IP-Based Next-Generation Wireless Networks phần 1 potx

1.1 Evolution of Wireless Networks / 21.1.1 Wireless Local Area Networks / 4 1.1.2 Public Wide-Area Wireless Networks / 6 1.2 Evolution of Public Mobile Services / 13 1.2.1 First Wave of

IP-Based Next-Generation

Wireless Networks

IP-Based Next-Generation

Wireless Networks Systems, Architectures, and Protocols

Copyright # 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Chen, Jyh-Cheng

IP-based next-generation wireless networks : systems, architectures,

and protocols / Jyh-Cheng Chen and Tao Zhang.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

1.1 Evolution of Wireless Networks / 2

1.1.1 Wireless Local Area Networks / 4

1.1.2 Public Wide-Area Wireless Networks / 6

1.2 Evolution of Public Mobile Services / 13

1.2.1 First Wave of Mobile Data Services: Text-Based Instant

Messaging / 141.2.2 Second Wave of Mobile Data Services: Low-Speed MobileInternet Services / 15

1.2.3 Current Wave of Mobile Data Services: High-Speed and

Multimedia Mobile Internet Services / 171.3 Motivations for IP-Based Wireless Networks / 19

2 Wireless IP Network Architectures / 33

2.1 3GPP Packet Data Networks / 33

2.1.1 Network Architecture / 34

v

2.1.2 Protocol Reference Model / 41

2.1.3 Packet Data Protocols, Bearers, and Connections for PacketServices / 45

2.1.4 Packet Data Protocol (PDP) Context / 48

2.1.5 Steps for a Mobile to Access 3GPP Packet-SwitchedServices / 50

2.1.6 User Packet Routing and Transport / 52

2.1.7 Configuring PDP Addresses on Mobile Stations / 552.1.8 GPRS Attach Procedure / 56

2.1.9 PDP Context Activation and Modification / 59

2.1.10 Radio Access Bearer Assignment / 66

2.1.11 Packet-Switched Domain Protocol Stacks / 67

2.1.12 Accessing IP Networks through PS Domain / 78

2.2 3GPP2 Packet Data Networks / 87

2.2.1 3GPP2 Network Architecture / 87

2.2.2 3GPP2 Packet Data Network Architecture / 89

2.2.3 Protocol Reference Model / 93

2.2.4 Access to 3GPP2 Packet Data Network / 95

2.2.5 User Packet Routing and Transport / 97

2.2.6 Protocol Stacks for Packet Data Services / 98

2.3 MWIF All-IP Mobile Networks / 106

3.1.1 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) / 122

3.1.2 Session Description Protocol (SDP) / 134

3.2 3GPP IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) / 136

3.2.1 IMS Architecture / 136

3.2.2 Mobile Station Addressing for Accessing the IMS / 1393.2.3 Reference Interfaces / 139

3.2.4 Service Architecture / 140

3.2.5 Registration with the IMS / 143

3.2.6 Deregistration with the IMS / 146

3.2.7 End-to-End Signaling Flows for Session Control / 1493.3 3GPP2 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) / 154

References / 158

4 Mobility Management / 161

4.1 Basic Issues in Mobility Management / 161

4.1.1 Impact of Naming and Addressing on Mobility

Management / 1634.1.2 Location Management / 164

4.1.3 Packet Delivery to Mobile Destinations / 169

4.1.4 Handoffs / 172

4.1.5 Roaming / 174

4.2 Mobility Management in IP Networks / 176

4.2.1 Naming and Addressing of IP Terminals / 177

4.2.2 Mobile IPv4 / 178

4.2.3 MIPv4 Regional Registration / 200

4.2.4 Paging Extensions to Mobile IPv4 / 203

4.2.5 Mobile IPv6 / 205

4.2.6 SIP-Based Mobility Management / 218

4.2.7 Cellular IP / 225

4.2.8 HAWAII / 230

4.3 Mobility Management in 3GPP Packet Networks / 239

4.3.1 Packet Mobility Management (PMM) Context and States / 2414.3.2 Location Management for Packet-Switched Services / 2454.3.3 Routing Area Update / 248

