tailless aircraft Normally applied to aeroplanes and gliders only and usually meaning that there is no separate horizontal stabilizing or control surface, though there may be a vertical
Trang 1tactical air co-ordinator Directs, from aircraft, air close
support of surface forces
tactical aircraft shelter Normally protects against
conventional attack but may be extended to offer
protec-tion against NW blast, radiaprotec-tion and CBW
tactical air officer (afloat) Responsible under
amphibious task-force commander for all supporting air
operations until control is passed ashore
tactical bomb line See bomb line.
tactical code Two-digit number in various colours on
combat aircraft (R, CIS)
tactical finish Camouflaged: can be all one colour
tactical input segment Subsystem for receiving EO and
IR images in real time
tactical intervention vehicle Designed to rescue hostages
from parked aircraft
tactical laser weapon system An array of mirrors aim
powerful laser simultaneously at multiple munitions
tactical targeting network technologies Creates networks
between airborne platforms passing data at 2 Mbit/s
over distances 100 nm, 185.3 km (USAF)
Tactifs Tactical integrated flight system
tactile faceplate Electronic display screen sensitive to
fingertip touch for reprogramming, selecting from menu,
changing scale or operating mode, or adjusting any
variable
tactile situational awareness system A high-tech aircrew
vest
Tacts Tactical aircrew combat training system (ACMI)
TAD 1 Turbo-alternator drive.
2 Target assembly data.
3 Technology availability date (or data).
4 Towed aerial decoy.
5 Theater, or tactical, air defense.
6 Trim-aid device.
7 Target acquisition and designation.
8 Terrain-awareness display.
TADC Tactical air direction center
Tadds Target alert data display sets; part of FAAR
tadec, TADEC Totally automatic digital engine control
[piston engines]
Tadil 1 Tactical digital intelligence, or information, link
(C adds command, J adds joint [service])
2 Tactical aircraft digital information link.
TADIRCM Tactical aircraft directional, or directable,
IRCM
TADIXS-B Tactical data information exchange system
– broadcast
Tadjet Transport, airdrop, jettison
TADMS TR-1 Asars-2 data manipulation system
Tadoc Transportable, or tactical, air-defense operations
center, possible confusion with Tradoc
tadpole Track of moving target on radar display
presented with comet-like tail to show direction of travel
Most air-defence radars can select tadpoles on or off
tadpole profile Aerodynamic profile with conventional
nose followed by single-surface construction downstream
(eg fin of A-4 followed by single-skin rudder)
TADS, Tads 1 Tactical air defense sight (US).
2 Towed angular deception system.
3 Target acquisition and designation sight, /PNVS adds
pilot’s night-vision system
4 Target airborne data system.
5 Tactical laser and designation system.
TAE Thrust-augmented entomopter
TAEL Turning-area edge light[s]
TAEM Terminal-area energy management
TAERS Tactical aircrew eye respiratory system
TAF 1 Tactical air force.
2 Terminal area , or aerodrome, forecast (international
meteorological figure-code)
3 Thermal acoustic fatigue.
TAFI Turn-around fault isolation
TAFIIS TAF (1) integrated information system
Tafim Technical architecture framework for tion management
informa-TAFS Airfield meteorological forecast
Tafseg Tactical air force systems engineering group
TAG 1 Telegraphist/air gunner (Royal Navy, WW2).
2 Thrust-alleviated gyroscope.
3 Tactical Airlift Group (USAF).
4 Telescoped-ammunition gun.
5 Transport Air Group (USMC).
6 Tailored air group.
7 Target-adaptive guidance.
8 Towed acoustic generator.
9 Technical Advisory Group (USAF).
10 Test analysis guide.
Taggart Sometimes rendered Taggent, a tagging agentincorporated in a strike weapon and released on detona-tion for detecting and tracking biological aerosols
TAG Telegraphist/air gunner
tagging Attaching unmissable warning notice duringmaintenance to point out, e.g., that item has beenswitched off or disabled
Tags Technology for automated generation of systems
Tagwes Target weapons effects simulation, or lator
simu-TAH Transfer and hold
TA/H Twin altitude/height
TAI 1 Total active inventory.
2 Thermal anti-icing.
TAIC Transport Accident Investigation Commission(NZ)
tail 1 Rear part of aircraft, where applicable.
2 Assembly of aerofoils whose main purpose is stability
and control, normally located at rear of aerodyne orairship
3 Trailing luminous area behind blip of moving target.
4 Normal verb meaning in air-intercept shadowing
tail chute See tail parachute.
tailcone Conical fairing of rear of body, esp stream of turbine disc in jetpipe
down-tail damping power factor Numerically the product ofTDR [see next] and URVC
tail damping ratio A [suggested limited] measure of spin quality based on side area under tailplane multiplied
anti-by distance to c.g
tail drag Restraining mass free to slide on ground towhich moored airship stern is attached
taildragger Aircraft with tailwheel or tailskid (colloq.)
tailed delta Aircraft with delta wing and horizontal tail
Trang 2tail-end Charlie 1 Formation of aircraft in single line,
each behind the other
2 Last aircraft in such a line.
3 Rear gunner in tail of large aircraft (1935–50).
taileron Single-piece horizontal tail surface, one of two
forming tailplane whose left/right halves can operate in
unison (as tailplane commanding pitch) or differentially
(as ailerons commanding roll) Term preferable to
ailevator or rolling tailplane Elevon differs in that it is
hinged to wing US term stabilator is ambiguous and can
mean * or slab tailplane
tailets Small fixed fins on underside of tailplane near
each tip
tailfeathers Free-floating flaps forming periphery of
supersonic airbreathing propulsive nozzle, usually as
outer boundary of large secondary nozzle These take up
slipstreaming angular positions aligned with streamlines
tail fin Fixed stabilizing fin at rear, ‘tail’ normally being
redundant
tail-first Aerodyne configuration in which the only
auxiliary horizontal surface is ahead of the wing,
commonly called a foreplane or canard
tail float Float supporting tail of float seaplane (now
arch.)
tail group Complete tail (2), considered as design task or
as element of total aircraft mass
tail guy Secures tail of moored airship, often to tail drag
tailheaviness Condition in which aircraft rotates
nose-up unless prevented
tailhook 1 CTOL by carrier aircraft.
2 Naval pilot (colloq.).
tailless aircraft Normally applied to aeroplanes and
gliders only and usually meaning that there is no separate
horizontal stabilizing or control surface, though there
may be a vertical tail (2) In extreme case there is no tail
surface, and (esp if fuselage vestigial or absent) this is
more often called flying-wing aircraft)
tail load Vertical up or down thrust acting on tailplane
tail logo Bold logo of operator displayed on tail; hence
** light, also valuable as anti-collision beacon
tail number See serial (2).
tailored fuel Synthesized to meet specific operational
specification
tail parachute Parachute attached to tail, normally for
anti-spin or anti-superstall purpose Not used as braking
parachute
tailpipe Exhaust pipe of turboprop or turboshaft;
according to some, piston engine exhaust pipe
down-stream of collector or manifold
tailplane 1 More or less horizontal aerofoil at tail of
aerodyne (invariably fixed-wing) providing stability in
pitch; fixed or adjustable only for trim, and carrying
elevators (US = stabilizer)
2 Aerofoil pivoted at tail about horizontal axis and
driven directly by pilot of fixed-wing aerodyne or
rotor-craft as primary flight control in pitch in translational
flight; forms complete surface without separate elevators
(US = stabilizer)
tailplane tank Fuel tank, invariably integral, in
hori-zontal tail, to increase system capacity and, esp., to
control longitudinal trim without drag
tail rotor Helicopter anti-torque rotor, rotating at tail
about more or less horizontal axis Not used for rear
approxi-tailskid Projection supporting tail of aerodyne onground, esp one whose c.g is well aft of main landinggear
tailskid shoe Replaceable pad on end of tailskid whichslides on ground
tailslide Transient flight condition of fixed-wing dyne in which relative wind is from astern, eg in stall fromnear-vertical climbing attitude
aero-tailspin Spin (arch.)
tailstander Tailsitter.
tailstrike Scraping rear fuselage on runway on rotation.Hence, * indicator, frangible foil which causes a brightflash on EICAS
tailstrike protection Any of several systems whichprevent a tailstrike, usually by limiting authority of hori-zontal tail
tail surface Any aerofoil forming part of tail (2)
tail undercarriage Rearmost unit of tailwheel-typelanding gear (rare, suggest arch.)
tail unit Complete tail (2) of horizontal, vertical and/orcanted surfaces, often including ventral fins or strakes.Also called empennage
tail view Tail-on view showing object from directlyastern; not normal aspect for layout drawing
tailwagging 1 Lateral flexure of fuselage.
2 Flat turns, esp to steepen glide.
tail warning radar Aft-facing radar, usually of activetype, intended to detect other aircraft (and possiblySAMs) intercepting from behind
tailwheel 1 Rear wheel of * type landing gear,
suppor-ting tail on ground
2 Auxiliary wheel under tail of aircraft with
nosewheel-type landing gear (eg Albemarle); fitted in place of tailbumper
tailwheel landing gear Landing gear comprisingleft/right main units ahead of c.g and tailwheel at rear
tailwind Wind blowing approximately from astern ofaircraft and thus increasing groundspeed
TAIMS Three-axis inertial measurement system
TAINS, Tains Tercom and, or Tercom-aided, inertialnavigation system
TAIR Terminal-area instrumentation radar
TAIRCW Tactical air control wing
TAIS 1 Tactical air intelligence systems.
2 Technology application information system (SDI).
3 Tactical airspace integration system.
4 Thermal active intervention system.
Take 5 Traffic crossing airway must maintainprescribed separation of 5 nm horizontally and 5,000 ftvertically from any GAT track in airway
takeoff 1 Procedure in which aerodyne becomes
airborne; not normally used for launch of glider (except
on aerotow) or high-acceleration launch of missile orRPV, and never for any ballistic vertical-liftoff vehicle Inauthor’s opinion verb is best as two words, noun andadjective as single word without hyphen
2 Moment or place at which aerodyne leaves ground or
water
3 Net flightpath from brakes-release to screen height.
Trang 34 Power * for extraction of shaft power.
take off To perform a takeoff
takeoff boost Boost pressure permitted for takeoff,
usually 2 minute limit
takeoff cone Airspace occupied by aircraft in first
minutes of flight
takeoff distance, TOD Field length measured from
brake-release to reference zero (at screen); can be longer
than runway and extreme limit TODa= entire runway +
stopway + clearway = TORa× 1.5 For multi-engine
aero-planes usually factored according to number of operative
engines, thus TOD4or TOD3 TOD1= TOD required for
particular aircraft and WAT, not normally to exceed 0.87
TODa
takeoff distance available Actual distance at particular
time, not necessarily length of runway
takeoff distance ratio TOD into wind divided by TOD
downwind [with tailwind], usually expressed as
percentage
takeoff/liftoff area Heliport area, a square with side
equal to main-rotor diameter (FAA)
takeoff limit No general meaning
takeoff mass Not normal term; for rocket or space
launcher usually liftoff mass or launch mass
takeoff noise Measured on extended runway centreline
3.5 nm (strictly 6,485.5 m, but taken as 6.5 km) from
brakes-release A second reference point, not used for
certification, is at side or runway opposite supposed start
of run 1 nm from centreline
takeoff power Power authorized for piston engine or
turboprop for takeoff, usually 2½-minute rating for
turbine engines In case of turboshaft, a lower rating than
2½-minute contingency
takeoff rating 1 Boost/manifold pressure/rpm figures
authorized for piston engine at takeoff
2 Thrust published for turbojet or turbofan at takeoff,
normally achieved by engine control system rather than
set directly by pilot, and subject to ATR or FTO
tech-niques
takeoff rocket See rocket-assisted takeoff.
takeoff run 1 Loosely, distance travelled over land or
water in aeroplane or aerotow-glider takeoff to point of
becoming airborne
2 TOR, field length measured from brake-release to end
of ground run plus one-third of airborne distance to
screen height TORa= TOR available = length of runway;
TOR4, TOR3are factored for engine-out cases, and TORr
= TOR required
takeoff safety speed V2, lowest speed at which aeroplane
complies with required handling criteria for climb-out
following engine failure at takeoff
takeoff speed Not defined but loosely = unstick speed
takeoff thrust Takeoff rating (2)
takeoff weight 1 See MTOW.
2 Actual weight at takeoff (2) on particular occasion.
TAKEOVER In HUD or as caption: autopilot has
disconnected
T-AKX Ro/Ro ship commandeered in emergency for
RDF
TAL Transatlantic abort landing (Shuttle)
talbot MKS unit of luminous energy; 1*/s = 1 lm
TALC Tactical airlift center (USAF)
TALCE Tanker airlift control element (USAF)
TALCM Tactical air-launched cruise missile
TALD 1 Tactical air-launched decoy [vehicle or
mission]
2 Tactical airborne laser designator.
Taleos Terrain-aided localization using EO sensors
talkdown Landing, esp in bad visibility, using GCA
talk-through Facility whereby two mobile radio stationscommunicate via a base station
tall aircraft One calling for LEW technique or ence
experi-tall-aircraft VASI See T-VASI.
Tallboy Armour-piercing bomb, 12,000 lb [5443 kg](RAF WW2)
Tallboy torch Turbinlite
Tally Visual sighting of air-to-air target (RAF)
Tally Ho Air-intercept code: target visually sighted.Normally followed by Heads Up or Pounce (DoD)
Talon Theater application launch on notice
Talon(s) Tactical airborne Loran (system)
TALT Tactical arms limitation talks
TAM Technical acknowledgement message (ICAO)
Tamda Tactical acoustics measurement and decisionaid
TAMF Training Aircraft Maintenance Facility (DARA
mission-Tams 1 Total-airport management system.
2 Transportable automated meteorological station.
T&B Turn and bank
T&E Test, or trial, and evaluation
tandem actuator Has two pistons or jacks on same axis,with linear output
tandem bicycle gear Two main landing gears on line
centre-tandem boost Rocket boost motor(s) mounted directlybehind main vehicle, staging rearwards at burnout
tandem clapping aerial swimmer Small (the first was19.5 kg, 43 lb) electrically powered aircraft with fourreverse-cambered aerofoils which clap against each other
in alternate pairs (NRL)
tandem-fan engine Gas turbine with single core drivingfront and rear fans on common shaft projecting ahead ofengine; fans can have shared inlet for conventional flight
or valved separate inlet and exits for V/STOL
tandem main gears Two or more similar main gears intandem on left and on right, as on C-5 or C-17
tandem rotors Helicopter lifted by two (usually identicalbut handed) rotors, designated front and rear
tandem seating One behind the other, in combat aircraftusually with rear seat at higher level
tandem vehicle One assembled from portions, eg stages,assembled in tandem and staged axially, in contrast tostrap-on, lateral or other configuration such as SpaceShuttle
tandem-wheel gear Two or more similar wheels intandem on one leg, ie not a bogie
tandem-wing aircraft One lifted by two wings in tandem,neither bearing more than 80% of total weight
T&M Time and material [contract]
T&O Training and operations
T&R Training and Readiness (USN)
T&S Turn and slip
Trang 4Tanegashima Principal Japanese satellite launch
facility
tangential ellipse See Hohmann.
tangential landing Running landing by rotorcraft or
VTOL
tangent modulus Slope of tangent to stress/strain curve
at any point
tangent of camber In aerofoil profile, line drawn tangent
to mean camber line at intersection with leading edge, in
modern wings occasionally negative (sloping up to front)
TANGO, Tango Technology application to the
near-term business goals and objectives, 34 partners in 12
countries with part-EU funding
Tango 1 Standard ground position marker in shape of T
(RAF)
2 Turbulent (Airmet advisory).
tank Container of all fuel, liquid, propellant, lube oil,
hydraulic fluid, anti-icing fluid or toilet chemical, and
often gun ammunition; not used for containers of
breathing Lox, air-conditioning refrigerants, potable
tank pump Booster pump
tank sealer Various thermoplastic liquids, resistant to
hydrocarbon fuels, sloshed inside integral tankage to seal
all interior surface; today superior methods of wet
assembly and multiple coatings are used
tank vent Vent (1).
Tans, TANS Tactical air navigation system; airborne
computer storing many waypoints and fed by other inputs
(eg Doppler, magnetic heading)
tantalum Ta, shiny metal, MPt 2,996°C, density 16.7,
important in refractory alloys A carbide is harder than
diamond
TAOC Tactical air operations centre (RAF/Army)
TAOM Tactical air operations module
TAOR Tactical area of responsibility (UK)
TAP 1 Terminal approach procedure.
2 Air-transport regiment (R).
3 Tactical autopilot, or technology.
4 Technical, or technology, assessment programme.
5 Terminal-area productivity.
tap 1 To bleed; hence tapping, pipe for bleed air.
2 To cut threads in drilled hole; also tool for doing this.
3 Electrical power wire connected to main conductor at
point along latter
4 Engine throttle or power lever (colloq.).
TAPA 3-D antenna pattern analyser (USAF ECM)
Tape Total airport performance and evaluation (Euret)
tape 1 Main meaning in aerospace is as medium for
soft-ware, usually magnetic or punched paper
2 One form of CF or other reinforced-plastics prepreg,
used for layups or moulding but seldom for filament
tape instrument Cockpit instrument whose presentation
is based on linear tape driven over end spools, usually inconjunction with fixed and/or movable index pointers orbars Usually vertical, as in VSFI
tapelayer Computer-controlled tool for laying-upprepreg tape in manufacture of composite parts; auto-matically positions, starts, stops and dumps materialrejected during prior editing
tape lay-up The parts produced by the tapelayer
tape mission Reconnaissance of Elint type in whichdigital (eg signal) or digitized pictorial information isstored on 7-track magnetic tape from which wholemission profile can be assigned to exact ground track,with each hostile emitter or other target assigned toprecise location and timing
Taper Turbulent air-pilot environment research(1960–65 NASA-FAA)
taper For given wing section profile * equal in plan andthickness, usually defined as straight or compound; insome aerofoils * not equal in plan/thickness so sectionprofile changes
tapered sheet Thickness varies (usually at uniform rate)along one axis
taper ratio Normally defined as ratio of tip chord Cttoeither root chord or equivalent centreline chord Cc
taper reamer Used to smooth and true previouslytapped hole
taper tap Hand-turned tap (2) to initiate thread cutting
Tapley meter Damped pendulum in heavy stable casewhose limit of swing feeds record of instantaneous ormaximum vehicle deceleration; not suitable for runwayfriction measures
Taps, TAPS 1 Tercom aircraft (or tracking and)
posi-tioning system
2 Terminal applications processor system.
3 Target analysis and planning system.
4 Twin annular pre-swirl.
taps Throttles (colloq.)
tap test Crude search for delamination or other flaw incomposite structure, typically with a coin
TAR 1 Terminal-area surveillance radar (ICAO).
2 Terminal approach radar.
3 Thrust auto reduce (SST).
4 Threat-avoidance receiver; passive ECM.
5 Trials ATN router.
6 Test action request.
Tara Terminal and regional airspace
Tarad Tracking asynchronous radar data
Taran 1 Tactical attack radar and navigation.
2 Test and repair as necessary.
Taras Tactical [digital] radio system (Sweden)
Tarasov-Bauer Computer-based method of smoothingout judge’s scores to eliminate highest and lowest (CIVA)
TARC 1 Transport Aircraft Requirements Committee
(UK 1956–62)
2 Tactical air reconnaissance center (USAF).
Tarcap Target combat aircraft practice (practise)
TARE, Tare 1 Tactical air reconnaissance equipment.
