user is either not knowledgeable or malicious, and wevalidate all user input

Tips and Tricks

In this section, we offer a list of techniques and suggestions that will help youavoid pitfalls and improve your application

■■ PHP by default tries to make life easier for a novice programmer and dles many problematic issues automatically However, this is usually notsuitable for a serious database application If you are developing one, youwant to disable the default error handling behavior as a rule The things totake care of are to disable magic_quotes_gpc, enable track_errors, and use

han-@ in front of MySQL API calls, while checking for errors in your code

■■ To get the error if mysql_connect() or mysql_pconnect() fails, you need tohave the track_errors setting enabled and read it from $php_errormsg.Unlike other MySQL API functions, where you would use mysql_error(),the connection handle will not be initialized if the connection is not suc-cessful, and mysql_error() will not be able to read the error message PHPinterpreter settings are set in the php.ini configuration file or can bealtered with calls to ini_set() To learn more about how to work with PHPconfiguration settings, visit www.php.net/manual/en/configuration.php.

■■ To check a value retrieved from the database for SQL NULL, use the isset()function

■■ Use mysql_escape_string() to escape potentially troublesome characters inthe query

■■ Use safety wrappers around MySQL API functions

■■ Validate user input

■■ Since your sysadmin may inadvertently change php.ini or otherwise figure the system to make PHP run with different defaults, if your codedepends on any of the php.ini settings, set them explicitly in your codewith ini_set()

recon-■■ Check for errors diligently While C programmers are pretty good about it,Perl programmers are sometimes good, Java programmers have to do it orotherwise their code does not compile, and PHP programmers are theworst in this regard

Perl is a popular scripting language created by Larry Wall in 1986 In the

early history of Web applications, Perl was probably the most populartool, at least in the open source community, for delivering dynamic con-tent With the creation of PHP, Perl began to yield ground in the Web area, but

it is still the language of choice in many cases for developing command-linedata-manipulation scripts and utilities

One advantage of Perl is that most Unix systems have the Perl interpreter installed It has become almost as widespread as the Bourne Shell Unlike ear-lier scripting languages, such as Unix shells, AWK, and SED, Perl providesextensive capability to invoke system calls Perl’s functionality can be extendedthrough modules, which has enabled the user community to provide a largenumber of packages that permit programmers to do just about anything theymight need to in a very short amount of development time And all of the abovecomes free of charge—the only thing required of the developer is to downloadthe packages and learn how to use them

pre-In the area of databases, the strength of Perl is in the portability of the interface.Database connectivity is accomplished through the DBI and DBD modules, andthe interface is designed in such a way that, provided the SQL queries werewritten with portability in mind, porting the code to another database can be assimple as changing the value of the data source variable

For the hardcore enthusiasts, Perl is more than just a programming language It

is a way to express themselves To them, a Perl program is not just a piece ofcode designed to do a certain job It is also a poem or a piece of art Therefore,

Perl API Basics

10

165

some Perl programmers are sensitive to the issues of style and language struct usage I must admit that although I have done quite a bit of Perl pro-gramming—and have been quite fascinated with the profound expressive

con-beauty of statements like $_ =~ s/ \-//g;—I spend more time writing in C and

PHP This shows in the way I write Perl code (Some of you notice that I speakPerl with a strong C accent.)

In this chapter, I provide some basic instructions to prepare your system to runPerl clients connecting to MySQL, give an overview of the Perl API, providesome sample code, and offer a few helpful tips

System Preparation

The preparation process consists of first making sure that Perl is installed andthen installing two Perl modules, DBI and DBD::mysql (if they have not beeninstalled earlier during the system installation or some other process) If youplan to use transactions, you will need version 1.22.16 or later of DBD::mysql.Since most Unix systems come with at least a partial installation of componentsneeded to connect from Perl, instead of providing installation instructions fromscratch, for the Unix part we tell you where to find out what you need to installfirst, and then how to do it

To test if your system is ready to go, execute the following Perl one-liner:perl -e 'use DBI; DBI->connect("dbi:mysql:test:host=localhost",

