Aeronautical Engineer Data Book Episode 1 potx

Aeronautical Engineer’s Data Book Clifford Matthews BSc, CEng, MBA, FIMechE OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG... Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to repro

Aeronautical

Engineer’s

Data Book

Clifford Matthews BSc, CEng, MBA, FIMechE

OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG

Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP

225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041

A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd

A member of the Reed Elsevier plc group

First published 2002

© Clifford Matthews 2002

All rights reserved No part of this publication

may be reproduced in any material form (including

photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic

means and whether or not transiently or incidentally

to some other use of this publication) without the

written permission of the copyright holder except

in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright,

Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd,

90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1P 9HE Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission

to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed

to the publishers

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Matthews, Clifford

Aeronautical engineer’s data book

1 Aerospace engineering–Handbooks, manuals, etc

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data

Matthews, Clifford

Aeronautical engineer’s data book / Clifford Matthews

p cm.

629.13'002'12–dc21

ISBN 0 7506 5125 3

Acknowledgements

Preface

Disclaimer

1 Important Regulations and Directives

2 Fundamental Dimensions and Units

2.1 The Greek alphabet

2.2 Units systems

2.3 Conversions

2.4 Consistency of units

brackets

2.6 Imperial–metric conversions 2.7 Dimensional analysis

2.8 Essential mathematics

2.9 Useful references and standards

3 Symbols and Notations

3.1 Parameters and constants 3.2 Weights of gases

3.3 Densities of liquids at 0°C 3.4 Notation: aerodynamics and fluid mechanics

Atmosphere (ISA)

4 Aeronautical Definitions

4.1 Forces and moments

4.2 Basic aircraft terminology 4.3 Helicopter terminology

4.4 Common aviation terms 4.5 Airspace terms

5 Basic Fluid Mechanics

5.1 Basic properties

5.2 Flow equations

iv Contents

86

88

89

90

91

93

94

6 Basic Aerodynamics

6.1 General airfoil theory

6.2 Airfoil coefficients

6.3 Pressure distributions

6.4 Aerodynamic centre

6.5 Centre of pressure

6.6 Supersonic conditions

assumption

7 Principles of Flight Dynamics

breakdown

7.2 Axes notation

7.3 The generalized force equations

7.4 The generalized moment equations 7.5 Non-linear equations of motion

7.6 The linearized equations of motion

114

115

115

126

126

129

132

118

9.2 Aircraft range and endurance

9.3 Aircraft design studies

9.4 Aircraft noise

9.5 Aircraft emissions

10 Aircraft Design and Construction

10.1 Basic design configuration

10.2 Materials of construction

10.3 Helicopter design

10.4 Helicopter design studies

v Contents

11 Airport Design and Compatibility 173

11.5 Worldwide airport geographical data 205 11.6 Airport reference sources and

12 Basic Mechanical Design 215

12.2 Preferred numbers and preferred sizes 215 12.3 Datums and tolerances – principles 217

13.2 Fluid mechanics and aerodynamics 235 13.3 Manufacturing/materials/structures 235 13.4 Aircraft sizing/multidisciplinary design 240

Appendix 1 Aerodynamic stability and control

Appendix 2 Aircraft response transfer

Appendix 3 Approximate expressions for

dimensionless aerodynamic

stability and control derivatives 247 Appendix 4 Compressible flow tables 253

viii Preface

of information that you can carry with you – the secret is knowing where to look for the rest

More and more engineering information is now available in electronic form and many engineering students now use the Internet as their first source of reference information for

technical information This new Aeronautical Engineer’s Data Book contains details of a

wide range of engineering-related websites, including general ‘gateway’ sites such as the Edinburgh Engineering Virtual Library (EEVL) which contains links to tens of thousands of others containing technical infor­ mation, product/company data and aeronauti-cal-related technical journals and newsgroups You will find various pages in the book contain ‘quick guidelines’ and ‘rules of thumb’ Don’t expect these all to have robust theoret­ ical backing – they are included simply

because I have found that they work I have

tried to make this book a practical source of aeronautics-related technical information that you can use in the day-to-day activities of an aeronautical career

Finally, it is important that the content of this data book continues to reflect the infor­ mation that is needed and used by student and experienced engineers If you have any sugges­ tions for future content (or indeed observations

or comment on the existing content) please submit them to me at the following e-mail address: aerodatabook@aol.com

Clifford Matthews

2 Aeronautical Engineer’s Data Book

Part 27: Airworthiness standards: normal

category rotorcraft

Part 29: Airworthiness standards: transport

category rotorcraft

Part 31: Airworthiness standards: manned

free balloons

Part 33: Airworthiness standards: aircraft

engines

Part 34: Fuel venting and exhaust emission

requirements for turbine engine powered airplanes

Part 35: Airworthiness standards:

propellers

Part 36: Noise standards: aircraft type and

airworthiness certification

Part 39: Airworthiness directives

Part 43: Maintenance, preventive

maintenance, rebuilding, and alteration

Part 45: Identification and registration

marking

Part 47: Aircraft registration

Part 49: Recording of aircraft titles and

security documents

Subchapter D – airmen

Part 61: Certification: pilots and flight

instructors

Part 63: Certification: flight crewmembers

other than pilots

Part 65: Certification: airmen other than

flight crewmembers

Part 67: Medical standards and certification

Subchapter E – airspace

Part 71: Designation of class a, class b,

class c, class d, and class e

airspace areas; airways; routes; and reporting points

Part 73: Special use airspace

Part 77: Objects affecting navigable

airspace

Subchapter F – air traffic and

3 Important regulations and directives

general operation rules

Part 91:

Part 93:

Part 95:

Part 97:

Part 99:

Part 101:

Part 103:

Part 105:

Part 107:

Part 108:

Part 109:

Part 119:

Part 121:

Part 125:

Part 129:

Part 133:

Part 135:

Part 137:

Part 139:

General operating and flight rules Special air traffic rules and airport traffic patterns

IFR altitudes

Standard instrument approach procedures

Security control of air traffic Moored balloons, kites, unmanned rockets and unmanned free balloons

Ultralight vehicles

Parachute jumping

Airport security

Airplane operator security

Indirect air carrier security

Subchapter G – air carriers and operators for compensation or hire: certification and operations Certification: air carriers and commercial operators

Operating requirements: domestic, flag, and supplemental operations Certification and operations: airplanes having a seating capacity

of 20 or more passengers or a maximum payload capacity of

6000 pounds or more

Operations: foreign air carriers and foreign operators of US – registered aircraft engaged in common carriage

Rotorcraft external-load

operations

Operating requirements:

commuter and on-demand

operations

Agricultural aircraft operations Certification and operations: land airports serving certain air carriers Subchapter H – schools and other certificated agencies

4 Aeronautical Engineer’s Data Book

Part 141: Pilot schools

Part 142: Training centers

Part 145: Repair stations

Part 147: Aviation maintenance technician

schools

Subchapter I – airports

Part 150: Airport noise compatibility

planning

Part 151: Federal aid to airports

Part 152: Airport aid program

Part 155: Release of airport property from

surplus property disposal

restrictions

Part 156: State block grant pilot program Part 157: Notice of construction, alteration,

activation, and deactivation of airports

Part 158: Passenger Facility Charges (PFCs) Part 161: Notice and approval of airport

noise and access restrictions Part 169: Expenditure of federal funds for

nonmilitary airports or air

navigation facilities thereon Subchapter J – navigational facilities

Part 170: Establishment and discontinuance

criteria for air traffic control services and navigational facilities Part 171: Non-federal navigation facilities

Subchapter K – administrative regulations

Part 183: Representatives of the

administrator

Part 185: Testimony by employees and

production of records in legal proceedings, and service of legal process and pleadings

Part 187: Fees

Part 189: Use of federal aviation

administration communications system

5 Important regulations and directives

Part 191: Withholding security information

from disclosure under the Air Transportation Security Act of

1974

Subchapter N – war risk insurance Part 198: Aviation insurance

Chapter III – parts 400 to 440

Subchapter A – general

Part 400: Basis and scope

Part 401: Organization and definitions

Subchapter B – procedure

Part 404: Regulations and licensing

requirements

Part 405: Investigations and enforcement Part 406: Administrative review

Subchapter C – licensing

Part 413: Applications

Part 415: Launch licenses

Part 417: License to operate a launch site Part 440: Financial responsibility

Requests for information or policy concerning

a particular Federal Aviation Regulation should be sent to the office of primary inter­ est (OPI) Details can be obtained from FAA’s consumer hotline, in the USA toll free, at 1-800-322-7873

Requests for interpretations of a Federal Aviation Regulation can be obtained from:

9 Fundamental dimensions and units

Setting out calculations in this way can help avoid confusion, particularly when they involve large numbers and/or several sequential stages

of conversion

2.3.1 Force or thrust

The USCS unit of force or thrust is the pound force (lbf) Note that a pound is also ambigu­

ously used as a unit of mass (see Table 2.3)

Table 2.3 Force (F) or thrust

thrust (lbf)

force (kgf)

1 newton (N) 0.2248 102.0 0.1020 1

Note: Strictly, all the units in the table except the

newton (N) represent weight equivalents of mass and so depend on the ‘standard’ acceleration due

to gravity (g) The true SI unit of force is the

newton (N) which is equivalent to 1 kgm/s2

2.3.2 Weight

Force (lbf) = mass (lbm) 2 g (ft/s2

Or, in SI units: force (N) = mass (kg) 2 g (m/s2

2.3.3 Density

Density is defined as mass per unit volume Table 2.4 shows the conversions between units

10 Aeronautical Engineer’s Data Book

Table 2.4 Density ( #)

2 10 4

2 10 –5 2 10 –2

2 10 –2

2.3.4 Pressure

The base USCS unit is the lbf/in2 (or ‘psi’)

1 Pa = 1 N/m2

1 Pa = 1.45038 2 10–4 lbf/in2

In practice, pressures in SI units are measured

in MPa, bar, atmospheres, torr, or the height of

a liquid column, depending on the application See Figures 2.1, 2.2 and Table 2.5

So for liquid columns:

1 in H2O = 25.4 mm H2O = 249.089 Pa

1 in Hg = 13.59 in H2O = 3385.12 Pa =

33.85 mbar

1 mm Hg = 13.59 mm H2O = 133.3224 Pa =

1.333224 mbar

1 mm H2O = 9.80665 Pa

1 torr = 133.3224 Pa

For conversion of liquid column pressures: 1

in = 25.4 mm

2.3.5 Temperature

The basic unit of temperature is degrees Fahren­ heit (°F) The SI unit is kelvin (K) The most commonly used unit is degrees Celsius (°C) Absolute zero is defined as 0 K or –273.15°C, the point at which a perfect gas has zero volume See Figures 2.3 and 2.4

°C = 5/9(°F – 32)

°F = 9/ (°C + 32)