Current Issues of Water Management Part 1 pps

Contents Preface IX Part 1 Water Resource Management for Rivers and Reservoirs 1 Chapter 1 Generalized Models of River System Development and Management 3 Ralph A.. Wurbs Chapter 2 I

CURRENT ISSUES OF WATER MANAGEMENT

Edited by Uli Uhlig

Current Issues of Water Management

Edited by Uli Uhlig

Published by InTech

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Copyright © 2011 InTech

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First published November, 2011

Printed in Croatia

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Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org

Current Issues of Water Management, Edited by Uli Uhlig

p cm

ISBN 978-953-307-413-9

Contents

Preface IX

Part 1 Water Resource Management for Rivers and Reservoirs 1

Chapter 1 Generalized Models of River

System Development and Management 3

Ralph A Wurbs Chapter 2 Integrated Water Resources Management

as a Basis for Sustainable Development – The Case of the Sava River Basin 23

Dejan Komatina Chapter 3 Web-Based Decision Support Framework for

Water Resources Management at River Basin Scale 43

José Pinho, José Vieira, Rui Pinho and José Araújo Chapter 4 Assessing Environmental and

Social Dimensions of Water Issues Through Sustainability Indicators in Arid and Semiarid Zones 67

Enrique Troyo-Diéguez, Arturo Cruz-Falcón, Alejandra Nieto-Garibay, Ignacio Orona-Castillo, Bernardo Murillo-Amador, José Luis García-Hernández and Alfredo Ortega-Rubio

Part 2 Water and Agriculture 79

Chapter 5 Integration Challenges of Water and

Land Reform – A Critical Review of South Africa 81

Nikki Funke and Inga Jacobs Chapter 6 Paddy Water Management

for Precision Farming of Rice 107

M.S.M Amin, M.K Rowshon and W Aimrun

VI Contents

Part 3 Water Quality 143

Chapter 7 Simulation of Stream Pollutant Transport with

Hyporheic Exchange for Water Resources Management 145

Muthukrishnavellaisamy Kumarasamy Chapter 8 Wetlands for Water Quality

Management – The Science and Technology 163

Vikas Rai, A M Sedeki, Rana D Parshad,

R K Upadhyay and Suman Bhowmick

Part 4 Politics, Regulation and Guidelines 177

Chapter 9 Bringing Water Regulation into the

21st Century: The Implementation of the Water Framework Directive in the Iberian Peninsula 179

Antonio A R Ioris Chapter 10 Public Private Partnerships in the

Privatization of Water Service Delivery in Kenya 207

Okeyo J Obosi Chapter 11 From Traditional to Modern Water

Management Systems; Reflection on the Evolution of a ‘Water Ethic’ in Semi-Arid Morocco 229

Sandrine Simon

Part 5 Water Demand / Water Pricing 259

Chapter 12 The Willingness to Pay of Industrial

Water Users for Reclaimed Water in Taiwan 261

Yawen Chiueh, Hsiao-Hua Chen and Chung-Feng Ding Chapter 13 Analysis of the Current German Benchmarking Approach

and Its Extension with Efficiency Analysis Techniques 271

Mark Oelmann and Christian Growitsch Chapter 14 Water Soft Path Analysis – Jordan Case 287

Rania A Abdel Khaleq Chapter 15 Cities and Water – Dilemmas of

Collaboration in Los Angeles and New York City 319

David L Feldman

Preface

There is an estimated 1.4 billion km3 of water in the world but only approximately three percent (39 million km³) of it is available as fresh water Moreover, most of this fresh water is found as ice in the arctic regions, deep groundwater or atmospheric water Since water is the source of life and essential for all life on the planet, the use of this resource is a highly important issue 'Water management' is the general term used

to describe all the activities that manage the optimum use of the world’s water resources

However, only a few percent of the fresh water available can be subjected to water management It is still an enormous amount, but what's unique about water is that unlike other resources, it is irreplaceable

This book provides a general overview of various topics within water management from all over the world It covers a wide range of current issues, reflecting on actual problems and demonstrating the complexity of water management The book presents

a collection of different contributions from outstanding scientists and experts and gives a detailed account of the different topics and current issues in water management

Industrial and agricultural development causes a rise in water demand, which can mainly be observed in developing countries Additionally, most of these countries are characterized by water shortages due to climatic conditions and/or high population density, which can consequentially lead to extensive use of groundwater, also called

“groundwater mining” However, the method will only be valid for a short period of time: a sustainable water management program is an important part of industrial and agricultural development In this book a number of authors analyse the current and future water demand, presenting solutions for sustainable water usage considering the conflict between agriculture and the limited availability of water While water pricing

is a major consideration as a tool for controlling and influencing the demand, which is discussed later on

Enormous water quality problems arise due to industrial development combined with exploration of other resources through mining activities, and some aspects of water quality issues are also discussed in this book

X Preface

A part of the book is dedicated to the global nature of water management problems Most of the important water resources in the world are extended across the borders of two or more countries, making water management an international issue In the past decades different international institutions like the United Nations or the European Union provided numerous directives and guidelines for sustainable water management Politics, regulation and guidelines related to water management are discussed in different chapters in different ways and for different countries

Water resource management for rivers and reservoirs is another issue tackled in the book The authors reflect on generalized models for river system development, a web-based modelling solution, as well as an international management project

I am certain that the collected materials will provide an interesting contribution to research in this field I would like to thank the authors for their contributions and wish the reader to enjoy the reading and perhaps gain a better understanding of the current issues in water management

Dr Uli Uhlig

Groundwater Civil Engineer Planning - GIP GmbH Dresden

at the Groundwater Research Centre (GWZ)