4.4.1 Packet Data Service States / 271

4.4.2 Location Management for Packet Data Services / 272

4.4.3 Handoffs for Supporting Packet Data Services / 273

4.4.4 Fast Inter-PDSN Handoff / 283

4.4.5 Paging and Sending User Data to a Dormant Mobile / 2884.5 Mobility Management in MWIF Networks / 291

5.2.2 Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) / 3235.3 Security in Wireless Networks / 328

5.7.3 Network Access Security / 342

5.7.4 Network Domain Security / 349

5.7.5 Summary / 351

5.8 Security in 3GPP2 / 352

5.8.1 Network Access Security / 353

5.8.2 Network Domain Security / 358

References / 360

6 Quality of Service / 367

6.1 Internet QoS / 367

6.1.1 Integrated Services (Int-Serv) / 368

6.1.2 Differentiated Services (Diff-Serv) / 370

6.1.3 Comparison of Int-Serv and Diff-Serv / 376

6.1.4 Policy-Based QoS Management / 377

6.2 QoS Challenges in Wireless IP Networks / 379

6.3 QoS in 3GPP / 380

6.3.1 UMTS QoS Architecture / 380

6.3.2 UMTS QoS Management / 382

6.3.3 UMTS QoS Classes / 384

6.3.4 QoS Attributes (QoS Profile) / 384

6.3.5 Management of End-to-End IP QoS / 388

6.4 QoS in 3GPP2 / 394

6.4.1 3GPP2 QoS Architecture / 395

6.4.2 3GPP2 QoS Management / 398

6.4.3 3GPP2 QoS Classes / 400

6.4.4 QoS Attributes (QoS Profile) / 401

6.4.5 Management of End-to-End IP QoS / 401

References / 404

Index / 407

Two technologies that have profoundly impacted people on this planet recently arecellular telephony and the Internet The former, with its tremendous advantages oftetherless and ubiquitous communication capabilities, was accepted worldwide Itmet the expectations of a success story for wealthy nations On the other hand, itsreach into the developing and the not-so-prosperous parts of the world was evenmore profound These parts of the world did not have the infrastructure for providingPSTN services for the vast majority of the population, for the obvious reason thattremendous investment was needed At the end of the twentieth century, thedemographics of the most populous nations of the world changed, with a tilt towards

a large middle-class population that could afford the luxury of a telephone in everyhousehold This need was a big impetus for the growth of the cellular telephonyworldwide

The second most important technology with a global appeal is the Internet.Personal Computers (PCs), laptops, personal digital assistants, and even cellularphones can be connected to the Internet The Internet has touched almost everysegment of the population on the face of this planet with applications (besidesworldwide email) in business, education, healthcare, and manufacturing, to name afew

Cellular telephone networks could be either circuit switched or packet switched.The former could be viewed as wireless versions of the traditional PSTN with voicetelephony being the primary application The latter are wireless extensions to theInternet and hence are suitable for mobile data networking Such cellular networksadopt the well-known Internet Protocol (IP) for networking and can be exploited forproviding mobile multimedia services

This book, IP-Based Next-Generation Wireless Networks, by Jyh-Cheng Chenand Tao Zhang, deals with wireless IP networking architectures, protocols, and

ix

techniques at the IP layer and above It is a valuable reference for academicians,engineers, and business personnel It comes at an appropriate time.

Prathima Agrawal, Ph.D

Assistant Vice President, Network Systems Research Laboratory, and

Executive Director, Mobile Networking Research Department,

Telcordia Technologies

Email: pagrawal@research.telcordia.com

August 2003

of Internet services to mobile users and providing a successful platform for fosteringfuture mobile services IP-based protocols, which are independent of the underlyingradio technologies, are also better suited for supporting seamless services overheterogeneous radio technologies and for achieving global roaming.