2 Telemetry, or telegraph, automatic relay equipment
(NATO)
tare Unladen, without load, crew or fuel; normally usedonly in connection with surface vehicles, except for ULDs,
Trang 5where * includes linings and fittings according to
specifi-cation or registered with IATA
tare effect Forces and moments on tunnel model caused
by support-structure interference
tare weight allowance Free allowance given by IATA to
shippers for ULDs not owned by members
TAREWS, Tarews Tactical air reconnaissance and
electronic-warfare support; RPV (USAF)
TARG, Targ Telescoped ammunition revolver gun
Target Training and rehearsal generation toolkit
target 1 Objective of air-combat mission, either in air or
on surface
2 Objective of intelligence or Elint activity.
3 Any true echo (blip) seen or radar, and object causing
it
4 Objective of any missile.
5 To insert position co-ordinates of fixed surface * into
guidance software of ballistic or cruise missile; also called
targeting
6 Unpiloted (towed or RPV) aerodyne serving as target
for friendly fire
7 Aircraft within surveillance range of TCAS.
target acquisition Detection, identification and location
in sufficient detail for effective employment of weapons
target alert EFIS warning of future turbulence
target allocation In air-defence weapon assignment,
process of assigning particular target or airspace to
partic-ular interceptor or SAM unit (NESN)
target approach point Navigation checkpoint, usually
prominent land feature similar to initial point, over which
final turn in to DZ or LZ is made
target CAP Target combat air patrol; patrol of fighters
over enemy target area to destroy hostile aircraft and
cover friendly surface forces
target capture To detect, identify and locate a target in
flight
target crossing speed Relative lateral velocity or
sight-line spin (angular rate) or aerial target seen from
interceptor
target date Date on which particular planned event
should take place
target designation Marking or otherwise pointing out a
target, or setting it into HUD or fire-control system
target designation control Throttle thumbswitch for
slewing sight (or HUD) brackets to contain a surface
target
target director post Positions friendly aircraft, in all
weathers, over predetermined geographical positions, eg
targets
target discrimination See discrimination.
target dossier File of assembled intelligence information
on target, normally including multisensor readouts and
Elint
target drone Pilotless target aircraft, today often an
RPV
target ensemble Region of sky occupied [or expected to
be occupied] by multiple air/ground munitions
target-following radar One locked on to target
target indicator, TI Visible pyrotechnic, electronic
homing beacon or other device air-dropped on surface
target of opportunity 1 Target visible to a sensor or
observer and within range of weapons and against whichfire has not been scheduled or requested (DoD)
2 Target which appears during combat and which can
be reached by weapons and against which fire has notbeen scheduled (NATO)
Note: both the above can be ground or air
3 NW target detected after operation begins that
should be attacked as soon as possible within time limitsfor co-ordination and warning friendly forces
target pattern Flightpath of aircraft (meaning isnormally in plan view) during attack phase (DoD)
target price That hoped to be achieved, eg in type contract
incentive-target recognition Positive identification of type oftarget (eg type of aircraft), by visual means or by high-resolution sensor giving jet modulation or prop/rotorreflection signature
target reverser Jet-engine (turbojet or turbofan) thrustreverser comprising two deflectors (also called clamshells
or buckets) which swing down to meet downstream ofnozzle
target strength T = E - (S+2H) where S is source, E echoand H radar transmission loss; unit is dB
target symbol Computer-generated on display
target tape Basic software for programming missileguidance of inertial and certain other species
target tug Manned aircraft or RPV towing target (6) forlive air/air or surface/air firing
tarmac Colloq UK (esp non-aviation people) forpaved apron; US = hardstand
Tarmos Tactical radio monitoring system
Tarms Tactical aerial resource-management study(aerial firefighting)
TARN Telegraphic auto routing network (NATO,Litton)
Tarpol Tariff policy
Tarpos Target positional data [attack on movingsurface target]
Tarps Tactical-aircraft, or air, reconnaissance-podsystem (USN)
TARS, Tars 1 Tethered aerostat radar system.
2 Theatre airborne, or tactical air, reconnaissance
system
3 Tactical Air Research and Survey Office (USAF,
formerly)
Tarsp Tactical air radar signal processor
TAS 1 True airspeed.
2 Training aggressor squadron.
3 Target-acquisition system.
4 Typed air station.
5 Thallium arsenic selenide.
6 Tactical acoustic system.
7 Towed-array sonar.
8 Tracking adjunct system (SAM).
9 Targeting avionics system.
10 Traffic-avoidance system (Japan).
11 Tactical Air Squadron (Poland).
12 Transportable aerosat system.
TASA Thai Aero Sport Association
TASC 1 Touch-activated screen (or simulator) control.
2 Technical and Air Safety Committee of GAPAN.
Trang 6TASD Trajectory and signature data.
Tasdac Tactical secure-data communications (USAF)
taser Hand-held NLW which delivers temporarily
in-capacitating shock via probes fired by nitrogen gun
Tases Tactical airborne signal exploitation system
Tasets Tactical steerable emitter threat simulator
Tasi True airspeed indicator (pronounced ‘tarzi’)
task 1 Specific assignment to one air vehicle, or any
other military force, normally involving operational or
simulated mission or particular training exercise or
programme
2 Specific assignment to competitors in sailplane
cham-pionships, eg speed round triangle, distance or declared
goal, not disclosed prior to day
tasked Required to fulfil certain tasks (1), either of
variable operational or routine nature Not available for
other missions
tasking Process of assigning tasks to available units or
individual aircraft or crews to fulfil all mission
require-ments
TASM 1 Total available seat-miles.
2 Tactical anti-ship, or air-to-surface, missile.
3 Top-attack submunition.
Tasmo Tactical air support for maritime operations
TASR 1 Tactical automated situation receiver.
2 Terminal airport surveillance radar.
TASS Tactical Air Support Squadron (USAF)
Tass 1 Tactical automated security system.
2 Towed-array surveillance system.
3 Terminal-area surveillance system (1995 onwards).
TASST Tentative airworthiness standards for [a future]
SST (FAA)
Tasuma Target and surveillance unmanned aircraft
Tasval Tactical-aircraft survivability against armour;
post-Jaws (USA/USAF)
TAT 1 Total, or true, air temperature.
2 Turnaround time.
3 Tactical aircraft turret (helicopter).
TATC Terminal ATC; A adds automation
Tatcof Transportable ATC facility
TATF Terminal Automation Test Facility (FAA)
TATI, Tati Trim and tailplane incidence (indicator)
(pronounced ‘tatty’)
TATP Triacetone triperoxide, high explosive
TATS 1 Tactical aircraft training system.
2 Tactical Aerial Targets Squadron (USAF).
TAU 1 Target acquisition and tracking unit.
2 Terminal access unit.
3 Threat awareness unit.
TAV 1 Transatmospheric vehicle.
2 Total asset visibility.
TAW 1 Thrust-augmented wing.
2 Terrain-awareness warning.
3 Tactical Airlift Wing.
TAWC Tactical Air Warfare Center
TAWDS Target-acquisition/weapon-delivery system,
with Pave Mover
Taws 1 Terrain-awareness [or avoidance] warning
system [previously EGPWS, now e-TAWS]
2 Theater airborne warning system.
tax Taxiway lights (ICAO)
TAXI Taxi and parking facilities airfield chart
taxi To move aircraft on surface (land or water) under
its own power
taxi channel Defined path for marine aircraft
taxi-holding position Designated point at which allvehicles may be required to hold to provide adequateclearance for arrivals/departures on runway
taxiing Participle/gerund from taxi; note spelling
taxilane Path on large apron or other paved area to befollowed by nose gear, marked by continuous white line
taxitrack Assigned taxiing route at land airfield, notnecessarily paved Most or all may be perimeter track
taxiway Assigned taxiing route at land airfield, paved
Taylor diagram Plot of dry and saturated adiabaticcurves on axes of pressure and volume (reciprocal ofdensity) showing loss of pitot pressure in moist air
Taylor/Maccoll Original more exact solution for sure over unyawed circular cone in supersonic flow(1932)
pres-Taylor Maclaurin Mathematical expansion of f(x) forvalues near x = 0
Taylor recorder Automatically counted number of times
a preset vertical acceleration was exceeded (RAE, 1950)
Taylor series Power series of f(x) in ascending powers ofxa where f(x) and derivatives are continuous near x = a
3 Tactical bombing competition.
4 Thermal barrier coating.
TBCC Turbojet-, or turbine-, based combined cycle
TBCP Telebrief control panel
TBD 1 To be determined, or decided.
2 Time/bearing display.
3 Trail[ing] blade damage.
TBE Timebase error
TBH 1 Truck-bed height.
2 Turbine- [or thrust-] bearing housing.
TBI Turn/bank indicator = turn/slip
TbIG Terbium iron garnet
TBL Towbar-less, i.e not fitted with towbar
TBM 1 Theater battle management; CS adds core
system[s], S system
2 Tactical, or theater, ballistic missile; D adds defense,
DFS defense feasibility study, EWS early-warning system(USA)
TBO Time between overhauls
TBPA Torso back protective armour
TBR Torpedo-bomber reconnaissance
TBRP Timebase recurrence period
TBS 1 To be supplied, or specified.
2 Tailored business stream (DCAC).
TBT 1 Turbine-bearing temperature (also used to mean
Trang 7tBX Air temperature (USSR, R, Cyrillic characters).
TC 1 Toilet cart.
2 Time constant, or critical [see TCAIA, TCT].
3 Turn (or twin) co-ordinator.
13 Transport Canada, with many suffixes, including N
(data-processing network) and TSB (technical services
branch)
14 Transformational communications (USAF).
Tc 1 Tropical continental air mass.
2 PN code bit length, also called chip width.
3 Adiabatic flame temperature of rocket.
4 Superconducting critical temperature.
T/C Top of climb
t/c Thickness/chord ratio of aerofoil
TCA 1 Terminal control area.
2 Télécommande automatique; IR/optical + wire
guidance for missile Operator merely keeps sight on
target
3 Time of closest approach.
4 Track crossing angle.
5 Temperature control amplifier.
6 Technical collaboration agreement.
7 Turbine cooling airflow.
8 Technical, or technology, concept aircraft (SST).
9 Tungsten carbide alloy.
10 Traffic-collision avoidance; D adds device (for GA;
1980s)
11 Throttle-control assembly.
12 Transformational communications architecture.
TCAA 1 Taiwan CAA.
2 Transatlantic Common Aviation Area.
TCAC Tactical Control and Analysis Center
TCAIA Time-critical automatic identification and
attack
TCAR Transatlantic collaborative advanced radar
TCAS 1 Pronounced T-cass, traffic alert and
collision-avoidance system [see entry]; -RA adds resolution
advisory
2 Tandem clapping aerial swimmer.
TCB 1 Turret control box (helicopter).
2 Trusted computer, or computing, base.
TCBM Transcontinental ballistic missile
6 Tactical co-ordination console.
7 Tactical control center.
8 Technical co-ordinating committee.
9 Troop Carrier Command (USAAF, WW2).
10 Temporary Council committee.
TC 3
, TCCC Tower control computer complex; S adds
system
TCCF 1 Tactical combat control facility (USAF).
2 Technical communication control facility.
TCCP Take-command control panel
TCD Time-critical data
TCDD Tower-cab digital display (ATC)
TCDL Tactical common data-link
TCDS Type Certificate data sheet
TCEA Training Centre for Experimental dynamics (NATO, Brussels)
Aero-TCF Terain clearance floor
tcf Trillion cubic feet
TCG Troop Carrier Group (USAAF)
TCH 1 Threshold crossing height.
TCIR Toxic-chemical inventory release
TCJ Tactical communications jamming
TCL Taxiway centreline light[s]
TCLT Tentative calculated landing time
TCM 1 Trim-control module.
2 Trellis coded modulation.
3 Throttle clutch motor.
4 Trajectory-correction manoeuvre.
5 Technical co-ordination meeting.
6 Transformational communications milsatcom, ormilitary [also called TCS, TSAT]
TCMA Time co-ordinated multiple access
TCML Target co-ordinate map locator
TCMS Test-content management system
TCN Tacan
TCO 1 Total cost of ownership.
2 Tape-controlled oscillator.
3 Tactical Control Officer.
4 Tone cut-off (noise reduction).
TComSS Telephonics communications managementsystem
TCP 1 Transfer-of-control point.
2 Transmission control program, or protocol
(Autodin)
3 Tri-cresyl phosphate.
4 Thrust centre position (of gross thrust vector).
5 Takeoff-chart computation program.
TCPA Time to closest point of approach
TCPED Tasking, collection, processing, exploitationand dissemination
TCP/IP TCP (2) internet protocol
TCQ Throttle control quadrant
3 Tracking and communications subsystem (ACMI).
4 Telemetry and command system (satcom).
5 Turbulence-control structure.
6 Tactical-control system, or squadron.
7 Trusted computer system, meeting requirements for
Trang 812 Troop Carrier Squadron (USAAF).
TC/s Teracycles per second, = THz
TCSC Titanium-coated silicon carbide
TCSEC Trusted-computer system evaluation criteria
TCSS Terminal communications switching system
TCT 1 Time-critical target, or targeting; A adds aid.
2 Tactical computer terminal.
3 Transverse-current tube.
4 Target-centred tracker.
5 Takeoff configuration test.
6 Turbomachinery and combustion technology.
7 Targeting-cycle timeline = S2S.
TCTO Time-compliant, or compliance, technical order
TCTT Time-critical target technology
TCU 1 Tracking control, or and communications, unit.
2 Thermal cueing, or control, unit.
3 Tracking and communication unit (UAV).
4 Take-control unit.
5 Tacan control unit.
6 Telephone conversion unit.
TCU, TCu Towering cumulus
TCV 1 Total-containment vessel.
2 Terminal-configured vehicle.
TCW 1 Terminal controller workstation.
2 Tactical Communications Wing.
3 Tactics and Countermeasures Wing (RAF AWS).
4 Troop Carrier Wing (USAAF).
TCX Transfer-of-control cancellation message
TCXO Temperature-controlled crystal oscillator
TD 1 Target drone (USN category 1942–46).
TDA 1 Tunnel-diode amplifier.
2 Temporary danger area.
3 Trade and Development Agency (US).
4 Theater-defense architecture.
5 Today.
TD&E 1 Transposition, docking and LM ejection.
2 Tactics development and evaluation.
TDAP Touchdown aim point
TDAR Tactical defence alerting radar
TDAS Test, or tracking and, data acquisition system
TDATS, T-Dats Target detection, acquisition and
tracking system
TDC 1 Top dead centre.
2 Through-deck cruiser, for Stovls.
3 Technical Development Center (FAA).
4 Target designator, or designation, control.
TDCP Tactical-data communications processor
(USMC)
TDCS Traffic-data collection system
TDD 1 Tactical-related data-dissemination system.
TDEU Test and data-extractor unit
TDF 1 Tactical digital facsimile.
2 Tactical-display framework (Awacs).
TDG 1 Triggered-discharge gauge.
2 Two-displacement gyro.
TDI 1 Triple-display indicator [fluid pressure, three dial
scales]
2 Tapped delay input.
3 Trade-data interchange, part of Apex.
4 Time-delay and integration (TICM).
5 Time-of-day interface.
TDL 1 Tactical data-link; PS adds processing system.
2 Tactical data-loop; S adds system.
3 Trapped delay-line.
4 Truck dock lift.
TDLS Tower data-link services, such as pre-departureclearance and D-ATIS
TDM 1 Time-division, or -domain, multiplex.
2 Tactical-data management, or modem.
TDMA Time-division, or domain, multiple access
TDMMS Telemetry Doppler metric measurementsystem
TDMS Test-documentation, or tactical-data, ment system
manage-TDO Tornado
TDoA Time-difference, or delay, of arrival
TDOP Time-dilution of precision
TDP 1 Touchdown point; D adds dispersion.
2 Target-data panel.
3 Technology-demonstration, or development,
pro-gramme, or project
4 Three-day planning; F/C adds forecast chart.
TDPF Tail-damping power factor
TDPS Tracking, or test, data-processing system
6 Terminal Doppler radar.
TDRE Tracking and data relay experiment
TDRS 1 Tracking and data-relay satellite; S adds
3 Tactical Drone Squadron.
4 Thermal diffuse scattering.
5 Training Depot Station (RFC).
6 Target-designation sight.
7 Threat deception system.
8 Threat-detection system; -FA adds fighter aircraft,
-H helicopter
9 Thrust-decay system.
10 Terminal display system.
TDST Tower data services terminal
TDT 1 Tactical data terminal.
2 Transonic dynamics tunnel.
Trang 9TDTG Twin delta tandem [landing] gear.
TDTS Tactical-data transfer system
TDU 1 Test, or TV, or terminal, display unit.
2 Torpedo Development Unit (RAF Gosport, 1938,
became ATDU)
TDV 1 Technology development vehicle.
2 Truck dock vehicle (cargo handling).
TDWR Terminal Doppler weather radar
TDX Target-data extractor
TDY Temporary duty
TDZ Touchdown zone; CL adds centreline lighting, E
adds elevation, L lights, M marking
TDZ marking White axial stripe on each side of runway
TE, t.e. 1 Trailing edge.
teaming agreement 1 Inter-company agreement for
marketing purposes, not involving licensing or
co-production
2 Now coming to mean any inter-company agreement
to assist penetration of markets
teaming down Getting into partnership with smaller
companies
teaming up Getting into partnership with one or more
giant companies, one of which may be eventual prime
teampack Packaged for carrying across rough terrain by
team of 2 to 8 personnel
Teams 1 Tactical evaluation and monitoring system
(Northrop)
2 Tactical electronic-aircraft [or EA-6B] mission
support system (USN/USMC)
tearaway connector Umbilical pull-off coupling
teardown Dismantling into component parts
teardrop Standard procedure flying pattern similar to
racetrack but with one end having large-radius and the
other small
teardrop canopy Of smoothly streamlined shape, usually
moulded from one transparent sheet
tear off a strip To deliver spoken reprimand (RAF,
colloq.)
tearoff cap Lightly sewn fabric parachute cover torn off
pack by static line
tearstrap Doubler fastened [if possible, bonded] to skin
to arrest progress of tensile crack
tease Faulty operation of circuit-breaker in which
snap-action is absent; hence *-free
TEB Tri-ethyl borane
TEC 1 Trans-Earth coast.
2 Thermal (or thermoelectric) energy converter.
3 Thermoelectric cooler, or cooling.
4 Tower en-route control.
tech Adjective, to go * = unserviceable (colloq.)
TECEVAL Technical evaluation (USN)
tech mod Technology modernization
Technamation Technical animation, methods for
training and educational displays giving illusion ofmotion, eg flow through pipes, rotation of shafts, etc
Technical Assistance Agreements Bilateral agreementspermitting disclosure of sensitive items by the US to the
UK, notably concerned with LO technology (10 ated by early 2003)
negoti-technical delay Delay ascribed to fault in hardware,lasting longer than 5 (sometimes 15) min
technical despatch reliability Percentage of scheduledflights which are unaffected by any prior technical fault,but ignoring delays due to other causes
technical electrics All services other than commercialelectrics
technically closed Problem has been solved
Technical Standard Order Establishes quality controlfor avionics and other equipment; thus TSO’d items bearhigher price (FAA)
technical stop Stop by commercial transport at airportfor reasons other than traffic; not shown in timetable
technical survey Inspection for monitoring (bugging)systems (DoD)
Techroll Patented (CSD) configuration for vectoringnozzle of solid-propellant rocket motor in which nozzledrive forces are reduced by fluid-filled constant-volumesurround sealed by flexible diaphragm
Tecmus Tactical ECM upgrade system
Tecom Test and Evaluation Command (USA, APG)
Tecos Terminal co-ordination system
TECR Technical reason (ICAO)
Tecstat Nazionale Associazione Tecnici di Stato (I)
TED 1 Transferred-electron device.
2 Tactical (or threat) evaluation display.
3 Trailing edge down, or device[s].
4 Threat-environment description.
5 Tool and equipment drawing.
6 Trace [of] explosives detector.
TE-Ebaps Transferred-electron electron-bombardedactive pixel sensor
tee connector T-shaped plumbing connector
Tee Emm Training memoranda [and excellent ical] (RAF)
period-tee gearbox One rotary shaft geared to another at 90° at
a point other than one end
tee junction T-shaped connection of two microwavewaveguides
teetering rotor Helicopter main rotor with two bladesfreely pivoted as one unit about horizontal axis transverse
to line joining blade tips
TEF Total environment facility, for processing naissance data
recon-Teflon Trade name (du Pont) for large family of carbon-resin rubbers and plastics
Trang 10Tefzel Trade name (du Pont) for EPTE products.
TEG 1 Tactical exploitation group (satellites).
3 Thermocouple engine instrument.
tektites Small glassy bodies unrelated to surrounding
Earth surface and believed of extraterrestrial origin
TEL 1 Tetraethyl lead.
