Superexchange, in magnetic oxides, 237,
238
Supported catalysts, 128 – 9, 133 – 4, 138
Surface diffusion, 15
in catalysts, 128
in sintering, 204 – 7, 303
Surface energy,
of alloys, 126, 139 – 40
of ionic solids, 232 – 3
of metals, 12 – 15, 125 – 6, 196 – 7,
295 – 6
of nuclei, 25, 27
Surface enrichment of alloys, 126,
139 – 40
Surface morphology
of catalysts, 122 – 5
of metals, and temperature on, 199
due to grain boundaries, 195 – 6, 197
of nuclei, 27 – 8
and surface energy, 125 – 6
techniques for studying, 120 – 2
and vaporization, 12 – 15
Swalin equation for diffusion of liquid
metals, 291 – 4
Synthesis gas,
production of, 134 – 5
syntheses from, 142
Tantalum, 93, 349
Tantalum silicides, vaporization of, 97 – 9
Temperature,
choice of for CVD, 107
Debye, 165 – 6
effect of,
on diffusion, 30, 171 – 3, 174
on gas-phase reactions, 45 – 6
on gas transport properties, 112
on nucleation of metallic glasses,
297 – 300
Ternary gaseous systems, 95 – 7, 97 – 9
Terrace surfaces, 122, 123 – 4
Thermal conductivity, 164, 166 – 8
of gases, 110, 115
of metal oxides, 167 – 8
of metals, 167 – 8, 296 – 7
Thermal decomposition, to produce thin
films, 106 – 8
Thermal deposition, see Chemical
vapour deposition (CVD); Vapour deposition
Thermal diffusion, 102, 103 Thermal spikes, in metal sputtering,
18 – 19 Thermal transport,
in condensed phases, 163 – 4
in gas – solid reactions, 277 – 9
in the vapour phase, 89 – 91, 102 – 3 Thin films,
formation of, 24 – 37
by gas-phase dissociation, 43
by laser techniques, 16 – 17, 21,
82 – 3
by metal sputtering, 17 – 20 from nuclei, 28 – 30
by vapour deposition, 3 – 16, 106 – 8 interdiffusion and interaction in,
219 – 21 orientation effects on, 126 thickness of, 107 – 8 Third-order reactions, 50, 51 Thorium oxide (thoria), 12, 159, 239 – 2 Time dependence of reactions, 52 – 3
T–T–N curves for nucleation of
metallic glasses, 297 – 8, 300
T–T–T diagrams for iron-carbon
system, 187 – 8 Titanium, oxidation of, 254 Titanium carbide,
composite of, with chromium, 268 diffusion in, 183 – 4
preparation of thin films of, 10, 107, 219
Titanium– carbon system, oxidation of,
267 – 8 Titanium diboride, CVD of, 106, 107 composite of, with MgO, 216 – 17 Titanium halides, 68
Titanium oxides, 254, 226, 313 Titanium silicide, , 219 Titanium– silicon system, 268
Trang 2Transition metals,
carburizing of, 262 – 4
as industrial catalysts, 129 – 143
passim
interstitial atoms in, 182
Transition state theory, 42, 47 – 9, 183
Translational energy of molecules, 43
Transport number, 160
Trimolecular reactions, 50, 51
Tungsten, 186, 266, 271 – 2
Tungsten carbide, sintering of, 301
Tungsten – nickel system, sintering of,
303 – 4
Tungsten oxides, structure of, 226
Turbulent flow, 58 – 9, 277 – 9
Unimolecular reactions, 50 – 2
Uranium, 194 – 5, 346
Uranium dioxide,
diffusion in, 228 – 9, 249 – 50
grain growth of, 101 – 2, 250
redistribution of fission products in,
249 – 50
thermal conductivity of, 167
Uranium tetrahalides, reduction of, 346
Vacant sites, 31 – 2, 33
energy of formation of, 173 – 4
in metal oxides, 225
migration of, 173 – 5, 176, 181, 208 – 9
Vacuum refining of liquid steel, 361 – 3
van Arkel refining of metals, 91 – 2
van der Waals equation for real gases,
112 – 14
Vanadates, hot corrosion by, 319 – 20,
321
Vanadium, 174, 186
Vaporization,
evaporation coefficients, 11 – 16
rate of, 7, 8 – 10
thermodynamics of, 4
Vapour deposition,
from organometallic compounds,
68 – 71
for thin film preparation, 3 – 16, 42 – 3,
62 – 3
Vapour pressure, effect of thermal diffusion on, 103
of the elements, 4, 38 – 41
of two-component systems, 8 Vapour-phase transport, 86 – 116 grain growth by, 100 – 2, 250
of uranium dioxide in nuclear fuel rods, 250
Vibrational energy of molecules, 44 Viscosity,
of gases, 110, 115
of liquid metals, 294 – 5
of liquid silicates, 309
of molten metal halides, 317
of slags, 323 – 4, 335 Volume diffusion, 170 – 6, 181, 198 – 9
in Ostwald ripening, 211, 212
in oxidation, 251 – 2, 255
in sintering of metals, 204 – 7 passim
Vycor glass, 311
Wagner equations for growth kinetics,
211, 212 Water-cooled nuclear reactors, 194 Water-gas shift reaction, 129 – 30, 131 – 2 Work-hardening of metals, 181
Wulff’s theorem, 15
Yttrium, effect of, on nickel oxidation, 255
in ceramic superconductors 217 Yttrium iron garnet, 238 – 9
Zero point energy, 44 Zeroth-order reactions, 118 – 19 Zinc,
extraction of, 330 – 1, 332, 334 – 5 refinement and separation of, 357 – 60 vaporization of, 21
Zinc oxide, fuming of, 332 nanoparticles of, 21 point defects in, 225, 226 – 8 Zinc sulphide, preparation of thin films
of, 16 Zircalloy, 194
Trang 3extraction of, 345 – 6, 349
oxidation of, 265 – 6
in PZT materials, 159 – 60, 236
refining and purification of, 92 – 3
vapour-phase transport of, 87 – 8,
89 – 91
Zirconium diboride, CVD of, 107
Zirconium dioxide (zirconia),
electron transport in, 159
formation of, 265 – 6
in fuel cells, 244
in oxygen sensors, pumps and membranes, 239 – 43, 247 vacancy formation in, 228 vaporization of, 12, 16 Zirconium tetrachloride, reduction of,
345 – 6 Zirconium titanate, 159 – 60 Zone refining, 304 – 6