Wireless networks are evolving on two major fronts First, radio access systemsare evolving to third and fourth generation systems that can support significantlyhigher system capacity and per-user data rates with enhanced quality-of-service(QoS) support capabilities Second, wireless IP networking technologies areprofoundly changing the overall wireless network architectures and protocols.Many books are available on radio access systems, examining the physical, link,and network layers specific to each radio system Few books, however, have beendesigned to systemically address the wireless IP networking aspect, i.e., archi-tectures, protocols, and techniques at the IP layer and above of a wireless IPnetwork This book seeks to provide a systematic description and comparison ofnext-generation wireless IP network architectures, systems, and protocols, with afocus on the IP layer and above

Several major efforts have emerged to define global standards for wireless IPnetworks The two most influential standards bodies are 3GPP (Third GenerationPartnership Project) and 3GPP2 (Third Generation Partnership Project 2) Differentstandards efforts have been taking significantly different approaches, which lead todifferent architectures and different migration paths toward future wireless IP

xi

networks This book provides insights into critical issues in wireless IP networking,thoroughly illustrates the standards and network architectures defined by leadingstandards bodies such as 3GPP and 3GPP2, and discusses in detail protocolsand techniques in four major technical areas: signaling, mobility, security, andQoS.

To provide the necessary background, the book starts by presenting a historicaloverview of the evolution of wireless networks in Chapter 1, Introduction Chapter 1then reviews the evolution of public mobile services by examining the first, second,and current waves of mobile data services It continues on to discuss the motivationsfor IP-based wireless networks and provides an overview of related standardsactivities

Chapter 2 details the network architectures defined by 3GPP and 3GPP2 To helpreaders quickly get a sense of the solutions proposed by 3GPP and 3GPP2 and toeasily identify their fundamental differences, Chapter 2 presents the most importantaspects of the architectures proposed by 3GPP and 3GPP2 in a consistent format andhighlights their major differences In addition, the all-IP mobile network architectureproposed by the Mobile Wireless Internet Forum (MWIF) is also discussed.Chapters 3 to 6 address systematically four of the most critical topic areas in next-generation wireless networks: signaling, mobility management, security, and QoS.Because Chapter 2 discusses network-layer signaling and control necessary for theoperations of the networks, Chapter 3 focuses on application-level signaling andsession control needed to support real-time and multimedia applications in IPnetworks and in the IP Multimedia Subsystems (IMS) defined by 3GPP and 3GPP2.Chapters 4, 5, and 6 discuss issues and solutions related to mobility management,network security, and QoS, respectively Each chapter looks first at the subject in IPnetworks, then at the architectures and protocols defined by 3GPP and 3GPP2 TheMWIF specifications are discussed in some chapters if related issues in MWIF arealso addressed

The book is designed primarily for researchers, engineers, technical managers,and graduate and undergraduate students People entering the field of wireless IPnetworking will also find this book a helpful reference The book emphasizes theprinciples underlying each major architecture and illustrates these principles withabundant technical details It provides the audience with perspectives that aredifficult to obtain from reading the standards specifications directly

We are grateful to the ITSUMO (Internet Technologies Supporting UniversalMobile Operation) team from Telcordia Technologies, Inc and Toshiba AmericaResearch, Inc (TARI) Our work on the ITSUMO project and discussions with theITSUMO members contributed to the book Special thanks are due to Dr PrathimaAgrawal of Telcordia and Dr Toshikazu Kodama of TARI for their continuoussupport and invaluable advice throughout the writing of the book We thank Mr.Chi-Chen Lee, Mr Jui-Hung Yeh, and Mr Chih-Hsing Lin of the National TsingHua University for preparing many of the figures, tables, and references in the book.Jyh-Cheng Chen would also like to acknowledge the project members of the

“Program for Promoting Academic Excellence of Universities” for many insightful

discussions Jyh-Cheng Chen’s work was supported in part by the Ministry ofEducation, Taiwan, National Science Council (NSC), and Industrial TechnologyResearch Institute (ITRI).