2 Telebrief.
3 Telephonic (ICAO).
4 Transporter/erector/launcher; AR adds and radar.
Telar TEL (4) and radar, on one vehicle
TELATS Tactical electronic locating and targeting
system (USAF)
telebrief Direct telephone link between ground
personnel, eg air controller or ground crew, and military
aircrew seated in aircraft on ground
telecommunications Transmission, emission or
recep-tion of signs, signals, writing, images or sounds by wire,
radio, visual or other EM system; abb telecom
teleconference Conference between participants linked
by telecom system
Teleflex Mechanical remote-control systems in which
push/pull commands are transmitted by tube-mounted
cable with complex coiled overlayers [able to drive
toothed wheel]
telegraph Telecom using succession of identical
elec-trical pulses
teleguided Not a normal expression; could mean a
missile guided by radio command or by wires
telematics This word does not appear in normal English
dictionaries It appears to mean automatic control over
wide areas encompassing several systems
telemetry Transmission of real-time data by radio link,
eg from missile to ground station; today invariably digital
and important in RPVs and unmanned reconnaissance
systems Data can be pressure, velocity, surface angular
position or any other instrument output, or any form of
reconnaissance output Telemeter is verb; use as noun
arch Noun is * system or telemetering system
teleoperator Robot for performing mechanical tasks
under remote control
telephone Transmission of sounds, signals or images by
wire or other discrete-path link, eg microwave beam or
optical link using free coherent beam or fibres
telephone box Figurative enclosure of aircraft whose
energy has decayed in air combat to point where he is low
and slow and has ‘no place to go’
telephotography Photography of distant objects on
Earth
telephotometer Visibility meter
teleprinter Telegraphy with keyed input and printed
written output
teleprocessing EDP (1) by computer fed by telecom
system
teleran Television radar air navigation; use of ground
radar to feed airborne TV display
Telesacs Telematics for safety-critical systems, in
par-ticular co-ordination of ACAS, STCA and precision
navigation (Euret)
telescience Increasing output of space science
experi-ments by use of Internet and broadband satellite nications to involve ground-based researchers
commu-telescope 1 In astronomy, instrument for collecting EM
radiation (esp light, radio, IR and X-ray) from terrestrial sources
extra-2 To reduce overall dimensions by folding or, esp.,
linear retraction, eg helicopter rotor
3 To reduce propeller diameter by cropping tips.
telescoped ammunition Rounds in which the projectile iscarried largely within the case, reducing length andincreasing propellant energy per unit overall volume
telescope gauge Precision rod sliding in tube and locked
to measured dimension, eg hole diameter, subsequentlymeasured by micrometer
television command See television guidance.
television guidance Command guidance by radio linksending steering commands from operator watching TVpicture taken by camera in nose of vehicle
telint Telemetry intelligence
telling See track telling.
telltale An indicator of position external to cockpit,such as rods projecting through wing skin to showlanding-gear position
tellurium Te, semi-metal, density 6.2, MPt 450°C, metalalloys, glass, ceramics, electronics
Telops Telemetry on-line processing system
TELS Turbine-engine loads simulator
TEM 1 Transmission electron microscope (or
microscopy)
2 Technical error message (ICAO).
3 Thermally expanded metal.
4 Illustrated tool and equipment manual.
T/EMM Thermal and energy-management module
TEMP, Temp 1 Temperature (ICAO).
2 Temporary.
3 Test and evaluation master plan (AFSC).
temper Degree of hardness introduced to metal by heattreatment, cold-working or other process
temperature Property of material systems, commonlycalled intensity of heat, determining whether they are inthermodynamic equilibrium Normally a measure oftranslation kinetic energy of atoms or molecules SI unit
is K, not necessarily written °K Specified as reported *, alocal actual value, or as forecast * or declared *, read fromstatistical tables
temperature accountability All factors, in aircraftdesign, operation and certification determined by reduc-tion in propulsive thrust and wing lift caused by increase
Trang 11where Inis initial specific impulse, Pcis chamber pressure
and T is temperature
temperature correction Correction applied to bring
instrument reading to STP conditions
temperature gradient Rate of change of temperature
with unit distance through material in direction normal to
isotherm surfaces, esp rate of change of temperature in
atmosphere with unit increase in height
temperature inversion See inversion.
temperature lapse rate Lapse rate.
temperature probe Sensor protruding into
air-stream, giving output requiring correction to give static
temperature
temperature recovery factor Usually, equilibrium
temperature of solid surface in high-speed flow, varying
according to turbulence of boundary layer; usually Tw
and given by several formulae
temperature shear Rapid change in atmospheric
temper-ature with horizontal or vertical travel [can cause
unacceptable change in Mach whilst holding
airspeed/altitude constant]
temperature stress Stress caused by temperature, esp
changes in temperature between different parts of
mono-lithic body
temperature traverse Series of temperature (usually
stagnation/total temperature) measures taken either over
area or along straight line perpendicular to fluid flow, eg
at exit from combustion chamber
Tempest Transient EMP emanation standard
template Simple pattern, usually planar, either cut to
shape of a part or with shape and dimensions marked on
surface, used as guide in repeated marking out of desired
shape In UK occasionally written templet
Temple-Yarwood Formula for pressure coefficient at
low Mach as function of critical Mach Mc: C = 1 – 0.522
(1 + 0.2 Mc2)3/Mc2(1 – 0.05 Mc2)2
Tempo 1 Technical military planning operation.
2 Also TEMPO, temporary or temporarily.
temporary flight restriction Order prohibiting
un-authorized aircraft from airspace above major accident,
natural disaster or other event
temporary revision Document printed on yellow paper
which temporarily amends an item in a maintenance
manual [now also issued electronically]
TEMS Turbine-engine monitoring system
TEN Tactical environment network (USMC)
Tencap Tactical exploitation of national capabilities
(US)
TEND Trend forecast
tendency Variation with respect to time, esp change
in atmospheric pressure in 3 h period prior to an
obser-vation
Tenley Secure voice system for Tri-Tac, for NSA (US)
Tensabarrier Seat-belt-type barrier to control people
movements at airport (BAA); quickly closed or opened
tensile strength Tensile force per unit cross-section
required to cause rupture
tensile stress That produced by two external forces
acting in direct opposition tending to increase distance
between their points of application
tensiometer Measures actual tensile stress in flexible
cable, such as flight-control circuit; can be used for
flexible bracing wires
tensioner Self-contained mechanism inserted into cable
carrying tensile load, eg in manual flight-control system,which maintains desired (usually constant) tensionthroughout; often in form of spring-loaded quadrants
tension field Surface within which tensile force acts, withdirection parallel to forces Hence * beam, eg wing spar,within which * acts diagonally in vertical plane, tending
to pull upper and lower booms together
tension regulator See tensioner.
tent Quasi-conical upper compartment of endurance balloon housing near-spherical helium cell, themain purpose being thermal insulation
long-tenuity factor In level bombing, correction for variationwith height of atmospheric density
TEO Transferred-electron oscillator
TEOC 1 Tactical electro-optical camera.
2 Technical-objective camera.
TEORS Tactical electro-optical reconnaissance system
TEOSS, Teoss 1 Tactical emitter operational support
system; EW locator (USAF)
2 Tracking electro-optical sensor suite.
TEP Tactical electronic plot
tephigram Graphical plot of atmospheric temperatureand entropy on grid of intersecting isothermals andisentropic lines against vertical axis of height (decreasingpressure levels); also written Tφ gram, for temperatureand entropy Pronounced tee-fie-gram
Tepigen Television picture generation (or generator)
Tepop Tracking-error propagation and orbitprediction
TER 1 Triple ejector rack.
2 Total-energy requirements.
3 Terrain-following radar (TFR preferred).
TERA Terminal effects research and analysis
tera Prefix = × 1012
, symbol T
terabit One trillion bits/s
teraflops One trillion flops = 1012operations per second
TeraGrid Most powerful computing system, created in
US under auspices of NSF by linking 3,300+ processors
to give speed of 13.6+ teraflops and storage of 450+ lion bytes
tril-terbium Tb, soft silvery metal, density 8.23, MPt1,356°C, importance growing
Tercom Terrain comparison or terrain matching; navigation technique in which vehicle guidancememory compares profiles of terrain below, sensed asunique sequences of digital height measures, with thosealready stored; hence, each match with terrain increasesaccuracy of refinement of basic (eg INS) guidance,whereas most systems degrade with time
contour-térébenthine Refined turpentine used as rocket fuel (F)
Terec Tactical electronic reconnaissance (Litton)
TERLS Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station(UN facility in India)
Term Terminates
terminal 1 Building, either discrete or dispersed, at
airport which links airside with landside and throughwhich all passenger traffic passes, or through which allcargo traffic passes Very seldom is there one * for pax andcargo, and at many major hub airports each airline orgroup of airlines has its own *
2 Downtown (city-centre) building at which passengers
may check in for flights and from which they may beconveyed by public transport with baggage alreadychecked to pass straight through a * (1)
Trang 123 Normal general meaning of being connecting point
through which flow passes into or out of a system in
elec-tric circuits, air traffic, data processing and many other
disciplines
4 Final portion of flight of missile between midcourse
and target
terminal airport That at which flight terminates Also
correctly used as point at which particular item of traffic
leaves flight
terminal alternate Alternate named in flightplan as
second-choice terminal (3) if for any reason normal
desti-nation unattainable
terminal area See terminal control area.
terminal ballistics Behaviour of projectiles at impact
with, and penetration of, target
terminal building See terminal (1).
terminal clearance capacity Maximum amount of cargo
or personnel that can be moved through terminal (3) daily
(DoD)
terminal communications Communications services or
facilities within terminal control area other than those
used for approach or ground movement
terminal control area Airspace control area, or portion
thereof, normally at confluence of airways or air traffic
service routes in vicinity of one or more airports Extends
from surface or from higher FL to specified FL and within
it all aircraft are subject to specified rules and
require-ments Often a TMA
terminal count Final portion of countdown ending in
lift-off
terminal guidance 1 That governing trajectory from end
of midcourse to impact with or detonation beside target
2 Electronic, mechanical, visual or other assistance
given to aircraft pilot to facilitate arrival at, operation
within or over, or departure from, air landing or airdrop
facility (DoD)
terminal manoeuvring area, TMA Controlled airspace
region surrounding busiest airports (usually large city
with many airfields); normally permanent IFR with other
traffic by dispensation
terminal nosedive Vertical dive at full power (arch.)
terminal phase 1 Portion of trajectory of ballistic missile
between re-entry and target Also other meanings in
particular space missions, eg LM/CM redocking in lunar
orbit
2 Final part of missile trajectory after missile’s own
seeker has detected and locked on to target
terminal radar service area Primarily an electronic
environment, not extending below a floor at medium FL,
providing radar vectoring and sequencing of all IFR and
VFR aircraft landing at primary airport, separation of all
aircraft in TRSA service area, and advisories on all
unidentified aircraft on a workload-permitting basis
terminal velocity 1 Highest speed of which aeroplane
(rarely, other aircraft) is capable, reached at end of
infinitely long vertical dive at full power through uniform
atmosphere (suggest arch.)
2 Ultimate speed reached by inert body in free fall
through particular prescribed atmosphere
terminal VOR VOR located at or near airport at which
particular flight terminates and specified as navaid used
in final approach clearance
terminating bar lights Red lights between final-approach
lights and wing-bar lights
terminator 1 Solid-propellant rocket subsystem
comprising signal input, squib or detonator and blow-outport(s) for causing immediate thrust termination
2 Boundary between sunlit and dark sides of planetary
body, eg Earth, Moon
TERMM Transportable emergency-response toring module
moni-Terms Terminal management system
Tern, TERN Terminal and en route nav
ternary Device capable of three states, normally called0,1, x
terne plate US term for tinned, or lead-coated, mild steelsheet (not plate)
Terp 1 Turbine-engine reliability programme.
2 Terminal instrument-approach procedure [see Terps].
Terpes Tactical electronic reconnaissance processingand evaluation system (primarily USN/USMC)
Terprom Terrain profile matching, usually similar inprinciple to Tercom
Terps Terminal en-route procedures (FAA)
terrain-avoidance system System, usually radar-based,providing pilot or other crew member with situationdisplay of ground or obstacles ahead which project aboveeither horizontal plane parallel to aircraft or planecontaining aircraft pitch/roll axes so that pilot canmanoeuvre aircraft laterally to avoid obstruction Radarbecomes primary flight instrument
terrain board Physical model of landscape formerly used
in simulation of air activity
terrain-clearance system System, usually radar-based,providing pilot or autopilot with climb/dive signals suchthat aircraft maintains preset flight level while clearingpeaks within selected height in vertical plane throughflight vector Unlike terrain-following, after eachprotruding peak aircraft levels out at prescribed FL
terrain comparison See Tercom.
terrain database Comprises computer-stored 2-D grid ofground spot heights plus land culture information
terrain-following system System, usually radar-based,which provides pilot or autopilot with climb/dive signalssuch that aircraft will maintain as closely as possible aselected lo height above ground contour in vertical planethrough flight vector In effect system projects radar ski-toe locus which slides over terrain ahead to give minimumsafe clearance
terrain masking Obscuration of aerial and other targets
by hills or buildings, esp as seen at acute grazing angles
by overland downlook radar
terrain orientation Holding topographical map so thataircraft heading is at top of sheet or folded sheet
terrain profile Outline of profile of ground surface,usually with vertical scale × 5 (sometimes × 10) published
on approach chart or other documents to assist pilots
terrain-profile recorder Airborne instrument, recordingsensitive radar or laser altimeter, giving hard-copyreadout for mapping and surveying
terrain-referenced navigation Terrestrial referenceguidance
terrestrial radiation Earth IR radiation; also callederadiation
terrestrial reference guidance Any method providingsteering intelligence from characteristics (usually stored asquantified digital measures) of surface being overflown,thereby achieving flight along a predetermined path
Trang 13without the need for emissions One example is Tercom.
Also called terrain-reference [or referenced] navigation
terrestrial refraction Refraction observed in light from
source within Earth atmosphere; thus caused only by
inhomogeneities of atmosphere itself
terrestrial scintillation Generalized term for scintillation
effects observed in light from sources within Earth
atmos-phere; also called atmospheric boil, optical haze and
shimmer
Tersi Series of EW jamming and aerial-pattern
simulators
tertiary airflow That passing through tertiary holes
tertiary holes Apertures in gas-turbine flame tube or
combustor downstream of secondary holes admitting air
purely for dilution and cooling purposes to achieve
desired uniform gas temperature across chamber exit
plane
TERTM Thermal-expansion resin transfer machine
TES 1 Test and evaluation squadron.
2 Technology Experiment Satellite (India).
3 Tactical environment, or engagement, simulation [or
system]
4 Thermal emission spectrometer.
5 Transportable Earth station.
6 Threat-emitter system.
7 Trials end system (ATN).
TESAC, Tesac Training and evaluation system for
active countermeasures
Tesar 1 Tactically enhanced synthetic-aperture radar.
2 Tactical-endurance synthetic-aperture radar (UAV)
or search and rescue
tesla SI unit of magnetic flux density; 1T = 1 Wb/m2=
104
G
tesla coil Induction coil without iron core normally
giving HF output
TES-N Tactical exploitation system – Navy (USN)
Tess 1 Tactical engagement, or threat-emitter,
simula-tion system
2 Transport efficiency support system.
Test Checklist at start of takeoff: time, engine
instru-ments, strobe, transponder
testbed Mounting, either on ground or in form of
aircraft, upon which item can be mounted or installed for
test purposes When an aircraft may be, but not
neces-sarily, prefixed by ‘flight’ or ‘flying’ In US normally
called test stand
test cell Usually horizontal test stand, eg for rocket
motor, surrounded except on operative side by protective
shelter giving protection from weather and limited
pro-tection externally from explosion inside
test chamber Environmentally controlled sealed
chamber in which test can take place; eg can simulate
stratosphere or hard vacuum with space solar radiation
test clip Spring-steel clip for quick electrical connections
to terminals
test club Club propeller making no pretence at aerofoil
shape but merely having stubby projecting arms in correct
balance
test diamond Region in supersonic tunnel working
section within which model is placed and within which
flow conditions are essentially constant at any one time
test firing Firing of rocket, of any type, while mounted
on testbed (test stand)
test flight Flight by aircraft, winged spacecraft or cruise
missile for purpose of evaluating or measuring formance, handling or system operation
per-test pattern Geometric pattern used in testing electronicdisplays
test program[me] set Small box which is brought tocheck out cockpit processors
test rig See rig (3).
test section 1 Tunnel working section.
2 Special glove aerofoil carried on flying testbed.
test set Packaged equipment, either versatile or fortesting specific system, of electronic, hydraulic, pneu-matic, microwave/RF or any other character, which canreadily be brought to aircraft or have device brought to it
test vehicle Air vehicle, normally unmanned, built to testmajor element of its design, construction or systems andthus prove new concept
TET 1 Turbine-entry temperature, see turbine eratures.
temp-2 Tolerable exposure time, esp with reference to
aircraft in high-speed flight in gusts
3 Technical evaluation test.
TETA Triethylene-triamine
Tete Total estimated time en route
tethered satellite One connected to a space station,Shuttle Orbiter or other parent body by a fine cable up to
100 km (62.1 miles) in length
Tetra 1 Turbine-engine transient response analyser
(EDP code)
2 Terrestrial trunked radio.
tetraethyl lead Liquid added to some petrols (gasolines)
to improve resistance to detonation (anti-knock value orfuel grade); base material is Pb(C2H5)4 Resulting fuel iscalled leaded
tetrode Thermionic valve (tube) containing cathode,plate and two other electrodes
Tetwog Turbine-engine testing working group
TEU Trailing edge up
TEV Test, evaluation and verification
Tevi Turbine-engine vibration indicator
Tewa, TEWA Threat-evaluation and weaponassignment
TEWS, Tews Tactical electronic-warfare suite, or tronic warning system
elec-TEWT Pronounced tute, tactical exercise withouttroops
Textolite Obsolete ‘plastics’; hot pressed canvas/resinlaminates
textured visuals Visuals whose CGI tones are not plaingrey shades but have texture corresponding to real life,giving enhanced spatial cues Usually achieved by digitaland photographic imagery combined
TEZ Total exclusion zone
TF 1 Trip fuel.
2 US military engine-designation prefix: turbofan.
3 US military aircraft designation prefix: fighter
trainer; dual version of established fighter
4 Turbine fuel is available.
Trang 1412 Toll free.
13 Time/frequency (or T/F).
T f 1 Temperature at flexible T-O rating.
2 Fuel temperature.
t f Radar frame time
TFA Transfer-function analyser
t fa Average time between false alarms
T-fast Technology for frequency-agile digital
synthe-sized transmitters
TFB Tower fly-by
TFC 1 Total final consumption.
2 Tactical fusion centre (AAFCE).
3 Tactical fire control.
4 Tactical flag command; C adds centre.
tfc Traffic (FAA)
TFD 1 Thin-film diode.
2 Time/frequency display.
TFE 1 Terrain-following E-scope.
2 Therminioc fuel element.
3 Tetrafluoroethylene, major additive to magnesium
IRCM
TFEC Tactical fighter electronic combat
TFEL Thin-film electroluminescent display, a CRT
TF/HF Tandem fan, hybrid fan
T-fix Elapsed time since last update of position of
moving surface target
TFK Trainer facility kit
T-Flir Targeting FLIR
TFM 1 Tactical flight management system.
2 Traffic flow management.
TFMS Tactical frequency-management system
TFOV Total field of view, limited in HUD by head
freedom and optical aberrations
TFP Technology forecast panel
TFPA Torso front protective armour
TFPRT Thin-film platinum resistance thermometer
TFR 1 Terrain-following radar.
2 Total fuel remaining.
3 Temporary flight restriction area (FAA).
TFS Tactical Fighter Squadron
TFSB Tungsten-filament seven-bar display
TFSF Time to first system failure
TFSUSS Task-force on scientific users of space station
TFTP Trivial file transfer protocol
TFTS 1 Tactical Fighter Training Squadron.
2 Terrestrial flight telecommunications, or telephone,
system
TFU 1 Turret Flir unit.