"root", "")->disconnect'

If the command produces no output, Perl itself and the DBI/DBD modules havebeen installed, and you may skip to the next section (unless you need to con-figure another system or are simply curious about how to proceed on a bare-bones system) If you see an error message, there could be several reasons

If the message says “Access denied,” “Unknown database,” or “Can’t connect,”there is a reason to be happy It means that Perl and the DBI and DBD modulesare already installed but that the command-line test simply did not specify theproper access credentials (e.g., you have a non-empty password for root), it did

not find the test database because it did not exist, or your server was simply not running on localhost In other words, you do not need to do anything from

the aspect of Perl-MySQL interaction, but you need to tweak your serverinstallation or the sample code itself to make it run on your system

Seeing the message “Command not found” on Unix or “Bad command or filename” on Windows indicates that you have not installed Perl To install Perl, visit www.cpan.org, find your operating system, and then follow theinstructions

You may also see the message “Can’t locate DBI.pm.” If that is the case, you donot have the DBI driver installed yet Visit www.cpan.org and download the DBImodule.

If you have the DBI module installed but have not yet installed the MySQL DBD module, you will get a message “Can’t locate DBD/mysql.pm.” Go towww.mysql.com/api-dbi.html and download the file called Msql-mysql-modules-version.tar.gz, unpack the archive, and then proceed with the standardPerl module installation mantra:

On a Windows system, you need to first install ActivePerl and then get theDBI/DBD modules The process is described in detail in the MySQL online man-ual at www.mysql.com/doc/en/Active_state_perl.html

DBI Methods and Attributes

This section lists the most commonly used methods and attributes in the DBI module You can find more detailed information by visiting http://search.cpan.org/author/TIMB/DBI-1.30/DBI.pm To learn more about theDBD::mysql module, which works underneath the DBI module to provide support for MySQL connectivity, visit http://search.cpan.org/author/JWIED/DBD-mysql-2.1018/lib/DBD/mysql.pod

The methods and attributes listed as follows can be divided into three gories: methods and attributes global to the DBI module, database handle meth-ods and attributes, and statement handle methods and attributes

cate-Global methods and attributes

available_drivers: Returns an array of available database drivers Usageexample: @drivers = DBI->available_drivers;

database using the datasource information and supplied username/passwordand returns a database handle reference The datasource argument will refer-ence a DBD source—for example, DBI:mysql:$database:$hostname:$port

Usage example: $dbh = DBI->connect(“DBI:mysql:products:localhost”,

opera-Database handle methods and attributes

AutoCommit: Attribute controlling whether each query that modifies datashould be automatically committed Usage example: $dbh->{AutoCommit} = 1;

RaiseError: Attribute controlling whether errors should be checked for aftereach database call If enabled, an error would result in aborting the programwith the appropriate error message Usage example: $dbh->{RaiseError} = 1;

disconnect: Closes the connection to the database server associated with thedatabase handle Usage example: $result_code = $dbh->disconnect;

prepare($query): Prepares the query for execution and returns a statementhandle In MySQL, the call is more of a protocol formality because MySQL doesnot yet support prepared queries (as of this writing) Usage example: $sth =

$dbh->prepare($query);

quote($col): Quotes the value (by surrounding it with quotes), escapingpotentially problematic characters that may confuse the query parser Usageexample, $quoted_col = $dbh->quote($col);

Statement handle methods and attributes

bind_columns(column variable): Binds all of the columns in a result row to

a specific variable Subsequent calls to fetch() will set the variables to the queryvalues fetched from the result set Usage example: $sth->bind_columns($var1,

$var2, undef, $var3);

do($query): Prepares and executes the query in the same fashion as the pare/execute combination Usage example: $rows = $dbh->do($query);

pre-execute: Executes a prepared statement returned by the prepare() functionand returns the result value The result is usually a row count For example,

$rows = $sth->execute;

fetch: Retrieves a row from the statement handle and places it in the variablesthat have previously been bound to result set columns with a bind_columns()call