Jyh-Cheng ChenTao Zhang

August 2003

1G First Generation

2G Second Generation

3G Third Generation

3GPP Third-Generation Partnership Project

3GPP2 Third-Generation Partnership Project 2

AAA Authentication, Authorization, Accounting

AAAF AAA Foreign

AAAH AAA Home

AAAL AAA Local

AAL ATM Adaptation Layer

AMF Authentication Management Field

AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Systems

AMR AA-Mobile-Node-Request

ANSI American National Standards Institute

API Application Programming Interface

APN Access Point Name

xv

ARIB Association of Radio Industries and BusinessARP Address Resolution Protocol

ARPU Average Revenue Per User

ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode

AuC Authentication Center

AUTN Authentication Token

AV Authentication Vector

AVP Attribute Value Pair

BA Behavior Aggregate

Binding Acknowledgment

BER Bit Error Ratio

BGCF Breakout Gateway Control Function

BGP Border Gateway Protocol

BITS Bump In The Stack

BITW Bump In The Wire

BR Border Router

BRAN Broadband Radio Access Network

BS Base Station

Bearer Service

BSC Base Station Controller

BSS Base Station Subsystem

BSSAPþ Base Station System Application Partþ

BTS Base Transceiver Station

Base Transceiver System

CDR Call Detail Record

CFN Connection Frame Number

CMEA Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm

CMS Cryptographic Message Syntax

CN Core Network

Correspondent Node

CoA Care-of Address

COPS Common Open Policy Service

CQM Core QoS Manager

CS Circuit Switched

CSCF Call State Control Function

Call Session Control Function

CSE CAMEL Service Environment

CSM Communication Session Manager

CS-MGW Circuit Switched Media Gateway

CT2 Cordless Telephone, Second Generation

CVSE Critical Vendor/Organization Specific Extension

CWTS China Wireless Telecommunication Standard

DECT Digital European Cordless Telecommunications

DES Data Encryption Standard

DH Diffie-Hellman

DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

Diff-Serv Differentiated Service

DNS Domain Name System

DoS Denial of Service

DP Data Privacy

DRS Data Ready to Send

DS Differentiated Service

DS-CDMA Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access

DSCP Differentiated Service Code Point

DSI Dynamic Subscriber Information

DSNP Dynamic SLS Negotiation Protocol

DSS Digital Signature Standard

DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

ECMEA Enhanced Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm

EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for Global GSM Evolution

EF Expedited Forwarding

EIR Equipment Identity Register

ESA Enhanced Subscriber Authentication

ESN Electronic Serial Number

ESP Encapsulating Security Payload

Enhanced Subscriber Privacy

ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute

FA Foreign Agent

FDD Frequency Division Duplex

FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

FQDN Fully Qualified Domain Name

GEA GPRS Encryption Algorithm

GERAN GSM EDGE Radio Access Network

GFA Gateway Foreign Agent

GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

GHDM General Handoff Direction Message

GLM Geographical Location Manager

GMM GPRS Mobility Management

GMSC Gateway MSC

GNS Global Name Server

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

GRE Generic Routing Encapsulation

GSCF GPRS Service Control Function

GSM Global System for Mobile Communications

HFN Hyper Frame Number

HLR Home Location Registrar

HMM Home Mobility Manager

HSS Home Subscriber Server

HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol

IAB Internet Architecture Board

IAPP Inter Access Point Protocol

ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol

I-CSCF Interrogating Call State Control Function

ICV Integrity Check Value

IESG Internet Engineering Steering Group

IETF Internet Engineering Task Force

IK Integrity Key

IKE Internet Key Exchange

IM Instant Message

IMEI International Mobile Station Equipment Identity

IM-MGW IP Multimedia Media Gateway

IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem

IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity

IM-SSF IP Multimedia Service Switching Function

IN Intelligent Network

Int-Serv Integrated Service

IPHC IP Header Compression

IPsec IP Security

IPv4 Internet Protocol version 4

IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6

ISAKMP Internet Security Association and Key Management ProtocolISC IMS Service Control

ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network

xviii ACRONYMS

ISM Industrial, Scientific, and Medical

ISP Internet Service Provider

ISUP ISDN User Part

ITU International Telecommunication Union

ITU-T ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector

KAC Key Administration Center

KDC Key Distribution Center

KSI Key Set Identifier

L2TP Layer-2 Tunneling Protocol

LA Location Area

LAC L2TP Access Concentrator

Link Access Control

Location Area Code

LAI Location Area Identifier

LAN Local Area Network

LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

LEC Local Exchange Carrier

LLC Logical Link Control

LNS L2TP Network Server

MA Mobile Attendant

MAC Medium Access Control

Message Authentication Code

MAP Mobile Application Part

MAPsec MAP Security

MC Message Center

MCC Mobile Country Code

MC-CDMA Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access

MGC Media Gateway Controller

MGCF Media Gateway Control Function

MIDCOM Middlebox Communications

MIK MAP Integrity Key

MIN Mobile Identification Number

MNC Mobile Network Code

MRC Multimedia Resource Controller

MRF Multimedia Resource Function

MRFC Multimedia Resource Function Controller

MRFP Multimedia Resource Function Processor

MS Mobile Station

MSC Mobile-services Switching Center

Mobile Switching Center

MSIN Mobile Subscriber Identification Number

MSISDN Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number

MT Mobile Termination

Mobile Terminal

MTP Message Transfer Part

MWIF Mobile Wireless Internet Forum

NAI Network Access Identifier

NANP North American Numbering Plan

NAS Network Access Server

NAT Network Address Translator

NID Network ID

NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology

NMSI National Mobile Subscriber Identity

NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone

NPDB Number Portability Database

NSAPI Network-Layer Service Access Point Identifier

NTP Network Time Protocol

NVSE Normal Vendor/Organization Specific Extension

OAM&P Operation, Administration, Maintenance, and ProvisioningOMA Open Mobile Alliance

OSA Open Service Access

OSPF Open Shortest Path Protocol

OTASP Over-The-Air Service Provisioning

PACS Personal Access Communications System

PAN Personal Area Network

PAP Password Authentication Protocol

PBX Private Branch Exchange

PCF Packet Control Function

Policy Control Function

P-CSCF Proxy Call State Control Function

PDC Personal Digital Cellular

PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol

PDE Position Determining Entity

PDF Policy Decision Function

PDP Packet Data Protocol

Policy Decision Point

PDS Packet Data Subsystem

PDSN Packet Data Serving Node

PDU Packet Data Unit

PEP Policy Enforcement Point

PHB Per-Hop Behavior

PHS Personal Handyphone System

PKC Public Key Certificate

PKI Public Key Infrastructure

PLCM Private Long Code Mask

PLMN Public Land Mobile Network

P-MIP Paging in Mobile IP

PMM Packet Mobility Management

PPP Point-to-Point Protocol

PS Packet Switched

PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network

P-TMSI Packet TMSI

PZID Packet Zone ID

QoS Quality of Service

RA Routing Area

RAB Radio Access Bearer

RAC Routing Area Code

RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial In User Service

RAI Routing Area Identifier

RAN Radio Access Network

RANAP Radio Access Network Application Part

RAU Routing Area Update

RB Radio Bearer

RED Random Early Detection

RFC Request For Comments

RLC Radio Link Control

RN Radio Network

RNC Radio Network Controller

RNS Radio Network Subsystem

ROHC Robust Header Compression

RRC Radio Resource Control

RSA Rivest, Shamir, Adleman

RSVP Resource Reservation Protocol

RTP Real-Time Transport Protocol

RTT Radio Transmission Technology

SA Security Association

SAD Security Association Database

SBLP Service Based Local Policy

SCCP Signaling Connection Control Part

SCP Service Control Point

SCS Service Capability Server

S-CSCF Serving Call State Control Function

SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol

SDO Standards Development Organization

SDP Session Description Protocol