2 Technical follow-up.
TFW Tactical Fighter Wing
TFWC Tactical Fighter Weapons Center
TG 1 Transportgeschwader (G).
2 Tactical, or Task, Group.
3 Techniques generator (EW).
4 Transmission gate.
5 Training glider (USAAF, 1941–47).
6 Timer – VDL management entity.
7 Terminal guidance.
Tg Tropical Gulf
TGA Target gate analysis
TGAT Tactical GPS anti-jam technology
TGB Transfer gearbox
TGC 1 Travel-group charter (US term, basically = UK
ABC)
2 Turbulence gain control.
TGCR Tactical generic cable replacement (FO mission system)
trans-TG4 Maximum time between GSIF’s timer
TGG Third-generation gyro (Northrop)
TGIF Transportable ground interface facility
TGL 1 Touch-and-go landing (ICAO).
2 Temporary guidance leaflet (FAA).
TGO Thermally-grown oxide
TGP 1 Twin-gyro platform.
2 Terminally guided projectile.
TGS 1 Triglycine sulphate; pyroelectric IR detector
material
2 Taxiing, or taxiway, guidance system, (ICAO) or
sign
3 Turreted gun system.
4 Maximum link-overlap timer.
TGSM Terminally guided sub-muniton
TGT Turbine gas temperature
2 Target
3 Titanium/graphite/titanium.
Tgt Opp Target of opportunity
TG3 Ground-station’s maximum time between missions
trans-TGW Terminally guided weapon
TH True heading
T H Total temperature
THAAD Theater high-altitude air defense [S addssystem] (USA)
THAD Terminal-homing accuracy demonstrator
Thagg Tactical high-antijam GPS guidance
THAR Tyre height above runway
THAWS, Thaws Tactical homing and warning system(RCA)
THDG True heading
THDR Thunder
theatre Geographical area of military operations inwhich commander of unified or specified command hascomplete responsibility; today used as adjective, oftensynonymous with tactical
theatre range Range of combat aircraft within a theatre,
as distinct from deploy range
Thel, THEL 1 Tactical high-energy laser.
2 Theater high-energy laser (US, Israel).
Thelact Tactical high-energy laser advanced-concepttechnology
The LTAS The Lighter-Than-Air Society (Akron, OH,US)
Themis Thermal-emission imaging system
Then Year Actual funds voted or spent; must befactored for inflation to enable comparison to be madewith ‘now’
theodolite Optical sight or telescope whose az/el can beaccurately read off angular scales
Trang 15theoretical gravity That at Earth’s surface if Earth’s
mass was reshaped as perfect sphere
theoretical thrust coefficient A thrust/time value for
solid-propellant rockets computed from large equation
involving an effective value and assumed conditions for
various areas and pressures Symbol C°1
therapeutic adaptor Coupled to continuous-flow oxygen
mask, approximately triples flow rate; used for passengers
with respiratory or heart problem
therapeutic oxygen Administered primarily to treat
ailment, eg pulmonary or cardiac faults
therm Non-SI unit of energy = 105
BTU = 105.506 MJ
thermal 1 Local column of rising air in atmosphere,
usually caused by surface heat source
2 To use (1) as energy input for soaring flight.
thermal acoustic fatigue Fatigue of structure caused by
impingement or close proximity of hot gas jet
thermal anticing Anticing by heating affected surface
thermal barrier Notional barrier to further increase in
some variable, eg flight speed in atmosphere or turbine
entry temperature in engines, caused by inability of
materials to withstand increased temperatures
Continually being eroded by new refractory materials
thermal barrier coating Vast range of refractory
materials, usually deposited by electron beam or plasma
spray, based on zirconia, yttrium and similar exotics
thermal battery Electrical cell stored inactive and
activated chemically for one-shot high-power output
thermal blooming See blooming.
thermal coefficient of expansion Increase of (1) length
per unit length, or (2) area per unit area, or (3) volume per
unit volume, caused by rise in temperature of 1°C (often
defined as from 0° to 1°C, or from 15° to 16°C)
thermal conductance Rate of flow of heat per unit time
through unit cross-section area; 1 BTU.ft-2h.°F = 5.67826
Wm-2h.°C; 1 Wm-2h.°C = 0.17611 BTU.ft-2.h.°F
thermal conductivity Time rate of flow of heat through
unit area normal to temperature gradient per unit T°
difference Symbol λ or k, rate given by Fourier’s law SI
thermal cueing unit Adjunct to FLIR-based attack
system which puts marker boxes round all likely surface
targets, picking them according to their high temperature,
and which automatically feeds target co-ordinates to the
attack system if any of these boxes is touched by the pilot
on the HDD touch display
thermal cycling Oscillating between low and high
temperatures
thermal de-icing De-icing by heating affected surface
thermal diffusivity Measure of transfer of heat by
dif-fusion analogous to viscous motion; symbol α = λ/ρ Cp
thermal diode Solid-state generator of electricity
comprising layer of semiconductor at room temperature
joined by thermal insulative layer to layer heated to
250–450°C
thermal efficiency Basic efficiency parameter of heat
engine, defined as percentage ratio of work done in given
time to mechanical equivalent of heat energy burned in
fuel supplied in same period
thermal emission EM radiation solely due to body’s
temperature (which if hot enough contains strong visible
radiation)
thermal excitation Acquisition of excess energy by
atoms or molecules as result of collisions
thermal expansion Increase in dimensions caused byincrease in temperature
thermal exposure Calories/cm2received by normalsurface in course of complete NW detonation (DoD)
thermal fatigue Mechanical fatigue caused by stressesrepeatedly imposed by thermal cycling
thermal gradient See temperature gradient.
thermal gradiometer Airborne instrument for detectingthermals by thermocouples on wing-tips which, inpresence of temperature difference, sends electrical signal
to cockpit indicator
thermal heating Tautological; kinetic heating is meant
thermal imagery Produced by measuring and cally recording thermal radiation from objects (NATO).Normally IR wavelengths only are implied Hencethermal imaging, to produce pictorial displays or print-outs showing variation of temperature over field of view
electroni-thermal index A forecast value of the temperature ence between sinking and rising air
differ-thermal instability Any combination of temperaturegradient, thermal conductivity and viscosity resulting inconvective currents, eg wind in atmosphere
thermal keel Generated by positioning engine jet nozzleswell forward under the fuselage [helps reduce generation
of sonic boom]
thermal lift 1 Lift due to thermal (1).
2 Lift imparted to air mass because of greater density of
cold surrounding air, not quite synonymous with (1)
thermal load Imprecise term usually meaning erature gradient or temperature stress
temp-thermally expanded metal Fabrication of parts fromaluminium alloy sheets rolled together with interveningpatterns of ‘ink’; the latter prevents the sheets bondingand, on subsequent heating, expands to force theunbonded parts to fit a mould
thermal neutron Neutron slowed, eg in moderator, tothermal equilibrium with surroundings at about 2,200 m/s(so-called slow neutron); * analysis is principal methodused in detecting presence of explosives
thermal noise RF noise caused by thermal agitation indissipative body (any conductor or semiconductor), alsocalled Johnson noise
thermal picture synthesizer Matrix of heat-emitting film resistors on Si substrate, each representingindividually addressed pixel to give overall large picturerate of 50 Hz
thin-thermal protection Protection against kinetic heatingduring atmospheric entry (re-entry) of spacecraft struc-ture, RV or other body, esp one intended for repeatedspace missions
thermal pulse Total IR emission from NW detonation,
or plot of IR flux against time during complete burst andfireball climb
thermal radiation 1 See thermal emission.
2 Total heat and light radiation produced by NW
detonation (DoD)
thermal relief valve Safety valve in fluid system to guardagainst excessive pressure caused by overheating
thermal runaway 1 Fault condition with element of
danger affecting Ni/Cd batteries characterized by ticular cells losing resistance (possibly because of hightemperature) and thus taking increased current, loweringresistance still further in chain-reactive process
Trang 162 Similar divergent overheating in current-carrying
transistor
thermal sensitivity Of IR camera, quantified difference
in temperature required to output different tonal value
between black/white, typically 0.02–0.1°C
thermal shock Severe mechanical stress resulting from
sudden extreme temperature gradient
thermal soaring See soaring.
thermal stress See temperature stress.
thermal switch Switch activated by temperature
differ-ence or particular temperature
thermal thicket Flight conditions in which kinetic
heating (or other thermal problems) is a factor to be
considered but does not yet impose a thermal barrier
(colloq.)
thermal wind Notional vector difference between winds
at different heights, caused by horizontal variation of
atmospheric temperature and hence pressure at all upper
heights (note: not pressure surfaces)
thermal X-rays EM radiation, mainly in soft (low
energy) X-ray region, emitted by extremely hot NW
thermionic Involving electrons emitted from hot bodies
thermionic converter Electric generator powered by hot
emitter and cold collector
thermionic rectifier Depends on unidirectional electron
flow from cathode to anode
thermionic tube See thermionic valve.
thermionic valve Evacuated capsule, usually glass,
containing heated cathode emitting electrons attracted to
anode, usually via one or more intervening control
elec-trodes usually called grids In US called vacuum tube
thermistor Protective resistor based on semiconductor
having high negative temperature coefficient of
resistance
thermite Mixture of finely divided magnesium and iron
oxide used as heat source in welding and as incendiary
filling; originally spelt with capital T
thermobaric warhead Creating both high-temperature
and blast-wave effects [often said of FAE]
thermobarograph Provides continuous readout of
temperature and pressure
thermochemistry Branch of chemistry concerned with
thermally induced reactions and relationship between
chemical changes and heat
thermochromic LO technology in which appearance is
changed by variation in temperature
thermochromic tube CRT with phosphor replaced by
heat-sensitive layer
thermocline Sharp submarine temperature gradient
thermocouple Instrument based on Seebeck effect
which measures temperature difference between pair of
dissimilar-metal junctions; much used for
high-temperature measures using refractory metals, and in
common copper/constantan junction at room
temp-erature, eg for met observation
thermodynamics Science based upon heat flow and
temperature changes, esp those in moving fluids
thermodynamic cycle Operating cycle of any heat
engine In some, eg virtually all piston engines, one parcel
of fluid at a time goes through complete ** in sameenclosed (usually variable-size) volume; in others, eg gasturbines, continuous flow of fluid goes through ** bypassing from one part of device to another, each com-ponent handling only one part of ** The working fluidmay be recycled, continually changing state liquid/vapour
thermodynamic efficiency See thermal efficiency.
thermodynamic energy equations Exact expressions ofvariation of pressure, volume and temperature inreversible processes in perfect gas
thermodynamic equilibrium Time-invariant state inwhich all processes are balanced by reverse process andentropy production vanishes
thermoelectric cooling Local cooling using Peltier andcooling ‘hot’ junction; ‘cold’ junction then falls to desiredlevel at -20 to -30°C
thermoelectric generator Electric generator based onthermocouples using Seebeck, Thompson, Kelvin orPeltier effects; common spacecraft systems use nuclearreactor or radio-isotope to heat junction often based onGe/Si alloy
thermogram 1 Single-line output of traditional
thermo-graph
2 Pictorial output of thermographic camera.
thermograph Recording thermometer using pen/chart
or light-spot trace on film Output is a thermogram
thermographic camera IR camera, usually of IRLS type
thermography Translation of temperature changes in ascanned scene into visual picture, today important in mili-tary and civil aerial reconnaissance, industrial processcontrol, medicine and many other fields Eitherblack/white (black = cold, white = hot) or colour
thermohydrometer Hydrometer with thermometer,giving two chart outputs
thermometer Instrument for measuring temperature
thermometer screen Louvred box screeningthermometer from direct sunlight; usually contains othermet instruments and in US called instrument shelter
thermonuclear Processes in which extremely hightemperatures are used to initiate fusion of light nuclei
thermonuclear weapon Hydrogen bomb.
thermopile Thermoelectric generator comprising stack
chem-thermosphere Outermost region of atmosphere from top
of mesosphere outwards into space, characterized bymore or less steadily increasing temperature with distancefrom Earth
thermostat Device for maintaining a desired erature by taking action at preset limits of low and hightemperature
temp-thermotropic model Atmosphere used in forecasting onetemperature and one pressure surface
Thesh Threshold, also Thld, THR
Trang 17theta Greek letter θ, used for many parameters,
including pitch angle (thus, θ = pitch rate) and azimuth
(hence Rθ) See Appendix 1
THI Tactical hit indicator
thickened fuel Aircraft fuel designed to resist fine
dis-persion and instead to break down in crash into globules
with near-zero surrounding vapour; generally
synony-mous with gelled fuel
thick-film Very diverse technology of electronics
involving processing, high-current devices,
current-generation (inc solar cells) and many other topics, mainly
using insulating substrates but often with semiconductor
layer
thickness Of wing, maximum straight-line distance from
external skin of upper surface to external skin of lower
surface measured in plane of aerofoil profile and
perpen-dicular to chord line
thickness/chord Ratio of thickness to chord of wing,
both measured in plane of aerofoil profile at same station
thickness distance Distance aft of leading edge of
maximum thickness of supersonic rhomboidal or
double-wedge wing, expressed as % chord
thickness gauge See feeler gauge.
thickness lines Lines joining points on chart where
vertical distance between pressure surfaces is everywhere
same
thickness ratio Wing t/c ratio
thimble 1 Pear-shaped eye around which end of control
cable is spliced
2 Ratchet turning knob of hand micrometer.
3 Pimple-like radome, especially on or under nose
[usually adjective]
thin-case bomb Conventional bomb for blast effect
against soft target Also called light-case (UK, WW2)
thindown Progressive energy loss by primary cosmic
rays in ionising surrounding medium
thin-film circuit Electrical or electronic circuit formed by
depositing thin film on (usually insulating) substrate;
normal manufacturing methods are vacuum deposition
and cathode sputtering Films may be conductive,
semi-conductor or insulating
thin-film lubrication Imperfect, with occasional
metal/metal contact
thin-film transistor IGFET constructed by evaporating
on to insulating substrate metal electrodes,
semi-conductor layer(s), insulating upper layer and metallic
gate; abb TFT
think tank Centralized group of people normally
working for government or large corporation engaged in
futures, forecasting, ultra-new technologies and other
disciplines calling for visionary judgement
thinner(s) Solvents for paint, dope and other liquids to
reduce viscosity
thin route Airline route, usually intercontinental,
offering only modest traffic
thin-tape system Applied to aircraft skin to increase
stealthiness of joints
THIR Temperature, humidity and IR radiometer
third-angle projection Convention in engineering
drawing in which front view, side elevation and plan each
show face nearest to it in adjacent view; traditional US
arrangement becoming standard in European aerospace
third-level carrier Generalized term for ‘third tier’ of
scheduled airline operations, also called feeder or
commuter and often of radial nature serving single cityhub No clear demarcation separating from second-level(local-service or regional)
thixotropic Becoming liquid when vibrated or stirred,setting after standing for a period
THK 1 Turk Hava Kurumu (national air-sport
associa-tion, Turkey)
2 Thick.
THL 1 Tailplane hinge line.
2 Tourelle hélicoptere leger (F).
Thld Threshold
THN Thin
ThO 2 Thorium oxide
Thor, THOR 1 Thermionic opening reactor (burst
power up to GW range)
2 Terahertz operational reachback (Darpa).
thorium Th, silvery radioactive metal, density 11.7, MPt1,750°C
Thornel Tradename for carbon and graphite fibres
thou Thousandth of an inch, 25.4 µ
THP 1 Thrust horsepower, often thp.
2 Through-hole plated.
3 Turbo-hydraulic pump.
4 Total-head pressure.
THR 1 Threshold, threshold lights.
2 Turboreacteur à hélice rapide = propfan (F).
thread gauge Hand gauge with many specimen threads,one of which is matched with part
threading the needle Process of accurately flying through
a small gate in airspace, eg in setting a speed record(colloq.)
thread insert Steel helix screwed into soft (eg aluminium)hole
threat 1 Hostile anti-aircraft defences, especially
air-defence radars, SAM systems, AAA and fighters
2 A target that has satisfied the * -detection logic and
therefore requires a traffic or resolution advisory (TCAS)
Threat awareness unit Minimum time flight crew need todiscern collision threat and take avoiding action; per-formance envelope of aircraft divided by closure rate ofintruder
threat circle Projected on cockpit display showingcomputed region in which LO aircraft might expect to bedetected by particular hostile radars
threat cloud Total collection of warheads, chaff andother penetration aids in ICBM attack
threat evaluation Process of detecting, analysing andclassifying hostile offensive systems, either in warning ofattack or during penetration of hostile territory whensystems are surface-to-air
threat library Numerical characteristics of hostilethreats, especially EM emitters, stored in friendlycomputer (eg of RWR receiver)
threat simulation Simulation of hostile offensivesystems, eg by add-ons to RPV target to includeemissions, dispensed payloads and jamming
three-axis autopilot Has authority in pitch, roll and yaw
Trang 183-bar VASI Comprises VASI plus additional pair of
upwind (210 m, 700 ft) wing bars symmetrically disposed
about centreline each having at least two light units, for
use by LEW aircraft
three-bearing nozzle Propulsive nozzle able to vector in
two planes for STOVL
three-body problem Mechanics of motion of small body
in gravity of two others
three-control aeroplane Conventional, with separate
pilot input for each rotational axis
3-D cam Cam whose profile varies across its width and
which moves axially as well as rotationally
3-D flow Fluid flow which cannot be represented fully in
2-D, eg flow over a real wing
3-D radar Radar enabling position of target to be
deter-mined in 3-D space, either by Cartesian methods or, more
often, by az/el plus slant range
3-D tool Jig or fixture used to define exact shape of
finished assembly, eg complex hydraulic piping or wiring
loom
3E Environment, efficiency, economy
three-float seaplane Main float on the centreline and
stabilizing float on left and right
3GCS Third-generation cellular system[s]
three greens Landing gear is down and locked (colloq.)
3He Helium, valency 3
3LM Third-level maintenance
three-moment equation For solving bending moments
and other loads at ends of two adjoining spans of
con-tinuous beam
3-P Planning, production, progress
three-phase current Alternating electrical current made
up of three phases, each with vector separation of 120°;
carried by triple wire
three-phase equilibrium See triple point.
3φ Three-phase current [3-phi].
three-pointer altimeter Dial instrument with short
needle for thousands (ft or m), mid-length for hundreds
and longest for tens
three-point landing Correctly judged landing by
tailwheel-type aeroplane in which main and tail wheels
touch ground simultaneously with wing stalled
three-point mooring Mooring for aerostat in which three
lines are run (often from single point, eg nose of airship)
to three ground anchors, usually at apices of equilateral
triangle
three-point tanker Equipped with two outer-wing
HDUs and one at the tail
3-pole switch Opens and closes three conductors or
circuits
three-poster STOVL or V/STOL vectored-thrust
propulsion system having three jets; normally two cold
fan jets and one hot core jet, but alternatively two main
(rear) jets plus an auxiliary nose jet fed via a bleed air duct
three-shaft engine Gas turbine having LP, IP and HP
shaft systems
three-stream engine 1 Turbofan (HBPR) in which fan
thrust (probably VIGV modulated) and core jet are used
for propulsion and LP compressor (core supercharger) is
used for blowing purposes
2 Any engine in which fan thrust, core thrust and lift
thrust or bleed are used separately
3 to 1 rule Air distance 3 n.m for each 1,000 ft lost in
letdown
3-view drawing GA drawing, normally showing tion (left side), front and plan
eleva-3-way switch Routes input along either of two outputs
3-wire Target of most carrier arrested landings, No 3wire; hence ** landing
3-wire circuit Neutral wire between two outer wires,latter having potential difference from neutral equal tohalf that between them
threshold 1 Beginning of usable portion of runway, ie
downwind end
2 In automatic control systems, point at which response
is first noticed, usually defined in terms of input ment (see * level)
displace-3 Flight condition when fixed-wing aerodyne is on
point of stall
4 Point at which sound just becomes audible (* of
audi-bility or of hearing), normally 2 × 10-5
N/m2
5 EAS giving lowest comfortable cruising, possibly
higher than that for minimum fuel
threshold displacement Linear distance between end offull-strength runway pavement and displaced threshold,with latter shown on airfield charts as white bar acrossrunway crossed by narrow black line, and expressed asminus quantity in certain navaid figures, eg Vorloc II
threshold level Threshold (2), esp in rate gyro oping electrical output as function of rate of turn; thatangular rate after rotational acceleration from rest atwhich there is first indication of output, or change inoutput; normal unit is °/s × 10-6
devel-threshold lights If fitted, bidirectional units, showinggreen towards approach and red towards runway, incontinuous row across threshold (rare at displacedthreshold)
threshold limit value Average airborne concentration oftoxic substance[s] normal person can withstand 8 h perday 5 days per week, usually expressed as ppm or mg/m3
at 25°C/760 mm Hg
threshold marking For simple runway, runway number
in white, visible to pilot on approach; if displacedthreshold, preceded by white transverse bar touched byfour arrowheads pointing upwind and preceded by series
of centreline arrows For instrument runway, four boldwhite axial stripes in rectangular group on each sidepreceeding runway number
thresholds Limits on programme monetary changesimposed by US Defense Secretary
threshold sampling time Time since overhaul at whichengines are removed and inspected in preparation forextension in TBO; * may be less or more than new TBO
threshold speed VT, VATand VT max
Trang 19THR HOLD Thrust, or throttle, hold.
