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Engine Vacuum Advance Line Capacitor Discharge Ignition Optimization System r Vacuum Advance Actuator To Ignition SNitch and Battery ,... -ABOUT THE AUTHORSLESTER LEES, director of the E

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Figure 25

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IMPROVEMENT IN NITROGEN DIOXIDE AIR QUALITY FOR DOWNTOWN LOS ANGELES

PRESENT STRATEGY (1971) .-/

80 77

75 YEAR

1970 20

50

10

30

60

40

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SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN (0.15 ppm)

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Figure 27 VARIOUS PROJECTIONS OF REDUCTIONS

IN AUTOMOTIVE REACTIVE HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS FOR LOS ANGELES COUNTY

200

~ 1965

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PRESENT STRATEGY (1971)

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VARIOUS PROJECTIONS OF REDUCTIONS

IN AUTOMOTIVE OXIDES OF NITROGEN EMISSIONS FOR LOS ANGELES COUNTY

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PRESENT STRATEGY (1971)

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Figure 29 VARIOUS PROJECTIONS OF REDUCTIONS IN AUTOMOTIVE CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS FOR LOS ANGELES COUNTY

YEAR

159

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Figure 30 VARIOUS PROJECTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT

IN OXIDANT AIR QUALITY FOR THE SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN

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Figure 31

1969 £EASONAL VARIATION IN NATURAL GAS DEMAND FOR THE SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN

A FIRM DEMAND

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1.0

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B ELECTRIC POWER DEMAND (Interruptible)

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Figure 32 SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF NATURAL GAS

IN FEBRUARY 1975 FOR SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

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1975

High Projection

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TYPICAL VACUUM SPARK ADVANCE DISCONNECT INSTALLATION

Carburetor

Engine

Distributor

Coolant Return Line

Vacuum Advance Actuator

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Figure 34 TYPICAL CAPACITOR DISCHARGE IGNITION OPTIMIZATION SYSTEM INSTALLATION

t-'

0'\

.p

Engine

Vacuum Advance Line

Capacitor Discharge Ignition Optimization System

r

Vacuum Advance Actuator

To Ignition SNitch

and Battery

,

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TYPICAL EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS CONTROL SYSTEM

-Carbon Canister

Extended Filler Neck

Fill Limiter

Engine

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Carburetor

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Figure 36

VAPOR RETURN SYSTEM FOR STATION FILLING

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Stationary Storage Tank ~

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Vapor

Gasoline

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VAPOR RETURN SYSTEM FOR VEHICLE FILLING

t-'

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- J

FILL SPIGOT DETAIL

I I

, Fuel Delivery Control Handle

Vehicle Tank Fill Pipe

Dual

· 0 1_ Pump

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Vapor Return Line

Vapor

- Gasoline -

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-ABOUT THE AUTHORS

LESTER LEES, director of the Environmental Quality

Laboratory, is professor of aeronautics and environ-mental engineering at Caltech He is the author of numerous papers on problems of high speed flight, especially entry of missiles and spacecraft into plan-etary atmospheres He has also worked on the identi-fication of such objects by means of their wake signa-tures He is a consultant to the aerospace industry and

to several government agencies In the last two years his main interests have shifted to large-scale environ-mental problems He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering

MARK BRALY is administrative assistant to the director

of the Environmental Quality Laboratory He has an M.A degree in political science and another in public policy and administration from the University of Wis-consin, Madison, where he was a Ford Foundation fellow in 1968-70 Following a tour of news reporting

in Houston, he served as Assistant U.S press attache in Bangkok and director of two United States Information Service branch posts in South Thailand

MAHLON EASTERLING is a senior member of the

technical staff at the Caltech Jet Propulsion Laboratory His work has been in telecommunications, developing ranging systems, planetary radar and telemetry sys-tems He has published a number of papers in his field; is the co-author of one book and contributor to two others; and holds four United States patents At present he is on leave from the JPL to serve as senior staff member with the Environmental Quality Labora-tory, where he co-authored the first EQL Report,

People, Power, Pollution.

169

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ROBERT FISHER is a graduate of the University of

California, Los Angeles, Law School where he served

as senior editor of the UCLA Alaska Law Review He

served as research assistant at the Environmental Ouall!y Laboralory

DR KENNETH HEITNER trained as a naval architect

and marine engineer at the Webb Institute of Naval Architecture, graduating in 1964 He received a Ph.D degree in applied mechanics from Caltech in 1969 and then joined the Institute Earthquake Engineering Labor-atory until 1970 when he entered the Department of the Navy for a year of underwater research Dr Heitner joined the Environmental Quality Laboratory in early

1971 where he is involved in evaluating air pollution control techniques and in studies relating to the energy crisis in California

JAMES HENRY began working on automotive emission

control technology in 1970 as an undergraduate partic-ipant in the cross-country Clean Air Car Race jointly sponsored by MIT and Caltech Drawing on a back-grol.lnd that includes both formal engineering training

at Caltech and practical auto mechanics in high school,

he has been able to bring theory and hardware together

in his work as a full-time staff member of the EQL-sponsored Clean Air Car Project The project tests and evaluates automotive emission control techniques

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BURTON H KLEIN is a professor of economics at

Cal-tech He was formerly head of the Economics Depart-ment at the RAND Corporation and has been consultant

to numerous federal government agencies He served

as a staff member on the President's Council of Eco-nomic Advisers and as a special assistant to the Secre-tary of Defense He is the author of Germany's

Economic Preparations for War and of two new books

awaiting publication

JAMES E KRIER is professor of law at the University

of California, Los Angeles, and a consultant to the Environmental Quality Laboratory He is author of a number of articles on housing law and environmental

Policy Before joining the faculty at UCLA, Professor

Krier practiced law in Washington, D.C

DR DAVID MONTGOMERY is an assistant professor of

economics at Caltech and a member of the Environ-mental Quality Laboratory's staff He was a Fulbright Scholar in economics at Cambridge University and subsequently received his doctorate at Harvard Univer-sity, where his dissertation examined various possibil-ities of using economic incentivies to control air pollu-tion in an efficient manner

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