Dresden, Germany

Part 1

Water Resource Management for Rivers and Reservoirs

1

Generalized Models of River System Development and Management

Ralph A Wurbs

Texas A&M University

United States

1 Introduction

This comparative review of capabilities for computer simulation of the control, allocation, and management of the water resources of river basins focuses on user-oriented generalized modeling systems developed in the United States that are applicable anywhere in the world The objectives of this chapter are to assist practitioners in selecting and applying models in various types of river/reservoir system management situations and to support research in continuing to improve and expand modeling capabilities The chapter begins with a broad general review of the massive literature and then focuses on comparing several generalized modeling systems that have been extensively applied by water management agencies in a broad spectrum of decision-support situations Modeling capabilities are explored from the perspectives of computational methods, model development environments, applications, auxiliary analyses, and institutional support The chapter highlights advances in modeling complex issues in managing rivers and reservoirs that are significantly contributing to actual practical improvements in water management

Reservoir/river system modeling encompasses various hydrologic, physical infrastructure, environmental, and institutional aspects of river basin management Dams and appurtenant structures are required to control highly fluctuating river flows to reduce flooding and develop reliable water supplies Institutional mechanisms for allocating and managing water resources are integrally connected to constructed facilities Management of the water and related land and environmental resources of a river basin integrates natural and man-made systems

This review of computer modeling of river system development and management focuses

on user-oriented generalized modeling systems developed in the United States Generalized

means that a model is designed for application to a range of concerns dealing with river systems of various configurations and locations, rather than being site-specific customized

to a particular system Model-users develop input datasets for the particular river basin of

interest User-oriented implies that a model is designed for use by professional practitioners

other than the model developers and is thoroughly tested and well documented User-oriented generalized modeling systems should be convenient to obtain, understand, and use and should work correctly, completely, and efficiently

Current Issues of Water Management

4

This state-of-the-art assessment begins with a brief overview of the extensive literature and then focuses on the four modeling systems listed in Table 1 ResSim, MODSIM, WRAP, and RiverWare were developed and are extensively applied in the United States, are also applied in other countries, provide a broad range of analysis capabilities, and are representative of the state-of-the-art from the perspective of practical applications dealing with complex river systems The four alternative modeling systems reflect a broad spectrum

of computational methods, modeling environments, and analysis capabilities

Short Name Descriptive Name Model Development Organization

ResSim Reservoir System

Simulation

U.S Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/

MODSIM River Basin Management

Decision Support System

Colorado State University (CSU) and U.S Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) http://modsim.engr.colostate.edu/

WRAP Water Rights Analysis

Package

Texas Water Resources Institute (TWRI) and Texas Commission on Environmental Quality http://ceprofs.tamu.edu/rwurbs/wrap.htm RiverWare River and Reservoir

Operations

University of Colorado CADSWES and USBR http://riverware.org/

Table 1 Selected representative generalized modeling systems

2 General characteristics of modeling systems

The generalized river/reservoir system management models explored in this chapter are based on volume-balance accounting procedures for tracking the movement of water through a system of reservoirs and river reaches The model computes reservoir storage contents, water supply withdrawals, hydroelectric energy generation, and river flows for specified water demands, system operating rules, and input sequences of stream inflows and net reservoir surface evaporation rates

From the perspective of the water management modeling systems addressed in this chapter, the spatial configuration of a river/reservoir system is represented by a set of model control points connecting river reaches as illustrated in Figure 1 Control points represent the sites

of reservoirs, hydroelectric power plants, water supply diversions and return flows, environmental instream flow requirements, conveyance canals and pipelines, stream confluences, river basin outlets, and other system components Stream inflows at control points are provided as input Reservoir storage and stream flows are allocated between water users based on rules specified in the model The models described in this chapter have been applied to river systems ranging in complexity from a single reservoir or run-of-river water supply diversion to river basins containing many hundreds of reservoirs and water supply diversion sites with operations governed by complex multiple-purpose reservoir system operating rules and institutional water allocation mechanisms

The models of this chapter combine a specified scenario of water resources development, control, allocation, management, and use with a specified condition of river basin hydrology

Generalized Models of River System Development and Management 5 which is most often historical hydrology representing natural unregulated conditions River basin hydrology is represented by stream flow inflows and net reservoir surface evaporation-precipitation rates for each time step of a hydrologic period-of-analysis

Fig 1 Illustrative schematic of a river system as viewed from a modeling perspective

The hydrologic simulation period and computational time step and may vary greatly depending on the application Storage and flow hydrograph ordinates for a flood event occurring over a few days may be determined at intervals of an hour or less Water supply capabilities may be modeled with a monthly time step and many-year hydrologic period-of-analysis reflecting a full range of fluctuating wet and dry periods including extended multiple-year drought

A river/reservoir system model simulates a physical and institutional water management system with specified conditions of water demand for each sequential time step of a hydrologic period-of-analysis Post-simulation stream flow and reservoir storage frequency analysis and supply reliability analysis capabilities are typically included in the modeling systems addressed by this chapter Reservoir storage and stream flow frequency statistics and water supply reliability metrics are developed for alternative river/reservoir system management strategies and practices

Other auxiliary modeling features are also, in some cases, incorporated in the river/ reservoir management models Some models include features for economic evaluation of system performance based on cost and benefit functions expressed as a function of flow and storage Stream inflows are usually generated outside of the reservoir/river system management model and provided as input to the model However, reservoir/river system models may also include capabilities for simulating precipitation-runoff processes to generate inflows Though hydraulics issues may be pertinent to reservoir operations, separate models of river hydraulics are applied to determine flow depths and velocities