THRFTR Thereafter
throat Point of smallest cross-section in duct, especially
that in con/di nozzle, supersonic tunnel upstream of
working section, and rocket engine or motor thrust
chamber and nozzle
throatable Jet or fluid flow controllable by changing
shape or area of throat (unusual except in tunnels)
throat control In gas turbines, system controlling flow
through nozzle guide vanes upstream of turbine
throatless chamber Rocket thrust chamber without
throat yet still achieving supersonic expansion, eg
multi-chamber toroidal type
throatless shear(s) Power shear for cutting large sheet or
plate which may be rotated during cut to leave curved
edge
throat microphone Microphone held against skin of
throat; better for deep or guttural voices or languages
throttle 1 Input control, usually hand lever rotating
through arc, for main vehicle propulsion
2 System responsible under pilot for varying engine
power
3 Valve in carburettor or fuel control which governs
admission to engine of either air, fuel or (piston engine
only) mixture
4 To reduce power of engine, also called to * back.
5 To constrict fluid flow path and thus reduce mass
flow
throttle back To reduce power
throttle friction Pilot-operated device which greatly
increases resistance of throttle lever(s) to movement,
effectively locking them in set position; also called friction
lock
throttle icing Ice accretion in carburettor near or on
partially closed throttle (3)
throttle lock See throttle friction.
throttle push Pilot action to increase power
throttle sensitivity Change in thrust or power per unit
movement of throttle lever
throttle tension Locking resistance value of friction lock
throttling capability Range of thrust expressed as
percentage to 100, over which liquid rocket (occasionally
other type of engine or propulsion) is designed to operate
through-deck ship Generally, one with flight deck
un-obstructed by any full-width superstructure, even though
not necessarily extending to bow
through-stick feedback Characteristic of some
auto-pilots that, when engaged, auto-pilots flight controls move
through-thickness pinning Repair of major damage to
composite structure in which numerous fine pins are
collapsed by a foam carrier
throw 1 Part of crankshaft to which conrod attached,
comprising webs and crankpin
2 Loose measurement of distance to which ECS
fresh-air inlet projects, in absence of bulk cabin fresh-air movement
thrower ring Flange on rotating shaft which flings off
leakage oil or other fluid
throw weight Total mass of payload carried by ballistic
missile, in case of ICBM including warheads, RVs, decoys
and other penaids, post-boost propulsion and terminal
guidance systems
THRP Port throttle (caption)
THRS Starboard throttle (caption)
is area of flow cross section, P is pressure, W is mass flowand V flow velocity Overall net * is A (P-Po) + where P is static pressure at nozzle, Po local atmosphericpressure, Vjis jet velocity and V velocity of aircraft
thrust angle Acute angle between axis of nozzle ofcanted solid motor and centreline axis of vehicle,measured in plane passing through both axes if possible
thrust augmentation Usually means afterburning, butalso applied to water injection, and to piston engineejector-exhaust schemes
thrust-augmented wing Aeroplane wing in whichenhancement of circulation by powered-lift system alsogives significant additional thrust (many arrangements,but augmentation of thrust invariably secondaryobjective)
thrust axis Axis along which resultant propulsive thrustacts With a turbofan this is resultant of fan and core jets,and with a turboprop that of propeller and (probablyangled) jet In multiengined aircraft * can oscillatebecause of engines outboard on flexible wing
thrust bearing Bearing, usually tapered roller, needle orball, that resists axial shaft load due to propeller thrust
thrust buildup Sequence of programmed events in largerocket engine between ignition and liftoff
thrust bump Sudden uncommanded change [especiallyincrease] in thrust
thrust chamber Complete thrust-producing portion ofliquid rocket engine comprising combustion chamber andnozzle, often mounted on gimbals; not applicable to othertypes of engine
thrust coefficient 1 For propeller, basic performance
calculation method based on Drzwiecki method of ting grading curve of thrust against blade radius, yieldingvalue kT, constant for each value of advance ratio J; **then equals kTJ2and has symbol CT This is also measuredthrust divided by ρ n2D4where ρ is density, n rpm and Ddiameter
plot-2 For rocket motor, measured ** is thrust: time integral
over action-time interval divided by product of averagethroat area and integral of chamber pressure: time overaction-time interval, symbol Cf
3 For CC/BLC blowing slit, T/qS.
thrust component In propeller theory (Drzwiecki), force
on one element parallel to axis of rotation, Tc; convenient
to plot Tcas ordinate against blade radius, area undercurve being measure of total thrust, T = N½ρV2∫r
oTcdrwhere N is number of blades, ½ρV2
dynamic head and Tc
integrated between axis of rotation (or, in practice,spinner diameter) and tip radius r
thrust control computer AFCS computer providingcontrol of engine N1and thrust, computation of enginelimit parameters, and autothrottle
thrust cutoff See cutoff.
thrust decay Gradual falloff in thrust of solid motor,
W(V–––––––––jV)g
WV–––––
Trang 20usually a slow fall from peak to cutoff or burnout
followed by rapid ** over 2 to 8 s and to zero after perhaps
10–12 s
thrust-decay system Idle-area reset (turbofan)
thrust deflector Various schemes for V/STOL or
STOVL, see four-poster, switch-in deflector, vectored
thrust, etc
thrust equivalent horsepower See thrust horsepower.
thruster Small propulsor, normally any of many kinds
of rocket, used for spacecraft attitude control or fine
adjustment of velocity
thrust face Side of propeller blade corresponding to
underside of aerofoil
thrust/frontal area Jet-engine thrust divided by engine’s
nominal or published frontal area; fair criterion in early
days of jet propulsion but today meaningless Important
only in highly supersonic aircraft, in which area of
propelling nozzle exceeds that of engine
thrust horsepower Seldom-used measure attempting to
determine power imparted to aircraft For propeller
aircraft normally engine bhp or shp multiplied by
propeller efficiency (in case of turboprop plus a variable
component due to exhaust thrust) For jet engines,
basi-cally thrust actually imparted to aircraft multiplied by
TAS, keeping units compatible See equivalent
horse-power.
thrust lever Jet-engine throttle, or power lever
thrust line Thrust axis
thrust loading W/F, total mass (in this case, weight) of
jet-propelled vehicle divided by aggregate thrust, usually
calculated for SLS-TO condition; units lb/kN =
224.8 lb/lb st, reciprocal 0.004448; 1 lb/lb st = 102.04 kg
kN-1
, reciprocal 0.0098
thrust meter Instrument for measuring thrust, more
commonly of jet engine
thrust power Appears always to be synonymous with
thrust horsepower
thrust rating computer Central element in auto power
management system (ATS)
thrust rating panel AFCS cockpit display of limiting and
target values of engine parameters, and selectors for
oper-ating mode (climb, cruise, MCT or TO/GA) or FTO
temperature(s)
thrust reverser See reverser.
thrust section Portion of vehicle, esp slender rocket,
containing propulsion
thrust specific fuel consumption See specific fuel
consumption.
thrust spoiler Pilot-controlled spoiler which when
actu-ated diverts jet from jet engine (esp from turbofan core)
to reduce thrust close to zero Lighter and simpler than a
reverser and merely eliminates possibly embarrassing
idling thrust
thrust structure In large ballistic vehicle propelled by
multiple rocket chambers, structure which transmits
thrust from all chambers and diffuses it into airframe
Normally large tubular truss structure at rear but can
include side structures for laterally attached motors, eg
SRBs
thrust terminator Any quick-acting device for
termi-nating thrust of solid rocket motor, including blow-off
ports, nozzle ejection and inert-liquid injection into case
thrust time lag Time from abrupt throttle movement to
reach stabilized thrust or power
thrust-vectoring Control of vehicle trajectory byrotating thrust line, esp that of rocket; may involvegimballed chamber, rotation of chamber about skewedaxis, inert-liquid injection at nozzle-skirt periphery, jettabs, spoilers, refractory vanes and other methods; abb.TVC
thrust-weight ratio Basic measure of combat aeroplaneperformance: thrust (normally SLS-TO) divided by totalmass of aircraft
thrust wire Diagonal bracing wire transmitting airshippropulsion thrust to envelope
THRUT Throughout
THSA Trimmable horizontal-stabilizer actuator
THSD Thousand[s]
THT Transient heat transfer
THUM, Thum Meteorological readings of temperatureand humidity, hence * flight
thumbprint Common meaning is aircraft T/W (thrust:weight ratio) plotted against W/S (wing loading)
thumbstick Pilot input controller, eg for RPV or tank missile, in form of miniature stick operated bythumb, typically attached to pistol grip and with * pivotsbetween vertical thumb and operator
anti-Thump Meteorological readings of temperature,humidity and pressure
thunderstorm effect Error, possibly approaching 180°,
of ADF in vicinity of thunderstorm; needle may point tonearby Cb or flick over, giving false indication of stationpassage
thyratron Gas-discharge triode used as relay, switch orsawtooth generator
thyristor Multilayer semiconductor device also calledSi-controlled rectifier; bistable, in one state high-impedance in both directions, in other high-impedance inone direction only
THz Terahertz
TI 1 Target indicator.
2 Thermal imager, or infra-red.
3 Training [or tactics] instructor.
4 Trial installation.
5 Thermal index.
Ti Titanium; hence such alloys as Ti3Al2.5V, Ti6Al4V,Ti6Al2Sn4Zr2Mo and Ti10V2Fe3Al
TIA 1 Type inspection and authorization; allows FAA
to fly new aircraft
2 Telephone interface adaptor card (TRV).
3 Telecommunications Industry Association (US).
TIAA Travel Industry Association of America
TIACA The International Air Cargo Association
TIAD Tactical internet for air defence
TiAl General symbol for titanium aluminides
TIALD Thermal imaging airborne laser designator
ti-aluminides Alloys of titanium and aluminium
TIAS 1 Target identification and acquisition system
(ARMs)
2 True indicated airspeed.
TIB Technical Intelligence Bureau (former UK ment department, still a title in many countries)
govern-TIBA Traffic information broadcast by aircraft
Tibs, TIBS 1 Tactical information broadcast service
(USAF)
2 Telephone information briefing service.
TiB 2 Titanium boride
TIC 1 Technical information centre.
Trang 212 Tantalum integrated circuit.
3 Target-insertion controller.
4 Total inventory count.
5 Transport & Infrastructure Committee (US House of
Reps.)
6 Technologies of information and communication
(also F)
tic Visual marking pulse on telemetry readout
indi-cating time intervals, often every 0.5 s (see time *).
TICC Technical Information and Communications
Committee (ATA)
TICCS, TIC 2
S Target information command and
control system
tick Audible marking pulse serving as regular (often
infrequent, eg each 10 s or 60 s) time signal
ticket Pilot’s licence (colloquial, especially pre-1914)
TICM Thermal-imaging common module(s)
TiCo Titanium-colombium
Ticonal Magnetic alloy of Ni/Co plus a little Al/Cu
tic-tac airplane Miniature free-flight aircraft for
sonic-boom research
TID 1 Tactical (or target) information display.
2 Touch input device.
3 Technical-interface description.
tiddleywinks effect Tendency of nose gear to project
stones and other loose objects laterally
TIDLS, Tidals Tactical information data-link system
TIDP Telemetry and image data processing
tie Structural member normally loaded in tension
tie bar Filament-wound tension member connecting
helicopter main-rotor blade to hub; fatigue-proof because
of large number of load-bearing members Also called
dog-bone
TIEC Tactical information exchange capability (RAF)
tied gyro Gyro whose rigidity is related to Earth rather
than space; eg that in traditional horizon has axis tied by
gravity aligned with local vertical
tied on Air-intercept code: “Aircraft indicated is in
formation with me.”
tiedown 1 Picketing arrangement for aircraft left in open
(US)
2 Cargo lashing.
tiedown diagram Drawing illustrating method of
securing particular type or item of cargo in particular
vehicle (DoD)
tiedown point Permanent attachment point for cargo
provided on or in vehicle (DoD); hence * pattern
tiedown test Rocket engine static test
tie rod General term for tie of rod-like form, esp with
threaded ends
tiers Different levels assigned to subcontractors in
major programme; Tier 1 are usually assigned
responsi-bility for design and test, as well as manufacture
Ties Tactical information exchange system
TIF, Tif 1 Takeoff inhibit function, temporarily
suppresses all non-essential cockpit warnings
2 Text interchange format.
3 Terminal interface function.
4 Tactical Imagery Intelligence Flight [not TIIF]
(RAF)
TIFS Total in-flight simulator
TIG 1 Tungsten inert-gas welding.
2 Time of ignition.
Tiger 1 Targeting by image georegistration.
2 Terrifically insensitive to ground effect radar.
tightening Tendency of aeroplane or glider trimmed forlevel flight to increase rate of a commanded turn or divepull-out, demanding a push force on stick or yoke to holdconstant g
TIGO Prefix, US piston engine, turbocharged, injection, geared, opposed cylinders
direct-TiGr Titanium/graphite composite
TII Threshold inspection interval
TiiMs Texas Institute for Intelligent Bio-NanoMaterials and Structures for Aerospace Vehicles
til Until
tile 1 Thin-film or thick-film substrate; also
occasion-ally used for substrate of solar cell
2 Discrete unit of surface thermal-protection system for
RV or large spacecraft, eg Space Shuttle, inspectable andreplaceable
Till Tracking [and] illuminating laser (ABL)
TILS Tactical ILS
tilt 1 Angular deviation of locus of centroids of sections
of helicopter main-rotor blade from plane of rotation(BSI) Measured as forward or backward though actuallyup/down
2 Angular movement or offset of camera axis about
aircraft longitudinal axis (NATO)
tilt angle Angle between axis of air camera and aircraftvertical (OZ) axis; normally angle at perspective centrebetween photograph perpendicular and plumb line(NATO)
tilt-body vehicle Usually synonymous with tiltingfuselage, standing upright on its tail for VTOL A totallydifferent species has the wing and power (lift/propulsion)system able to rotate up to 90° with respect to the free-pivoted wing and tail; this family are usually STOLs
tilting-duct VTOL VTOL aeroplane which in hoveringmode is lifted by ducted propellers or fans rotated throughapprox 90° for translational flight
tilting-engine/jet/propeller/wing Same definition asabove but for different pivoted component Tilting-jetmeans entire engine is pivoted
tilting fuselage Unusual class of VTOL aeroplanes inwhich fuselage can be pivoted near mid-length, in somecases complete with attached wing, in order for jet thrust
to act vertically Also called nutcracker aircraft
tilting head 1 Rotorcraft head pivoted about lateral axis
relative to supporting structure
2 Machine-tool cutter and drive pivoted about
tilt-wing VTOL aeroplane whose wing, carryingcomplete propulsion system, is pivoted upwards throughapprox 90° in vertical mode, thrust then exceeding totalweight
TIM 1 Total inventory management.
2 Training integrated [or integration] management [S
adds systems]
3 Target information module.
time Normally measured by subatomic frequency ence, eg crystal clock, but defined according to position ofcelestial reference point; depending on which point chosen
Trang 22* called solar (Sun), lunar (Moon) or sidereal (vernal
equinox), solar being subdivided into mean or apparent
according to which Sun Practical time designated GMT
or according to designated longitude zone SI unit is s,
3,600 to h, 86,400 to week
timebase 1 Straight line traced by spot on CRT or other
display of cartesian and several other types providing
timescale for measurement, eg of target range
2 Straight line, regularly incorporating time tic, on data
readout
time between overhauls, TBO Period recommended by
manufacturer and beyond which all warranties become
invalid and operation may be in violation of certification
time box Small box, usually rectangular or square,
which moves along cockpit display future track,
according to flight plan, at selected groundspeed
time-change item One whose operation is limited to
number of operating hours, number of operating cycles or
(rarely) passage of time, and which must be periodically
replaced on this basis
time circle Basic symbology of many HUDs and other
attack systems in which bright circle starts at 60 s and
unwinds anticlockwise to 180° at 30 s and to vanish at 0 s
time-compliant technical order Mandatory instruction
for modification or for retrofit of equipment
time constant 1 Usually, time taken from start of input
signal for instrument to indicate specified % final reading;
for exponential response, eg thermometer, time to reach
63.2% final reading; also called relaxation time, lag
coef-ficient Same meaning in charge/discharge of electrical
C/R circuit or current in L/R circuit
2 Time taken for aeroplane to reach maximum angular
velocity [any axis] after hard-over control input
TIMED, Timed Thermosphere, ionosphere,
meso-sphere, energetics and dynamics satellite launched 2001
(NASA)
time dilation Apparent slowing-down of time as
observer’s speed reaches significant fraction of that of
light; also called clock paradox or twin paradox
time dilution of precision Measure of errors [usually in
navigation] resulting from errors or variation in measured
or calculated time
time/distance/speed scale Simple written scale, either
purchased (in which case of sliderule type) or prepared
before flight, with which unknown distance or speed can
be immediately read if other two factors are known
time-division multiplex Dividing several continuous
measures, eg in telemetry system, or several input signals,
to form single continuous interlaced pulse train sent over
single channel to multiple receivers
time-division multiplex access When multiple
transmit-ters are using a single carrier the carrier is time-shared to
avoid messages being garbled at receiver
time group Four digits denoting time in hours and
minutes, such as 1730
time hack Time at which a future event is scheduled, eg
at which a particular squadron is to start engines (colloq
chiefly military)
time in service For maintenance time records, aircraft
log and similar purposes, elapsed time from aircraft
leaving surface until touching it again on landing (FAA)
time lag Any delay between stimulus and response, or
cause and effect, esp that between start of signal and full
indication by instrument
time mean bleed Short period of time during which largeRCS bleeds are expected to be used, and beyond whichthrust must be reduced
time of flight Elapsed time from weapon launch, release
or departure from gun muzzle to instant it strikes target
time of useful consciousness See time reserve.
time on target 1 Time, either planned or actual, at which
aircraft attacks or photographs target
2 Time at which NW detonation is planned at specified
time reserve Time between sudden total loss of oxygensupply and time when human can no longer be relied upon
to function normally or rationally
time-response parameter Addition of input time delay toassessment of response to pilot input of pitch rate[rotation] and normal acceleration
Time-Rite Patented indicator of piston position fortiming (1)
time series Sequence of time-variant measures, eithercontinuous (eg barograph trace) or discrete (eg hourlymet pressure readings)
time sharing 1 Use of one EDP (1) processor or
computer, usually large and beyond means or ments of each customer, by a number of customers orusers whose programs are run in short bursts in time-division multiplexed form switched according to cyclicformula agreed between users (in simplest form, a roundrobin)
require-2 Planned allocation of time to external scanning
[typi-cally 18 s] and to looking around cockpit [typi[typi-cally 3 s]
time signal 1 Broadcast signal used as very accurate time
reference
2 Time reference mark along border of reconnaissance
imagery or other film
time/size plot Diagram whose ordinate is a measure ofaircraft size, eg MTOW or pax seats, and abscissa is time
in years
time slot Slot (3)
time/speed scale Scale for given groundspeed used inconjunction with plotting chart or topographical map
timeswitch Electrical switch activated by time of day orelapsed time from a start point
time/temperature cycle recorder Records time enginespends at critically high TGT, to give realistic indication
of hot-end life
time tic Time reference mark along telemetry readout;usually small inverted V every second along straight time-base
time tick Regular time signal of one or more audiblebrief sounds
time to go In air intercept, time to fly to offset point fromany other initial position; after offset point, time to fly tointercept point (DoD)
Trang 23time zone Regions of local standard time, esp over sea
areas, where they are exactly divided by 15° widths of
longitude
timing 1 Angular positions of piston-engine crankshaft
at which valves first rise from seats or touch them again,
and at which spark occurs; also called valve *, ignition *
2 In US, assessment of human pilot’s ability to
co-ordinate flight controls on correct time basis for smooth
manoeuvres; not often regarded as a topic elsewhere
unless demonstrably faulty
timing consideration Measure of time missile (or,
possibly, other weapon such as aeroplane) is exposed on
ground between withdrawal from hardened shelter and
launch (probably arch.)
timing disc Disc, engraved marking or other feature on
piston engine to assist establishing exact crankshaft
angular positions for timing purposes
timing parallax Film distance between time signal (2)
and corresponding frame of imagery
timing pulse Pulse used as time reference in telemetry,
radar and SSR and other electronic systems
TiMMC Titanium metal-matrix composite
Timos Total-implant MOS device or circuit
Tims, TIMS 1 Technology integration of missile
subsystems
2 Tactical information management system.
3 Training Integration Management System, flight
scheduling and student records (USAF)
tin 1 Soft white metal, density 7.31, MPt 231.85°C,
symbol Sn (stannum)
2 To coat surface of mild steel sheet with tin to prevent
corrosion
3 To coat metal surface with solder before making joint.
4 Aircraft, not necessarily metal (US colloq.).
Tina Thermal-imaging navigation aid
tinfish Torpedo (UK colloq.)
TINS, Tins Thermal-imaging navigation system, or set
Tinsel Transmitter carried by bomber to jam ground
instructions to German fighters (RAF WW2)
tin-strip Metal prefabricated-plank airstrip for STOVL
t int Integration time, especially radar filter integration
time
tin-tray game Stewardess trolley race
tin wing Lightplane whose wings are metal-skinned
TIO US piston engine designation: turbocharged, direct
injection, opposed
TIOS Two-in-one service (Satcoms)
TIP 1 Message code: until past specified waypoint or
other point (ICAO)
2 Tracking and impact prediction.
3 Technical information panel (Agard).
4 Test integration plan.
5 Tailored instruction program (US).
6 Threat image projection, to test X-ray baggage
screeners
7 Technical improvement program, or technically
improved product (IFF)
8 Transit improvement program.
9 Tiros information processor.
tip 1 Extremity of aerofoil.
2 Angle of rotation of reconnaissance camera about
aircraft transverse axis; also called pitch
3 Wing-tip fuel tank (DoD) (colloq., adjective).
tip aileron Aileron forming most or all of tip of wing
tip cargo Special cargo, eg radioactive isotopes, carried
in small compartment in wingtip of some transports
tip chord Chord at tip of aerofoil, esp wing, normallymeasured parallel to plane or symmetry of wing (forvariable-sweep, at minimum sweep angle) between pointswhere straight leading/trailing edges meet curvature at tip.Where both edges have pronounced sweep at tip, or wherethey are joined by line not parallel to plane of symmetry(eg Lightning, Tornado) other definitions apply, oftenunique to type
tip cropping Cutting off at Mach angle
tip dragger 1 Spoiler above wingtip used asymmetrically
in some aircraft (XB-70) also generated compression lift
tip float See stabilizing float.
tip generator Wingtip vortex generator
TIPI Tactical information processing and tion system (USAF)
interpreta-tip in To bank steeply away from takeoff flight path
tip jet Any system providing propulsive thrust at the tip
of a helicopter main-rotor blade: pressure jet, cold[compressed-air] jet, ramjet, pulsejet, rocket or turbojet
tip loss Inefficiency of tip of aerofoil in lifting modecaused by spanwise deflection of isobars and relativewind, in some transonic cases approaching 90° andmaking tip mere dead weight
tip loss factor Correcting factor in calculating lift ofrotorcraft lifting rotor to allow for tip loss
tip-path plane Plane containing path of tips of helicopter
or other rotorcraft main lifting rotor, tilted in direction oftravel or horizontal acceleration
tipping See propeller tipping.
tip pod Streamlined container carried centred on orbelow tip of aerofoil
tip radius Usually synonymous with radius
tip rake See rake.
Tips, TIPS 1 Total integrated pneumatic system (C-5).
2 Telemetry integrated processing system (AFSC).
3 Technical issue panels (FAA).
4 Transatlantic industrial proposal solution[s] (AGS6).
tipsail See winglet.
tip shroud Shroud 1.
tip speed Tangential speed of rotating tip of propeller orrotor due solely to its rotation and ignoring superimposedvehicle airspeed; i.e., V = rϖ, radius multiplied by angularvelocity
tip stall Stall of tip of aerofoil, esp wing, whileremainder of surface remains unstalled; common con-dition caused mainly by higher lift coefficient at tip unlessstall strip applied inboard
tip tank Fuel tank formed as streamlined body, able or otherwise, carried centred on or below wingtip
jettison-tip trailing vortex See vortex.
tip vortex See vortex.
TIR 1 Total indicator reading.
Trang 245 Traffic information radar.
6 Thermal infra-red.
7 Twin intermeshing rotors (helicopter).
TIRC Tactical IR countermeasure
tire UK spelling ‘tyre’ is used in this dictionary
tiredness General deterioration of airframe caused by
long and intensive use, primarily manifest in repeated
cyclic loading and successive severe gusts but also
including superficial damage caused by impact of steps,
ground vehicles, stones etc; no significant crack need be
present but many structural parts will not be original and
many boltholes will be oversized and re-reamed for bolts
of increased diameter
Tiros TV/IR observation satellite[s]
Tirp Terminal instrument radar procedure
TIRS Transverse-impulse rocket subsystem (planetary
lander)
TIRSS Theatre intelligence, reconnaissance and
surveillance study (USAF)
TIS, tis 1 Tracking information (or instrumentation)
subsystem
2 Thermal-imaging sensor, or system.
3 Tactical Intelligence Squadron.
4 Traffic information service(s) [aircraft-position
datalink, ground or airborne receiver]
5 Tactical input segment (satellite).
Tisar Terrestrial inverse SAR
Tis-B Traffic information service, broadcast (FAA)
TISD Tactical Information Systems Division (Langley
AFB)
Tiseo Target-identification system, or sensor,
electro-optical
TISH, Tish Thermal-imaging sensor head
TISS, Tiss Thermal-imaging security system, or
Titan Thunderstorm identification, analysis and
‘nowcasting’, under development from 1990s (USWB,
NASA, FAA)
titanium Ti, hard silvery metal, density 4.5, MPt
1,660°C, reactive but bulk metal passivated by
oxide/nitride coating in atmosphere, vast range of
aero-space uses, main tonnage Ti-Al-V alloys, seeTi.
titanium aluminides Rapidly growing range of
refrac-tory (820°C) metals with properties marred only by poor
toughness and ductility
Tite Tews intermediate test equipment
title block Standardized rectangular format on drawing,
usually lower right corner, listing title, part numbers, mod
states, names of draughtsmen/tracers etc, dates and other
information
titles Name of owner or operator painted on
commer-cial or GA aircraft, to be read from a distance
TIU Time insertion unit
TIV Tactical intervention vehicle
TIVO US piston-engine designation: turbocharged,
direct injection, vertical crankshaft (for helicopter),
opposed
TIW Total[ly] integrated warfare
TIZ Traffic information zone
TJ Turbojet
TJAG The Judge Advocate-General
TJF Transportable JTIDS facility (RAF)
TJRJ Turbojet/ramjet or turboramjet
TJS Tactical jamming system
TK 1 Turbocharger (R, G).
2 Thermal keel.
Tk Track, track angle
TKE, TkE Track-angle error
TKF 1 Tactical combat aircraft (G).
2 Takeoff, also TKO,Tkof.
TKM Tonne-kilometres
TKOF, tkof Takeoff
TKP 1 Tonne-km performed; basic measure of airline
traffic
2 Transport clearing house (R).
TKS Chemical de-icing pastes and pumped liquid cally 60% aqueous solution of glycol), fromTecalemit/Kilfrost/Sheepbridge-Stokes
(typi-TKT Sandwich of Teflon/Kapton/Teflon, uniquelyresistant even to electric arcing
TLA 1 Towed linear-array sonar.
2 Throttle- [or thrust-] lever angle.
TLAR 1 “That looks about right”.
2 Top-level aircraft requirements [for reliability].
TLBR Tactical laser beam recorder
TLC 1 Trans-lunar coast.
2 Ton[ne]s lifting capacity.
3 Through-life costs.
4 Takeoff and landing chart program.
5 Tender loving care.
TLD 1 Technical-log defect.
2 Top-level domain.
TLDHS Target location designation and hand-offsystem
TLDM Royal Malaysian navy
TLE 1 Type life extension.
2 Target-location error.
3 Treaty-limited equipment.
TLG Tail landing gear
TLI Trans-lunar insertion
TLLF Tactical low-level flight, or flying
TLM Telemetry-word
TLMC Time limits and maintenance checks
TLO 1 Terminal learning objective.
2 Touchdown/, or takeoff/, liftoff area [also TLOF].
TLP Tactical leadership program(me)
TLR Target-locating radar
TLS 1 Tactical, or transponder, landing system.
2 Translunar shuttle.
3 Through-life support.
4 Target level of safety.
5 Training laser system (MoD, UK).
TLSI Technical-log special inspection
TLSS Tactical life-support system (USAF flight suit)
TLTV Towbarless tractor vehicle
TLV 1 Transition level.
2 Threshold limit value.
Trang 254 Ton-mile (seldom abb.).
5 Transcendental meditation, relevant to aerospace.
6 Transverse magnetic EM propagation mode.
7 Telemetry.
8 Technical manual, or memorandum.
9 Thrust magnitude (of gross thrust vector).
10 Time.
11 Transmit manifold (Awacs).
12 Timer/media (access control).
TMAC Tactical medium-altitude camera
TMB 1 Time mean bleed.
2 Turbulent mixing boundary.
TMBACA Times microwave broadband airborne cable
TMCR Total maintenance-cost reduction
TMCS Technical monitoring and control[ling] system
TMD 1 Tactical munitions dispenser.
2 Theatre missile defence.
3 Test, measure and diagnose [or measurement and
diagnostic]
4 Tactical modular display.
TME Total mission energy, normally in non-SI kWh
TMEL Trimethyl-ethyl lead
TMET Tethered medium Earth terminal
TMF 1 True-mass flowmeter.
2 Thrust-management function.
TMG 1 Track made good.
2 Thermal/meteoroid garment.
3 Towing motor glider.
4 Ton-miles per gallon.
T/MGS Transportable/mobile ground station
TMIS Technicians maintenance information system
TMMS TOW mast-mounted sight
TMN True Mach number
TMO 1 Traffic management office (AFSC).
2 Ten [nautical] miles out [from threshold].
TMP 1 Transverse-magnetized plasma.
2 Twin machine-gun pod.
3 Theatre mission planning; S adds system.
2 Test and monitoring station.
3 Traffic, or technical, management system, or
specialist
4 Tactical mission system (helicopters).
5 Transformer mains supply.
TMSA 1 Trainer-mission simulator aircraft.
2 Technical Marketing Society of America.
TMT Technology management team (ASTOVL)
TMU 1 Traffic management unit (FAA).
2 Transducer matching unit (sonar).
TMW Tomorrow
TMXO Tactical miniature crystal oscillator
TN 1 Nuclear, thermonuclear (weapon prefix, USSR).
TNC Terminal node controller
TND Trace narcotics detector
TNDCY Tendency
TNE Tungsten nuclear engine
TNEL Total noise exposure level; see noise.
TNF Theatre nuclear forces (S3or S-cubed adds vivability, security and safety’)
‘sur-TNGT Tonight
TNH Turn height
TNI 1 Total noise index; see noise.
2 Trusted network interpretation.
TNR Transfer of control message, non-radar
TNS Technical news-sheet
TNT 1 Trinitro-toluene; for * equivalent see yield.
2 Tragflügel neue technologie, advanced supercritical
wing (G)
TNW 1 Theatre nuclear weapon.
2 Tactical nuclear warfare.
TO, T-O 1 Takeoff.
2 Technical order.
3 Table of organization.
TOA 1 Total obligation[al] authority, sum that may be
obligated in coming FY for contracts possibly running formany years hence
2 Time of arrival, hence TOA/DME.
3 Usually plural, transportation operating agencies
(MAC, MSC and MTMC, US)
4 Training options analysis [software tool].
TOAA Takeoff obstacle accountability areas (study)
TO&E Table of organization and equipment
toboggan In-flight refuelling technique in which shallowdive is maintained to match speeds of fast tanker (if neces-sary with spoilers or airbrakes) and slow receiver
TOC 1 Top of climb.
2 Total operating cost (often t.o.c.).
3 Travel order card.
4 Tactical operations center (US).
5 Transfer of communication[s].
Toca Theatre operational CIS(3) architecture
Trang 26TOCC Tactical operations control centre.
TOCG Takeoff c.g position
TOCS, Tocs Terminal operations control system
TOD 1 Top of descent.
2 Takeoff distance.
3 Terrain/obstacle database.
4 Time of day, or of departure.
TOD a , TODA Takeoff distance available; H adds
heli-copter
TO dist Takeoff distance
TODP Takeoff decision point
TOD r , TODR Takeoff distance required
TODS, Tods Tactical optical-disk system
TOE 1 Ton (usually tonne or short ton) of oil
equiva-lent; measure of energy
2 Table of organization and equipment.
toe 1 Figurative forward extremity of ski shape whose
contact with ground is commanded by TFR
2 Any lateral extremity at foot of graphical plot.
toe brakes See wheelbrakes.
toed in Left/right (eg engines) have axes which in
hori-zontal plane are inclined to meet aircraft centreline ahead
of nose Hence, toed out; axes meet centreline to rear, as
in case of engines whose axes are perpendicular to tapered
leading edge (eg Ju 52/3m)
toe out angle Angle between major chord of winglet and
OX axis, generating inward side force
toe plates Hinged tapered plates along outer edges of
cargo-aircraft vehicle ramp
TOEPR Takeoff engine pressure-ratio
TOF 1 Takeoff fuel; quantity aboard at takeoff.
2 Time of flight.
3 Trigger on failure.
TOFL Takeoff field length
TO-FLX Derated (flexible) take-off
TOFP Takeoff flightpath
to/from Indication of whether certain radio navaids are
moving towards or away from ground station, either by
caption window in instrument or by various switches or
procedures; also called sense indication Esp applies to
VOR
TOFT Tactical operational flight trainer [simulator]
(USN)
TO/GA Takeoff or go-around (overshoot)
Toga button Automatically advances throttle levers to
takeoff thrust
toggling Joggling
TOGR Takeoff ground roll
TOGW Takeoff gross weight, either published MTOW
or that at one particular takeoff
TOI Time of intercept
TOJ Track on jam[ming]
TOL Takeoff and landing; A adds analysis
Told card Takeoff and landing data, kept handy in
cockpit
tolerance 1 Maximum departure permitted between
dimension of an actual part and its nominal value; usually
part may be either over or undersize (eg 653 ± 0.1 mm) but
occasionally * is unilateral (eg 653 - 0.1 mm)
2 Maximum error permissible in calibration of
instru-ment or other device
3 Maximum quantity of harmful radiation which may
be received by particular person with negligible results,
also called * dose
4 Ability of individual to withstand cumulative doses of
drug
toluene Flammable liquid used as solvent and thinner;also called methyl benzene (C6H5CH3) or toluol
TOM Target object map
tombstone technology Advances triggered by fatalaccidents
tome X-ray slice through running engine or othersubject Generated by neutrons, gamma rays or otherradiation [today usually PET (2)]
tomodromic Heading to intersect a particular line, egtrajectory of another aircraft
tomogram Array of tomes scanned in sequence toprovide 3-D picture
TOMS Total ozone mapping spectrometer
ton 1 Standard SI-related unit is tonne (t), = 1,000 kg =
1 Mg = 0.984207 long ton = 2,204.6236 lb In Americas2,000 lb, commonly called short * (not abb.), =907.18474 kg In UK and Commonwealth 2,240 lb,commonly called long * (not abb.), = 1,016.0469088 kg =1.12 short * In aerospace much confusion exists because
of these three values, especially 12% difference betweenshort and long * in aircraft payloads, airline traffic(usually short *), airfield pavements (mainly metric) andmany other areas When used incorrectly as a force [tonf]
UK ton = 9.96402 kN, US ton = 8.89644 kN
2 In air-conditioning and refrigeration, rate of removal
of heat sufficient to freeze 1 short * of ice each 24 h =3,140.05 W (if long * is basis, 3,516.85 W)
tonal balance Can refer to audio frequencies (balanceacross pitches of sounds as heard by listener) or towhite/grey/black or colour tones in radar or other elec-tronic display
tone 1 Sound of one pitch containing no harmonics,
usually synonymous with mono-*
2 Specifically, in AAM launch, aural note which
changes to singing or growling after IR lock-on
tone localizer Localizer whose L/R indications arereceived as contrasting tones heard on each side of glide-slope centreline
tonf Ton force, non-SI unit of force, = 9,964.02 N
Tonka See R-Stoff.
ton-mile Unit of aircraft work; assuming long ton andstatute mile = 1.5838 tonne-km (reciprocal 0.6314); * perImp gal = 0.3484 tonne-km/litre (reciprocal 2.8703)
tonne Metric ton, 103
kg = 0.98433 long tons = 1.10231
US tons
TO N1 Takeoff engine fan speed
TOO Target of opportunity
tool Though obviously normal meaning applies in space, an added meaning is extension to include anydevice or construction facilitating manufacture orassembly, even when it plays no part in shapingworkpiece Examples include assembly structures ofspecies in most cases preferably called jigs (more explicit),
aero-as well aero-as temporary fixtures, struts and props, inflatablebags, rubber press-* and dies of all kinds, and devices forholding or locating during tests or other operations
tool bit Small cutting tool, usually from square steel barwith super-hard added tip, fixed in place on machine tool;not used for drills and millers
tool design Design of tools for particular programme,esp design of all required jigs, fixtures, templates, gauges
Trang 27and special-purpose tools, eg for checking dimensions and
alignment of large parts
tooling See Tool.
toolmaker Skilled person, usually previously machinist,
responsible for making many special-purpose in-plant
tools (both jigs/fixtures and cutting tools) and in
par-ticular for setting up machines for semi-skilled operatives
and minders, today often versed in NC
toolroom Originally room where cutting tool bits were
kept, today clean (often in strict sense) environment for
super-accurate measures, gauges and manufacturing
operations calling for abnormal standards of accuracy
tool steel High-carbon steels retaining extreme hardness
at elevated temperatures (note: bits are now usually
carbides, cermet or other materials)
TOP 1 Total obscuring power; basic measure of chaff
or aerosol, in US expressed in non-SI units sq ft/lb
(cross-section of sky per unit mass dispensed), for 80%
opaqueness to hostile radar or other sensor
2 Tube à ondes progressives = TWT (F).
3 Technical and office protocol, similar to CNMA and
top cover Defending friendly fighters watching over
bomber or attack aircraft from higher level, esp while
over hostile territory
top dead centre Instantaneous position of piston engine
or reciprocating-pump crankpin in which centreline of
crankshaft, crankpin and cylinder are all in line with
piston at extreme top of stroke; hence also corresponding
position of piston
top dressing Application of ag-chemical to land or
growing crops from above; normally method of applying
fertilizers rather than insecticides, for which technique
may be to coat undersides of leaves also
top-hat Family of standard structural sections based on
five straight surfaces, each at 90° to neighbour(s);
resemble top hat in shape
Topkat Tele-operated precision kill and targeting
top loading Increasing apparent (effective) height of
radiating aerial by adding metal plate, mesh or radial
wires at extremity
TOPM Takeoff performance monitor; S adds system
topocentric Referred to observer’s position; measures,
usually linear distance or az/el, based on observer’s
position as origin
topographic Representing physical features of Earth’s
surface, both natural and man-made; hence * display, *
map DoD definition of * map: one which presents
vertical position of features in measurable form as well as
horizontal Normally, essential feature is use of contour
lines, as well as normal positional information
top overhaul Overhaul of piston-engine cylinders (valve
grinding, ring replacement, decarbonization etc) without
opening crankcase
topping Operating cycle of liquid-propellant turbopump
for rocket engine in which cryogenic fuel is heated,
producing high-pressure gas used to drive turbine(s); this
gas then passes at lower pressure to combustion chamber
(different nozzles from main flow), where it burns Hence
topple Real or apparent wander in vertical plane of
gyro-axis (see toppled).
toppled Gyro whose gimbals have for any reason ceased
to maintain its correct axis in space, so that furtherrotation of mounting results in violent direct precession.Traditional gyro instruments can be * by aerobatics orany rotation of aircraft axes beyond defined limits, instru-ment then being useless as attitude reference until gyro hassettled again into normal operation New term is neededfor either topple or toppled
top rudder Applying rudder towards the upper wing in aturn: thus, in a steeply banked L turn, pushing on R pedal[eg, to keep nose from dropping below horizon]
TOPS 1 Thermoelectric outer-planet spacecraft.
2 Transfer orbit and payload-testing support.
Topsar Topographical synthetic-aperture radar
Topscene Tactical operational scene (Tamps)
Top Secret High grade of defence classification formaterial whose unauthorized disclosure might result inseverance of diplomatic relations, war or collapse ofdefence planning
Topsep Targeting optimization for solar-electricpropulsion
top shock Shockwave on upper surface of aerofoil
topside On carrier flight deck, esp movement thereto byelevator; eg coming * as aircraft or other item appearslevel with deck (USN)
top-temperature control Any subsystem limiting atemperature to a specified safe limit, esp that for TET,TGT or equivalents
TOR, T-OR 1 Takeoff run.
2 Tentative operational requirement.
3 Terms of reference.
tor Torr
TOR a , TORA Takeoff run available, usually = TOR
Toray Trade name [from torched rayon] of carbonfibres of outstanding specific strength and modulus
torch igniter Combined igniter plug and fuel atomizeremitting jet of flame from burning fuel Very rare in gasturbines but occasionally used in afterburners and aminority of liquid and solid rockets
torching 1 Faulty operation of gas turbine, esp jet
engine, in which unburned fuel travels past turbine andresults in flames travelling down jetpipe, often expelledfrom exhaust nozzle
2 Faulty operation of piston engine in which unburned
fuel travels through exhaust valve and burns in exhaustpipe, often causing visible flame beyond exhaust nozzle
3 Degassing in ultrahigh-vacuum technology by
applying gas flame to walls
toric Having a surface described by a segment of a conicsection
toric combiner Optical lens assembly used to combine agenerated-information display with an image of realworld
Torlon Heat-resistant resin used in graphite-fibrecomposites for high-temperature applications (Amoco)
tornado Localized violent whirlwind east of Rockies in
Trang 28US with such low pressure in core as to explode structures
in its path, usually pendant under a Cb Also used for Gulf
of Guinea thunder squalls advancing westwards in line
toroidal Shaped like doughnut
toroidal vanes Rings of curved section guiding air to eye
of centrifugal compressor
torpedo director Traditional optical sight for aerial
torpedo attack; user sets target size/speed and receives
azimuth guidance
torque For all practical purposes, synonymous with
turning moment or couple [which see] A rigorous
def-inition is effectiveness of a force in setting a body into
rotation, according to which trying to loosen a tight nut
unsuccessfully or rotate free end of rod fixed at other is
not application of * (though in second case it is torsion)
Often invertedly defined as resistance to a twisting action
For propellers see * component.
torque box Box-like structure, eg wing torsion box,
designed to resist applied torque
torque brake Variable brake on rotating shaft, eg slat
drive, triggered at particular point of system travel
torque coefficient Product of propeller torque divided by
ρN2D5; kQ= Q/ ρN2D.5
torque component Qc, tangential force acting in plane of
propeller rotation on any elementary chordwise lamina;
thus total propeller torque Q = N½ρ V2
× integral of Qc
from axis to tip with respect to radius
torque dynamometer Measures shaft power by
measuring N (rpm) and torque
torque effect Reaction on vehicle of torque applied to
propeller or rotor (** for rotodome usually ignored); in
helicopter countered by tail rotor
torque horsepower Shaft horsepower, often same as
brake horsepower Use to be discouraged because of
confusion with thp (thrust horsepower)
torque link Pivoted links preventing relative rotation
between cylinder and piston of oleo shockstrut; limiting
factor with bogie main gears on allowable steering angle
of nose gear Also called scissors or nutcracker
torquemeter Device, either instrument or component
part of engine, for measuring torque; in turboprop or
some piston engines, usually oil-pressure system sensing
axial load on reduction-gear planetary helical gears or,
less often, tangential reactive load around annulus gear
torquer Device imparting torque to an axis of freedom
of a gyro, usually in response to signal input
torque roll Performable only by aircraft with
fast-responding (eg piston) engine on centreline giving very
large torque in relation to aircraft weight; approach is
made at flight idle at minimum safe flying speed,
where-upon throttle is banged wide open to cause rapid roll in
opposite direction as aircraft accelerates, pilot recovering
to wings-level with aileron
torque-set screw Can be repeatedly unscrewed without
losing original torque needed to release; used to latch
long-MTBM panels
torque stand Test stand for engines, esp aircraft piston
engines
torque tube Tubular member designed to withstand
torque, either one applied inevitably and to be resisted or
one to be transmitted as part of drive system (eg in
primary flight controls)
torque wrench Hand tool with dial or other direct
readout of torque imparted, usually set to slip if loaded
over-torquing Input to gyro from torquer for slaving,capturing, slewing, cageing etc
torr Non-SI unit of high-vacuum pressure, = 133.322N/m2
= 0.0193368 lbf/in2
Originally (and still very nearly)
1 mm Hg
torsion Deflection, usually within elastic range, caused
by twisting, ie applied torque (note: * is result, not anapplied stress)
torsional divergence Potentially lethal design fault inwhich wing’s aerodynamic centre is ahead of shear centre
or elastic axis, lurking unsuspected until a critical IAS isexceeded
torsional instability Characteristic of structural membersuch that, when loaded in compression or bending, it willtwist before reaching ultimate compressive stress
torsional load One imparting turning moment or torque
torsional stress Stress resulting from applied torque; fortorque tube Ss= Tc/J where T is torque, c is radius and Jpolar moment of inertia
torsion balance Instrument containing light horizontalrod suspended by fine fibre for measuring weak forces, eggravitation, radiation
torsion-bar tab See spring tab.
torsion box Main structural basis of wing, comprisingfront and rear spars joined by strong upper and lowerskins; also called wing box, inter-spar box
torso harness Normal seat harness of military pilotrestraining torso over full length
TOS 1 Transfer orbit stage (eg Shuttle to
geosynchro-nous)
2 Time on station.
3 Traffic orientation scheme.
4 Tactical operations system.
5 Tiros operational satellite[s].
TOSA Takeoff space available
TOSS Television optical scoring system
toss bombing Method of attack on surface target withfree-fall bomb, esp NW, in which aircraft flies towardtarget, pulls up in vertical plane and releases bomb atangle that compensates for effect of gravity drop; similar
to loft-bombing and unrestricted as to altitude butnormally entered from lo Two main varieties: forward **,
in which bomb is released at angle short of 90° (usuallyabout 70°), after which aircraft continues withImmelmann-type manoeuvre; and over-the-shoulder **,
in which aircraft overflies target and releases at anglebeyond 90°
TOT 1 Time on (or over) target.
2 Turbine outlet temperature.
3 Time-oriented task.
4 Total.
5 Transfer of title, on delivery of aircraft.
t ot Time on target (radar)
total Noun or adjective, damaged far beyond economicrepair
total air temperature Temperature of air brought to restincluding rise due to compressibility
total blade-width ratio Ratio of propeller diameter toproduct of number of blades and maximum blade chord;also known as total propeller-width ratio
total conductivity Sum of electrical conductivities of all
Trang 29free ions, positive and negative, in given volume of
atmos-phere
total curvature Change in direction of ray between
object and observer
total drag Component of total aerodynamic force on
unducted body parallel to free-stream direction = induced
plus profile = pressure plus surface friction
total-energy equation Expression for sum of pressure,
kinetic and potential energies of given volume of
atmos-phere as result of combining mechanical energy equation
with thermodynamic
total engagement training Involving actual or simulated
firing of weapons
total equivalent horsepower See equivalent horsepower.
total head See total pressure.
total impulse Basic measure of quantity of energy
imparted to vehicle by rocket, = integral of thrust versus
time over total operating time, abb It, expressed in Ns,
kNs or (US) lbf-s
totalizer Indicator showing quantity of variable (fuel,
ammunition etc) that has passed sensing point (see
detotalising).
totalled Damaged beyond repair
total lift Component along lift axis of resultant force on
aircraft
total-loss lubrication System in which oil is supplied,
usually under cartridge or other stored gas pressure, and
finally dumped overboard; common in target or
cruise-missile propulsion
total noise rating See noise.
total obligational authority Money for 5-year defence
programme or any portion for a given FY (DoD)
total operating time Time between ignition of
solid-propellant rocket motor and time when thrust decays to
zero; this is usually at least 15% longer than burn time and
10% longer than action time
total-package procurement Award of one very large
prime contract for entire operative system from
con-ceptual stage through R&D to engineering design, test
and production
total pressure Pressure that would be reached in fluid
moving past body if its relative velocity were to be
brought to zero adiabatically and isentropically For low
speeds taken as p ½ ρV2
and at high Mach numbers as
p (1 + [γ – 1] M2
/2) γ /γ -1 Also called total head or
stag-nation pressure, and usually same as pitot pressure,
impact pressure
total-pressure head See pitot head.
total propeller width ratio See total blade-width ratio.
total refraction Curvature of radiation out of layer or
medium
total system Entire system supplied to virgin site,
including accommodation, civil engineering, power
supply, refuse disposal etc, as turnkey contract
total temperature Temperature of particle of fluid at
stagnation point or otherwise brought to rest
adiabati-cally and isentropiadiabati-cally If Tsis static temperature, TH=
Ts(1 + ½ [γ – 1] M2)-1
total terrain avionics Combine digital contour and map
information to enhance sensors and displays for carefree
flight at high speeds at low altitudes in bad weather
without any high-energy or readily detectable emissions,
thus facilitating stealth design
TOTE, Tote Tracker optical thermally enhanced
tote board Display board presenting written tion in tabular form, esp in ATC (1) flight-progress board
informa-or cockpit alphanumeric tab (4)
TOTS, tots Tower operator training system (USNATC)
touch-and-go Practice landing in which aeroplane ispermitted to touch runway briefly; in many cases flaps aremoved to take-off setting while weight is on wheels
touch-control steering Small inputs by pilot to changeflight path while in autopilot mode
touchdown 1 Moment, or location, of contact of aircraft
with surface on landing or of soft-landing spacecraft withdesignated destination surface
2 Intersection of glidepath with Earth’s surface, not
necessarily point of any actual landing
touch down To perform touchdown
touchdown aim-point Area of runway on which pilotintends to land This is usually in touchdown zone, but onSTOL runway a ** marker is provided in form of 90 m(200 ft) axial white strip on each runway edge projectinginwards from white edge strips
touchdown point That programmed into UCARS orother UAV recovery system
touchdown ROD Touchdown rate of descent; valueshown by ** indicator, usually sensitive VSI based onradio altimeter or laser altimeter
touchdown RVR Touchdown runway visual range;RVR at time and place of landing
touchdown zone That portion of runway selected bymost pilots as touchdown zone; on precision instrumentrunway marked by three close axial white bars 90 m(200 ft) long on each side between centreline and edge,beginning 150 m (500 ft) beyond threshold
touch-screen technology Ability of advanced displays tointerface with humans by direct fingertip touch of part ofdisplay of interest, notably by touching particular line orword in alphanumeric readout
touchwire Human input to electronic display in form ofmatrix of fine wires, any of which, when touched, switchesenlarged local region of display to fill entire area (or, inalphanumerics switches in amplified readout of thatparticular item)
toughness Ability of structural material to absorbmechanical energy in plastic deformation without frac-ture
tour 1 Individual crew member’s assigned total of
combat missions To qualify, mission must be effective.RAF * in WW2 was usually 30
2 More generally, * of particular duty for military
personnel
touring aircraft 1 Original meaning, aircraft designed
for long pleasure flights
2 Aircraft making appearances at successive air
TOVC Top of overcast
TOVS Tiros operational vertical sounder
TOW 1 Takeoff weight, usually meaning MTOW.
2 Tube-launched optically-tracked wire-guided
(missile)
Trang 303 Time of week (GPS).
tow 1 Standard manufactured form of reinforcing fibre,
eg carbon, graphite, as long unwoven staple
2 Aero * for one flight of sailplane; hence on *, * release.
towbar Connects tug and nose gear for towing or
pushing away from gate
towbarless tractor One designed to lift NLG off ground
on to tractor body
tow dart Dart-type aerial target towed by RPV or target
drone or, in some cases and on 900 m (2,000 ft) line, by
manned aircraft
towed body Remote sensing unit of helicopter MAD or
airborne magnetometer
towed glider Glider on aero tow
towel rack Rail-like aerial (antenna) for HF com or
Loran (colloq.)
tower Airport or airfield control tower, esp service or
facility based therein; hence * airport, * frequency, *
controlled Increasingly coming to mean seat of ATC even
if no physical * exists
tower fly-by Fly past tower at low level, eg for
determi-nation of position error or visual check on aircraft
configuration
towering Opposite of stooping, refraction phenomenon
in atmosphere in which visual image of distant object
appears extended vertically
towering cumulus Building rapidly, so that height
exceeds any lateral dimension
towering takeoff Helicopter rises vertically under full
power and goes ahead as rate of climb decays to zero
tower shaft Radial shaft transmitting drive from engine
spool to accessory gearbox or other unit
tower-snag recovery Recovery of RPV or other winged
vehicle by flying it to hook a line suspended between arms
on tower built for this purpose; in most systems line
imparts decelerative drag which stalls vehicle within
distance significantly less than height of tower
towhook Pilot-operated coupling release on glider for
tow cable
towing basin See towing tank.
towing eye Eye (structural ring) attached to nose gear or
other part of aircraft for towing on ground
towing sleeve Towed sleeve (drogue) target
towing tank Long, narrow water tank for hydrodynamic
tests, also called seaplane basin/tank, along which models
of hull/float forms, skis, ACVs and other objects are
towed Seldom used for wavemaking
Townend ring Pioneer ring-type cowling for radial
engines, with chord seldom greater than external diameter
of cylinders and no pretension at true aerofoil shape,
though usually with tube around inner side of leading
edge
Townsend avalanche Cascade multiplication of ions in
gas-filled counting-tube technology
Townsend coefficients In DC gas-discharge, First ** =
η = number of electron/ion pairs per volt; Second ** = γ
= number of secondary electrons emitted from cathode
per impacting positive ion
Townsend discharge DC discharge between two
elec-trodes immersed in gas and requiring cathode electron
emission
Townsend ionization coefficients Average number of
ionizing collisions electron makes in drifting unit distance
along applied field
tow-reeling machine Powered winch for winding in cabletowing aerial target or other device
tow rope Connection between tug and glider, in WW2typically 9 in [229 mm] or 10 in [254 mm] (circumference)
Manila [hemp], later replaced by Nylon See cable.
tow tractor Usually means prime mover for towingaircraft or baggage train
Toxic-B Most common lethal air-dropped or dispensedwar agent (USSR)
TP 1 Turning point.
2 Thermoplastics.
3 Test pilot, or point.
4 Target, or training, practice.
11 Two-seat pursuit (USA 1919–24).
12 Telecommunication [singular] processor.
Tp 1 Tailplane trim [actuator].
2 Tropical Pacific.
TPA 1 Target-practice ammunition.
2 Traffic-pattern altitude.
3 Taildragger Pilots’ Association (US).
4 Trigger-pulse amplifier [D adds driver].
TPAR 1 Tactical penetration-aid rocket, carrying
expendable ECM payloads
2 Trans-polar air route.
TPC 1 Total programme cost(s).
2 Tactical pilotage chart.
3 Temperature- [or thermally-] protective coating.
4 Technical Partnership Canada.
TPCI Technical publications combined index
TPD Tracking processing device
TPDR Transponder (more often TXP or XPDR)
TPDU Transport Protocol data unit
TPE 1 Tracking and pointing experiment.
2 Thermoplastic elastomer.
TPED Tasking, processing, exploitation and semination (Imint)
dis-TPF 1 Terminal phase, final.
2 Technology performance financing.
3 Terrestrial-planet finder.
TPFDD Time-phased force and deployment data
TP4 Transport Protocol Class 4
TPFP Target-practice frangible projectile [-T adds-tracer]
TPFT Tunable pipelined frequency transform
TPG 1 TV picture generator, Tepigen.
2 Technology planning guide.
3 Topping.
T-phi, Tφ T-S.
TPI Terminal phase initiation
t.p.i. Turns (or threads) per inch
TPIS Tyre-pressure indicating system
TPL 1 Transmitted pulse length.
2 Terminal permission list (Acars/Afeps).
TPM 1 Terrain profile matching.
2 Technical performance management.
TPMU Tyre-pressure monitor unit
TPN Technical procedure notice; (L) adds electronic
TPP 1 Tip-path plane.
Trang 312 Total-package procurement (C adds concept).
3 Technology program plan (AFSC).
4 Terminal procedures publication.
5 Tri-phenyl phosphate, extreme-pressure anti-scuff oil
TPRM Trusted protocol reference model
TPS 1 Thermal protection system.
2 Test program set.
3 Technical problem-solving.
4 Thermal picture synthesizer.
5 Test Pilot School (USAF).
TPSA Technologies, processes and system attributes
TPSRS Terminal primary and secondary radar
system(s)
TPT, TP/T 1 Target practice, tracer.
2 Transonic pressure tunnel.
TPTA Tailplane trim actuator
TPTO Temporary permission to operate
TPU 1 Terminal position update (RV).
2 Tactical, or transmitter, or transceiver, processing
unit
3 Turbine power unit (Gripen).
TPWG Test planning working group
TPX-42 Numeric decoder of aircraft beacons
TQ Total quality; C adds cost, E engineering, M
management, PP planning and producibility and S
4 Tactical reconnaissance (US, role prefix).
5 Torpedo reconnaissance (UK, defunct).
t r Round-trip transit time, especially of radar signal
TRA 1 Track angle.
2 Radar transfer-of-control message.
TRAC, Trac 1 Telescoping-rotor aircraft.
2 Trials recording and analysis console, giving
im-mediate video-tape of fire-control system performance
3 Tactical radar correlator.
4 Terminal radar approach control.
5 Tradoc Analysis Center.
6 Transit research and attitude control (satellite).
Traca, Trac-A Total radar aperture-control antenna
Tracals Traffic-control approach and landing system(USAF)
Trace 1 Test equipment for rapid automatic checkout
and evaluation
2 Taxiing and routing of aircraft co-ordination
equip-ment (US 1960s)
trace 1 Line on CRT and many other displays made by
electron beam, successive sweeps being linked by retraces
2 Line of data on any linear graphic printout visible to
eye (thus, not applicable to magnetic tape)
3 EDP (1) diagnostic technique which analyses each
instruction and writes it on an output device as each isexecuted
trace ice Rate of accretion just exceeds sublimation
tracer 1 Ammunition whose projectiles leave bright
visible trails
2 Substance added (usually in very small proportion) to
main flow in order latter may be followed accuratelythrough process, living organism etc; * may be physical,chemical or, often, radioactive
tracer display True historic display on Hudwac orsimilar sight system featuring tracer line and othersymbology for snapshooting, normally with real targetscene through combiner glass
tracer line Bright line on sight system showing locus ofpoints where a projectile would now be had it been firedduring preceding few seconds, ie where projectiles fromcontinuous burst would now be A range marker, usually
a ring, is superimposed at actual target range Pilot mustthen place this ring over target in order to hit it, or arrangefor target to pass through ring
track 1 Path of aircraft over Earth’s surface from
take-off to touchdown
2 At any time in flight, angle between a reference
datum, and actual flightpath of aircraft over Earth’ssurface, measured clockwise from 000° round to 360°.Magnetic * is referred to magnetic N; true * is referred totrue N and is * normally used in plotting; required * is thatdesired; * made good is that found by inspection to havebeen achieved; great-circle and rhumbline * are thosewhich are thus represented on chart
3 To observe or plot a * (1), eg by radar or on plotting
board
4 Series of related contacts on plotting board.
5 To display or record successive positions of moving
object
6 To lock on to source of radiation and obtain
guidance therefrom
7 Path traced by tips of propeller, rotor or similar
rotating radial-arm assembly
8 Distance measured as straight line between centre of
contact area of left mainwheel, or geometric centre of leftmain-gear bogie, and corresponding centre on right; incase of aircraft with centreline gears and outriggers,measured between outriggers; if landing gears are skids,measured between lines of contact; if main gears are skis,measured between centrelines; if gears are inflatablepontoons, measured between centres of ground contactarea; not normally applied to marine aircraft, but wouldpresumably be distance between CLs of two floats
9 As plural, rails along which travel area-increasing
flaps or certain translating leading edge slats, carryingthese surfaces out approx in direction normal to leading
or trailing edge
Trang 3210 To keep device aimed at moving target.
11 Conductive path on printed-circuit board.
12 DME mode after lock-on, when pulse-pair rate is
reduced
13 Position and velocity of aircraft estimated from
correlated surveillance data (TCAS)
track angle See track (1).
track ball Basic human interface with electronic
displays, either for inputting data or calling up portion of
display for any reason; comprises ball recessed into
console rolled by operator’s palm in any direction to
generate either stream of digital pulses or analog voltage
about two co-ordinate axes to achieve desired place, eg
particular aircraft on display
track beacon See NDB.
track clearance Clearance to fly stated track (1) as far as
particular fix
track correlation Correlating track information using all
available data, for identification purposes
track crossing angle 1 Angular difference between
tracks of interceptor and target at time of intercept
(DoD)
2 Generally, angle between two flight paths measured
from tail of reference aircraft
tracker Hand-held electronic reader of coded
infor-mation on parcel or letter, which is then automatically
sent by radio (satellite if necessary) to management
displays
track handover Process of transferring responsibility
for production of air-defence track from one
track-production area to next (NESN)
tracking 1 Air intercept code: “By my evaluation, target
is steering true course indicated” (DoD)
2 Precise and continuous position-finding of targets by
radar, optical or other means (NESN) Hence
synony-mous with track (5)
3 Measure of correct rotation of separate blades of
heli-copter main rotor in that each should follow exactly
behind its predecessor, ie all tips should lie in common
tip-path plane
4 Procedure to ensure * (3) by holding paper or fabric
against painted blade tips and adjusting hub settings until
a single spot results
5 Correct holding of frequency relationships between
all receiver circuits tuned from same shaft to maintain
constant intermediate frequency in superhet or constant
difference frequencies
6 Keeping device, eg fighter aircraft, aimed at target;
hence synonymous with track (10)
7 Flight path in horizontal plane, especially along ILS
glidepath
tracking station Fixed station for tracking (2) objects in
air or space
track initiator Person responsible for taking decision on
appearance of unknown blip on air-defence or other
surveillance radar that it represents a target whose track
is to be determined and assigned an identity
track intervals Convenient time/distance divisions
between checkpoints when navigating visually
track lock lever Hand lever locking flight-crew seat in
desired position
track made good See track (1).
track marker Symbology on display indicating track, eg
straight black or bright line, with or without arrowhead,
cross, ring or square, depending on type of display; absentwhen display is auto track-oriented
track oriented Aligned with current track at 12 o’clockposition, eg hand-held map, projected map display, etc
track prioritization Order of threat priority can bemanually or automatically assigned to several targets,usually on basis of TTG
track production Function of air-surveillance ation in which active and passive radar inputs arecorrelated into coherent position reports together withhistoric positions, identities, heights, strengths and direc-tion of flight (NESN)
organiz-track-production area Area in which tracks areproduced by one radar station
track repetition Time between exact overflights of spot
on Earth by satellite
track separation 1 Lateral distance between aircraft
tracks imposed by ATC
2 Distance (often at Equator) or angular longitude
difference between successive passes of Earth satellite
track symbology Symbols used to display and identifytracks on radar or data-readout console or other elec-tronic display
track telling Process of communicating air-defence,surveillance and tactical-data information betweencommand and control systems and facilities: back tell,transfer from higher to lower echelon of command; crosstell, between facilities at same level; forward tell, to higherlevel; lateral tell, across front at same level; overlap tell, toadjacent facility concerning tracks detected in latter’sarea; and relateral tell; via third party
track via missile SAM or AAM guidance system based
on multirole electronically scanned radar [eg, Patriot]
trackway Standard prefabricated military track for landvehicles, quickly laid for recovery of force-landed aircraft
or across infilled bomb crater on airfield, esp to speedreopening of bombed runway
track-while-scan Radar/ECM scan produced by twounidirectional sector scans simultaneously scanning intwo planes, usually one vertically and one horizontally,allowing target common to both to be accurately tracked
in az/el as well as (medium PRF) range/V Target is notalerted as subject to special interest
Tracon Terminal radar approach control (FAA)
Tracs 1 Terminal radar and [or approach] control
systems (Canada DND)
2 Test and repair control system, automated data
retrieval (TRACS)
3 Tool[s] for rapid advances in cockpit simulation.
4 Transportable radar and communications simulator.
traction wave Generated on tread surface of inflated tyre at high speed
under-tractor Adjective meaning pulling, hence * aeroplane ispulled by propellers, not pushed; * propeller is in front ofengine and driven by shaft in tension Converse is pusher
tradcom Transportation R&D Command (USAF,defunct)
trade 1 Targets, eg a plurality of hostile aerial targets.
2 Of fighter, to encounter hostile aircraft.
tradeoff Generalized term for fair exchange betweeninter-related variables; thus in aircraft design there arenumerous and continuing examples of * between wingarea, thrust, fuel consumption, gust response, structureweight and many other parameters; in aircraft flight
Trang 33management pilot can * (used as verb) speed for height,
etc
Tradoc Training & Doctrine Command (USA); possible
confusion with Tadoc
traffic 1 Quantity of vehicles, eg aircraft, in operation;
measured as number in flight in region at one time,
number under positive control, or general number in
vicinity, or as number in given period For control
purposes includes * on movement area
2 Number of landings and take-offs at airport in given
period, eg one calendar year
3 One aircraft in flight as reported to or noticed by
another in vicinity
4 Output of commercial or military air transport
oper-ator, measured in such units as number of pax or mass of
cargo carried multiplied by mean distance each is
trans-ported, eg passenger miles or tonne-km (standard units
compatible with SI are needed)
5 Number or frequency of messages on telecom system.
“traffic” Repeated, aural warning of midair (TCAS)
traffic advisory Information [without comment] sent to
pilot about other traffic within ± 1,200 ft FL and [at
existing closure speed] 45 s in time
traffic alert and collision-avoidance system As initially
conceived, exists in two levels TCAS I is the baseline
system which merely senses potentially conflicting traffic
and warns crew [by traffic advisory] TCAS II
addition-ally provides traffic information within c30 nm [55 km],
and two conflicting equipped aircraft are manoeuvred
apart
traffic circuit See Circuit.
traffic density The number of xpdr-equipped aircraft
[excluding one’s own] within R nm [1.85R km] π R2
traffic information, radar Information issued to alert
aircraft to radar target observed on ground radar display
which may be in such proximity to its position or intended
route as to warrant its attention
traffic lights Any red/amber/green presentation,
especially that by a radar altimeter referenced to a
prese-lected low (minimum safe) height setting
traffic pattern See circuit; * usually used for
tracks/profiles of arrivals and departures of non-GA
traffic, ie military or commercial
traffic situation display TMS (3) tool for monitoring
position of traffic to determine demand on airports and
sensors
TrAG Training air group (RN, WW2)
trail 1 Relative motion of dropped store, eg free-fall
bomb, behind aircraft flying at constant V, broken down
into * distance, cross-*, range component of *, * angle,
cross-* angle, and range component of cross-*
2 Distance between centre of tyre contact area with
ground and intersection with ground of free castoring
axis; not relevant to power-steered aircraft
3 To shadow another aircraft or hostile ship(s).
4 Tendency of freely hinged (ie, not irreversible) control
surface to align itself with relative wind Normally
nega-tive, surface ‘floating’ in line with wind, but an
overbalanced surface has positive * and unless restrained
will be blown to limit of its deflection
5 To fly a tanker behind potential receivers.
6 To extend tanker’s hose.
trail angle 1 Angle between vertical and line joining
bomb impact to aircraft at time of impact
2 Several angles in landing gear, including acute angle
between bogie beam and aircraft horizontal plane tive when front axle is lower than rear) and acute anglebetween local aircraft vertical and axis of main-gear oleostrut (often not relevant because of gear geometry)
(nega-trail blade That immediately following in same stage ofengine fan, compressor or turbine, especially following ablade that breaks off
trail distance Horizontal distance between point ofbomb impact and point vertically below aircraft at time ofbomb impact
trailer 1 Aircraft following and keeping under
sur-veillance a designated airborne contact (DoD)
2 General US term for towed road vehicle, esp for
trailing area Area of flight control or other pivotedsurface on aircraft downwind of hinge axis
trailing blade Trail blade (US usage)
trailing edge 1 Rear edge of aerofoil or streamlined
strut
2 Outline of pulse as amplitude falls from peak to zero
or minmum positive value
trailing finger Extra electrode in piston-engine magnetodistributor which transmits large current from boostermagneto to cylinder next in firing order when engine isstarted
trailing flap Not a normal term but could be applied toJunkers double wing
trailing sweep Sweep (5) when deviation is towardstrailing edge
trailing vortex Vortex extending downstream frompoint on body
trailing vortex drag See lift-induced drag.
trail length Length of cable connecting aircraft tobraking parachute, anti-spin parachute or other dragdevice
trail line That between aircraft in level flight and bomb
released from it Projected, it reaches trail point.
trail point Where trail line reaches Earth’s surface
trail rope 1 Trailed by balloon over ground to reduce
groundspeed and assist in regulating height
2 Carried in airship for ground handling.
train Bombs dropped in short intervals or sequence(DoD)
train bombing Two or more bombs released at determined interval from one aircraft as result of singleactuation of release mechanism (USAF)
pre-trainer Aircraft for training flight personnel, esp pilots
training aids Items whose primary purpose is to assistinstruction and growth of operator skill/familiarity, such
as publications, tapes, films, mimic boards, systems rigs,procedure trainers and simulators
training package Self-contained arrangement to trainpersonnel (eg of an air force or of purchaser of GAaircraft) for fixed fee or fixed outlay per month; mayinclude design of trainer, construction of facilities asturnkey contract or part of larger programme
trajectory Flightpath in 3-D of any object, eg aeroplane
or electron or other particle, with exception of orbits and
Trang 34other closed paths Can be ballistic, acted on only by
atmospheric drag and gravity, or controlled by various
external forces
trajectory band Webbing strip round top of aerostat
envelope to reduce distortion
trajectory plotting A particular meaning is using a
wreckage field and knowledge of winds at all relevant
altitudes to establish point in sky at which an aircraft
broke up
trajectory scorer Instrument carried by aerial target
which continuously defines position of intercepting
missile in sphere whose centre coincides with origin of
target’s co-ordinate axes; readout is time-history record of
missile range and angular position commensurate with
scoring requirements
trajectory shift Distance or angular measure of
devia-tion of missile from ballistic trajectory under influence of
a thrust mechanism (ASCC)
Trakmat UV-stabilized polypropylene overlain by mesh
of galvanised-steel rods and wires
TRAM, Tram Target-recognition attack multi-sensor;
DRS adds ‘detection and ranging set’
tram Trammel bar, or as verb to use same (colloq.)
tramline pointer(s) Twin parallel lines or bars between
which is to be aligned instrument needle
tramlines Guidance lines on flight deck for V/STOL
aircraft proceeding under own power
trammel and adjust Traditional procedure for rigging
airframe c1910–35
trammel bar Hand gauge in form of straight bar,
set-square, triangle or other shape provided with precision
locating feet; used in checking dimensions, angles and
alignments of large structures; abb tram or tram bar
tramming Use of trammel bar
tramping 1 Uncommanded oscillation of rudder [less
often, other control surfaces]
2 Oscillation or vibration of aircraft in vertical plane.
3 Zigzag flight path as result of (1).
tranche Production batch, not all aircraft necessarily
being to same standard (UK)
trans, TRANS 1 Transmit, transmitter, transmitting.
2 Transition; ALT adds altitude, LEV level.
transatmospheric Operating between upper atmosphere
and sub-orbital regime
transatmospheric vehicle Also called aerospace plane,
spacecraft capable of atmospheric flight with full
pro-pulsion, lift and control, and recovery at base similar to
that of aeroplane Launch may be either by vertical rocket
or horizontal takeoff
transattack period From initiation of NW attack to its
termination (DoD)
transborder Crossing frontier, eg airborne pollution,
fallout, virus etc
transceiver Radio transmitter and receiver sharing
common case and subcircuits, precluding simultaneous
transmission and reception
transcowl Translating (fore/aft-moving) structure of fan
reverser
transducer Device for translating energy from one form
to another, eg mechanical strain to electrical signal
(straingauge), temperature to electrical signal
(thermo-couple), or electrical signal into sound (earphone or
loudspeaker)
transducer gain Ratio, usually expressed in dB, of power
delivered to transducer load (output) to available powerinput
transductor Any magnetic device, eg saturable reactor
or magnetic amplifier, in which non-linear characteristiccontrols circuit
Transec Transmission security
transerter Device for sampling unknown surfacematerial, eg on planet other than Earth; hence * auger,tube containing spiral auger which carries sample material
to various instruments and experiments
transfer Transport between airport and ultimate nation
desti-transfer duct Air duct between front and rear fans intandem-fan engine, containing shut-off valve and auxil-iary inlet system for rear fan and core in lift mode
transfer ellipse See transfer orbit.
transfer loader Wheeled or tracked vehicle withplatform positioned at any convenient height and withhorizontal adjustment, used in transfer of cargo or casu-alties between modes of transport
transfer function Mathematical treatment of ratio ofoutput response to input signal, usually a Laplace trans-form, expressible as plot of frequency and in closed-loopsystems controlling sensitivity of output to system error
transfer of control Action whereby responsibility forprovision of separation of an aircraft is transferred from
one controller to another (see handover, handoff).
transfer orbit Elliptical orbit linking two other orbits, egone round Moon and one round Earth; for minimumenergy invariably tangential to both linked orbits (see
Hohmann).
transfer punch Centre punch for transferring positions
of template holes to sheet beneath
transferred position line PL redrawn to slightly latertime, parallel to original but displaced by calculatedground distance
transformation Methods (Laplace, Fourier) of ing solution of differential equations; hence Laplace orFourier transform or inverse transform
simplify-Transformation[al] Revolution in application of armedforce brought about by netcentric warfare
transformer Device for transferring energy from oneelectrical circuit to another, usually with change ofvoltage, by magnetic induction
transformer/rectifier Device for converting a.c to d.c at
a different voltage; can be rotary machine or solid state
transient 1 Temporary surge or excursion of variable, eg
on first switching on
2 Short-duration electrical impulse having steep
leading edge and repeated irregularly
3 Awaiting orders, or staging through en route to
sustain-or vice versa, sustain-or allowing speed/energy to decay)
transient response Response to sudden changes indemand, eg hydraulic system or liquid rocket engine,where this factor is significant
transient trimmer Short-duration input to longitudinaltrim system to counter known disturbing moment, eg
Trang 35when extension of rocket pack under F-86D caused
pitch-attitude changes affecting aiming
Transire Single-sheet document stamped by Customs
on entering country, or different island within country
transistor Electric/electronic device for amplification or
control consisting of semiconductor material to which are
attached metal electrodes Name comes from transfer
resistor, and in simplest form one electrode is emitter,
connected to p-type material, separated from other p-type
electrode (called collector) by layer of n-type
transistor amplifier Amplifier employing one or more
transistors arranged in any of several configurations, eg
common-emitter, common-collector or common-base
transit 1 Passage of celestial body across meridian.
2 Passage of one aircraft through controlled airspace.
3 Instrument used to determine (1).
4 Apparent passage of celestial body across face of
another
5 Condition in which three points are aligned, eg
observer and two objects on Earth’s surface, prefaced by
‘in’ (ie said to be in *)
6 Period spent on ground by passenger between
arriving on one flight and departing on another, hence *
area, * trollies etc
7 A passenger in transit (6).
8 Period spent on ground by aircraft, especially
commercial transport, between flights; the most frequent
interval written into schedules for maintenance Also
defined as turnaround stop enroute
9 Motion of landing gear during retraction or
extension
transit bearing Measuring time at which two surface
features have same (measured) bearing from aircraft in
flight
transit mode Configuration of mobile system, eg SAM
missile, radars and support facilities, for moving on
ground to new location with radars folded, missiles
packed, launchers at 0° elevation and doors closed, etc
transition 1 One meaning in aerospace is change from
jet-supported VTOL flight to wing-borne translational
flight and vice versa
2 Another is sudden switch from blind instrument
approach to visual on first sighting ground, e.g runway
lights
3 Another is SID to airway and thence to Star.
transitional surface Specified surface sloping up and out
from edge of approach surface and from line originating
at end of inner edge of each approach area, drawn parallel
to runway centreline in direction of landing (ICAO)
transition altitude QNH, altitude in vicinity of airfield at
or below which aircraft control is referred to true altitude
(see transition level).
transition distance Ground distance covered in
transition (1 or 2)
transition down Change in helicopter flight level to dunk
sonobuoy in sea in ASW operation
transition envelope That portion of flight envelope in
which trimmed controllable flight is possible in powered
flight regime, bounded by airspeed, height, ROC, power,
conversion angle, AOA, control margins, etc (USAF)
transition flight Flight at TAS below power-off stall
speed, where lift is derived from both wing and
transition point Point on 2-D aerofoil or other surface atwhich boundary layer changes from laminar to turbulent,extremely sensitive to surface roughness, temperaturedifference, steadiness of upstream flow and other factors,and difficult to locate accurately in model testing
transition strip Area of airfield adjacent to runway ortaxiway suitably paved to allow aircraft to taxi across it inall weathers
transition temperature Many meanings in which ticular temperature-dependent change takes place, butesp temperature range in which metal ductility or fracturemode changes rapidly
par-transition up Change in helicopter flight level to pullsonobuoy out of water
transition zone 1 Narrow atmospheric region along
front where characteristics change rapidly, values lyingbetween those of dissimilar air masses on either side
2 Short section of glidepath within which average pilot
makes transition from IFR to visual
transitron Pentode oscillator with negative resistanceand near-constant sum of anode/screen current
transit time 1 Elapsed time between instant of filing
message with AFTN station for transmission and instant
it is made available to addressee
2 Elapsed time between electrodes in valve or other
device for any electron
translating Moving in straight line relative to ings
surround-translating centrebody Supersonic-inlet centrebody able
to move linearly into or out of inlet under control ofautomatic control system
translating nozzle Jet engine nozzle which in reversemode moves to rear, further from engine, opening gap injetpipe for gas deflected by reverser clamshells
translation Motion in more or less straight line, from A
to B, with no rotation about any axis
translational flight Flight at sensible airspeed, such thatwing generates lift; loosely from A to B, moving underpower from one place to another
translational lift Additional lift gained by helicopter intranslational flight resulting from induced airflowthrough main rotor(s) gained from forward airspeed
translation bearing Mechanical bearing permittingsliding motion, eg air-cushion pad or oilfilm bearing
translation rocket Separation or staging rocket
translatory resistance derivatives Those expressingmoments and forces caused by small changes in trans-lational velocity
transloader Vehicle for transporting missiles [invariablySAMs] and loading them on or into launchers
Transloc Transportable (ground station) Loran-C